Thai highway network
The Thai highway network follows the left-hand traffic rule of the road. The network is the twin responsibility of the Department of Highways (DOH, Thai: กรมทางหลวง, Krom Thang Luang), and the Department of Rural Roads (DORR, กรมทางหลวงชนบท, Krom Thang Luang Chonnabot), under the oversight of the Transportation ministry of Thailand. Public highways (ทางหลวง, thang luang) are also called public roads (ถนนหลวง, thanon luang), especially when part of urban streets. The network spans over 70,000 kilometers across all regions of Thailand.[1] Most are single carriageways. Dual carriageways have frequent u-turn lanes and intersections slowing down traffic. Coupled with the increase in the number of vehicles and the demand for a limited-access motorway, the Thai Government issued a Cabinet resolution in 1997 detailing the motorway construction master plan.[2] Some upgraded sections of highway are being turned into a "motorway", while other motorways are not being built from highway sections.
A highway sign, bearing the Thai national symbol and the route number
Types of highways
The 1992 Highway Act (Thai: พระราชบัญญัติทางหลวง พ.ศ. 2535), revised as the 2006 Highway Act (Thai: พระราชบัญญัติทางหลวง (ฉบับที่ 2) พ.ศ. 2549), defines the following five highway types:[3]
A special highway (Thai: ทางหลวงพิเศษ) or motorway is a high capacity highway designed for high speed traffic, for which the Department of Highways carries out construction, expansion, upkeep and repairs, and is registered as such. Motorway entrances and exits have controlled access, and controlled by the DOH. Registration of motorways is overseen by the Director General of the DOH.
A national highway (Thai: ทางหลวงแผ่นดิน) is a primary highway, part of the network connecting regions, provinces, districts, and other important destinations, for which the DOH carries out construction, expansion, upkeep and repairs. Registration of national highways is overseen by the Director General of the DOH.
A rural highway (Thai: ทางหลวงชนบท) or rural road is a highway for which the Department of Rural Roads carries out construction, expansion, upkeep and repairs. Registration of rural highways is overseen by the Director General of the DORR.
A local highway (Thai: ทางหลวงท้องถิ่น) or local route is a highway for which the local administrative organization carries out construction, expansion, upkeep and repairs. Registration of rural highways is overseen by the provincial governor.
A concession highway (Thai: ทางหลวงสัมปทาน) is a highway for which a legal government concession has been granted. Registration of concession highways is overseen by the Director General of the DOH.
Highway numbering
The first digit of a highway number indicates the region of Thailand it serves, with the number of digits indicating the highway classification.[4] These regions are:
- Northern Thailand.
- Northeastern Thailand.
- Central and eastern, including the upper south.
- Southern Thailand, except the upper south.
A single digit indicates one of four highways connecting Bangkok to outlying regions:[4]
- Route 1 (Phahonyothin Road) to northern Thailand
- Route 2 (Mittraphap Road) to northeastern Thailand
- Route 3 (Sukhumvit Road) to eastern Thailand
- Route 4 (Phet Kasem Road) to southern Thailand
Two digits indicate a principal highway within a region, such as Route 22 in the northeast between Udon Thani and Nakhon Phanom.[4]
Three digits indicate a regional secondary highway, such as northeastern Route 202 between Chaiyaphum and Khemarat, and central Route 314 between Bang Pakong and Cha Choeng Sao.[4]
Four digits indicate an intra-province highway connecting a provincial capital to its districts, or between important sites, such as northern Route 1001 between the Route 11 intersection and Amphoe Phrao, and southern Route 4006 between the Route 4 intersection (Ratchakrut) and Lang Suan.[4]
Highways by region
Northern Thailand
Sign on Route 12 in the north of the country
Bridge construction on route 108
Route 12/Asian Highway 16 in Phetchabun Province being widened (2013 CE)
- Route 1047: Route 11 (Pa Khun) - Muang Chet Ton (now superseded by Route 117)
- Route 1080: Nan - Lao border at Huai Kon (now superseded by Route 101)
- Route 1085: Mae Sot - Mae Sariang (now superseded by Route 105)
- Route 1091
- Route 1094
- Route 1100
- Route 1101
- Route 1102
- Route 1103
- Route 1104: Wang Kaphi - Phrom Phiram (now superseded by Route 117)
- Route 1325: Route 12 (Phitsanulok) - Naresuan Dam (now superseded by Route 117)
Northeastern Thailand
- Route 288 (Mueang Buriram Ring Road)
- Route 291: Mahasarakham Bypass Road
- Route 292: Yasothon Bypass Road
- Route 293: Surin Bypass Road
- Route 294: Sisaket Bypass Road
- Route 295: Entrance to bridge over the Mekong River (Nakhom Phanom)
- Route 2027: Route 22 (Phang Khom) - Waritchaphum (now superseded by Route 227)
- Route 2042: Somdet, Kalasin-Mukdahan (now superseded by Route 12)
- Route 2057: Ben Phai - Mancha Khiri (now superseded by Route 229)
- Route 2169 (Warirachadet Road ถนนวารีราชเดช): Yasothon Route 23-Bypass north to Amphoe Sai Mun–Kut Chum–Thai Charoen–Loeng Nok Tha–Route 2047, thence east 5 km to NS Route 212
Central Thailand including eastern region
- Route 3002: Pak Nam Pho – Tha Ta Kui, designation decommissioned
- Route 3003: Route 1 – Chao Phraya River (Krok Phra), now rural road 1111
