The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas is a book by Gertrude Stein, written in October and November of 1932 and published in 1933.[1] It employs the form of an autobiography authored by Alice B. Toklas, her life partner. In 1998, Modern Library ranked it as one of the 20 greatest English-language nonfiction books of the 20th century.[2]
 | |
| Author | Gertrude Stein |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre | autobiography |
| Publisher | Harcourt, Brace and Company |
Publication date | 1933 |
| Pages | 310 pp |
Summary of chapters
Before I came to Paris
Alice B. Toklas, as narrator of the work, says she was born into an affluent family in San Francisco. Later she met Gertrude Stein's sister-in-law during the fires in the aftermath of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and decided to move to Paris in 1907.
My Arrival in Paris
Alice talks about the important role of Helene, Gertrude's housemaid, in their household in Paris. She mentions preparations for an art exhibition. She discusses Pablo Picasso and his mistress Fernande. Picasso and Fernande end their relationship, and Fernande moves to Montparnasse to teach French. Alice and Gertrude visit her there.
Gertrude Stein in Paris, 1903–1907
Alice tells of Gertrude and her brother Leo Stein buying paintings by Paul Cézanne and Henri Matisse from Ambroise Vollard. They subsequently all become friends. She next discusses spending the summer with Gertrude in Fiesole, Italy, while Picasso goes to Spain. Back in France, Gertrude falls out with Guillaume Apollinaire. Later, Picasso has an argument with Matisse.
Gertrude Stein before she came to Paris
Alice tells how Gertrude Stein was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, then moved to Vienna, to Passy, and finally to New York City and California. She attended Radcliffe College, where she was taught by William James. She decided to study for a Master's degree at Johns Hopkins University but dropped out because she was bored, then moved to London and was bored there too, returned to America, and eventually settled in Paris.
1907–1914
Alice tells stories about Matisse, Apollinaire, and many other Cubist artists. She recounts holidays in Italy and Spain with Gertrude. Finally, they move to England on the eve of World War I to meet with Gertrude's editor, leaving Mildred Aldrich alone in Paris.
The War
Gertrude and Alice begin the war years in England, and then go briefly to France to rescue Gertrude's writings. They then live in Spain for a while, and eventually move back to France. There, they do volunteer work for the American Fund for the French Wounded, driving around France to help the wounded and homeless. By the end of the war, Paris seems changed.
After the War, 1919–1932
Alice tells of Gertrude's argument with T. S. Eliot after he finds one of her writings inappropriate. She talks about her friendship with Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway, who helped with the publication of The Making of Americans. There the couple makes friends with a coterie of Russian artists, but they constitute no artistic movement. Later, Gertrude gives a lecture at Oxford University. Alice then mentions more parties with artists. Later, they abridge The Making of Americans to four hundred pages for commercial reasons and devise the idea of authoring an autobiography.
Literary significance and criticism
Gertrude Stein admitted to writing the work in six weeks with an end to making money.[3] However, she did not like writing it for that particular reason, and Alice didn't think it would be a success.[4] It was the first of her writings to be published in the Atlantic Monthly, much to her joy. The magazine published sixty per cent of the book, in four installments.[5]
As for her friends, Carl Van Vechten liked it; Henry McBride thought it was too commercial; Ernest Hemingway called it a 'damned pitiful book'; Henri Matisse was offended by the descriptions of his wife; and Georges Braque thought Stein had misconstrued Cubism. Her brother Leo Stein deemed it a 'farrago of lies'.[6] The commercial success, however, that came with her book enabled Stein to live a more prosperous lifestyle.[7]
According to Virgil Thomson, who wrote music to libretti authored by Stein, the "book is in every way except actual authorship Alice Toklas's book; it reflects her mind, her language, her private view of Gertrude, also her unique narrative powers. Every story in it is told as Alice herself had always told it.... Every story that ever came into the house eventually got told in Alice's way, and this was its definitive version."[8]
The book is considered to be one of the most accessible of Stein's works. Several literary critics, including Jeanette Winterson, have noted that Stein creates a new format, building upon Virginia Woolf's fictional biography, Orlando, in her own reinterpretation of the autobiography.[9]
See also
References
- [1] Stein, Gertrude. Writings 1903–1932. New York: Library of America, 1998, p. 924 ISBN 1-883011-40-X
- "100 Best Nonfiction". Modern Library. 1998.
- Souhami, Diana - Gertrude and Alice: Gertrude Stein and Alice B.Toklas, Rivers Oram Press/Pandora List, 20 Feb 1992, p. 187
- Souhami, p. 189
- Souhami, p.190-191
- Souhami, p. 192-194
- Souhami, p. 195
- Thomson, Virgil - "A Portrait of Gertrude Stein", from An Autobiography of Virgil Thomson, p. 176-177
- Ramsay, Tamara Ann (1998). Discursive departures: A reading paradigm affiliated with feminist, lesbian, aesthetic, and queer practices (with reference to Woolf, Stein, and H.D.) (M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University