- Route 3007: Route 3265 – Thanam (Uthai Thani Province), designation decommissioned
- Route 3009: Hankha original route, designation decommissioned
- Route 3014:
- Route 3018:
- Route 3021: Entrance to Ban Mo, designation decommissioned
- Route 3023 (Tha Ruea–Tha Lan Road): Tha Lan – Tha Luea, designation decommissioned
- Route 3029
- Route 3031: Sing Buri – In Buri District, designation decommissioned
- Route 3035: Route 321, Kamphaeng Saen District – Bang Len District – Lat Lum Kaeo District, combined with Route 3035 and Route 3194; now part of Route 346 except for a section in Pathum Thani Province that is still Route 3035
- Route 3037
- Route 3044: Sao Hai – Nong Saeng, now part of Route 3041
- Route 3047: Mueang Phuket – Nong Saeng, now part of Route 3041
- Route 3053: Route 309 (Pridi Thamrong Bridge) – Route 32 (Ayutthaya Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3054: Route 309 – U Thong Road (north side)
- Route 3055: Route 309 – U Thong Road (south side)
- Route 3057: Bang Pa-In Railway Station – Bang Pa-In, downgraded to local road
- Route 3058: Route 309 – Dusidaram Temple (Ayutthaya Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3059: Route 309 – Phanan Choeng Temple (Ayutthaya Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3060:
- Route 3061:
- Route 3062: Route 309, Wat Pun – Bang Pahan, designation decommissioned
- Route 3065: Pho Thong – Sawaeng Ha, now part of Route 3064
- Route 3066: Rangsit – Pratunam Chulalongkorn, designation decommissioned
- Route 3068: Aranyaprathet – Lahan Sai, redesignated as Route 348
- Route 3071 (Khokkha-Bua Lai Road): Prachinburi Railway Station – Khlong Khok Ka, downgraded to local road
- Route 3072(Siwaboon Road): Junction to Prachantakham, now local road 10-002
- Route 3073: Entrance to Watthana Nakhon, designation decommissioned
- Route 3074: Entrance to Kabinkuri, downgraded to local road
- Route 3075: Junction to Sa Kaeo Railway Station, downgraded to local road
- Route 3082: Junction to Tamaka, designation decommissioned
- Route 3083: Junction to Pak Phraek Station, designation decommissioned
- Route 3089: Khao Ngu Stone Park – Route 323 (Ratchaburi Province), now part of Route 3291
- Route 3095
- Route 3096: Rachamankha - Sanam Chan, downgraded to local road
- Route 3098: Entrance to Sam Phran, downgraded to local road
- Route 3099 (Nonthaburi Road 1, Sanambinnam Road): Route 306 – Pak Kret Airport, combined with Route 3110
- Route 3101(Sihaburanukit Road): Entrance to Min Buri (Bangkok), downgraded to local road
- Route 3103 (Wongsawang Road): Bang Hid - Rama VI - Wat Thong Thong (Bangkok), downgraded to local road
- Route 3104 (Nakorn Khuean Khan Road): Entrance to Phra Pradaeng, downgraded to local road
- Route 3109 (Old Paknum Railway Road): Khlong Toei – Route 3, downgraded to local road
- Route 3112: Pathum Thani - Lat Lum Kaeo, combined with Route 3035; much of route now part of Route 346 except for the section from route origin to the Pathum Thani Provincial Administration Office which is still Route 3035
- Route 3114 (Thai Ban Road): Thai Ban – Pak Nam (Samut Prakan Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3115 (Sai Luat Road): Route 3 – Route 3114 (Samut Prakan Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3120 (Samphan Road): Lam Phak Chi - Nong Chok, downgraded to local road
- Route 3123: Bangkhla – Bang Nam Priao (Chachoengsao Province), designation decommissioned
- Route 3125: Bangpakong Intersection (Chachoengsao Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3128: Route 3 – Sriracha Market (Chonburi Province), designation decommissioned
- Route 3129: Junction to Bang Phra Reservoir (Chonburi Province), now local road 24-007
- Route 3130: Bang Pla Soi Intersection (Chonburi Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3131: Chonburi – Khao Bang Sai Temple (Chonburi Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3132 (Pattaya-Naklua Road): Route 3 – Banglamung District (Chonburi Province), now local road 2-0008
- Route 3133: Chonburi – Klaeng District (Chonburi Province), much of route now part of Route 344; remainder now local roads, rural route 3059 and Route 3289
- Route 3135 (Pattaya-Naklua Road, One Pattaya Road, South Pattaya Road): Na Kluea Market – South Pattaya (Chonburi Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3136 (North Pattaya Road): Route 3 – North Pattaya (Chonburi Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3137
- Route 3140: Entrance to Ban Phe
- Route 3141: Junction to U-Tapao, designation decommissioned
- Route 3142:
- Route 3144: Entrance to Khao Kheow Open Zoo
- Route 3146:
- Route 3147 (Si Bunruang Road): Hua Hin – Tha Mai (Chanthaburi Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3148: Trat-Laem Ngop
- Route 3149:
- Route 3150 (Tha Luang Road): Route 3 (Koh Rong) – Rin Nam Chanthaburi, downgraded to local road
- Route 3151: Route 3149 (Nong Chim) – Perid Island, one section now rural route 4001 and the remainder downgraded to local road
- Route 3153 (Phraya Trang Road): Chanthaburi – Tha Mai
- Route 3154 (Trirat Road): Trirat Bridge – Route 3 (Ploy Siam), downgraded to local road
- Route 3160: Tha Mi Park – Bang Kradan, now part of Route 3156
- Route 3161: Route 3 – Ao Kai Intersection (Rayong Province), now local highway 1-0042
- Route 3162: Junction to Pak Nam Prasae (Rayong Province), now local highway 10-018, 1-0032, and rural route 4036
- Route 3172: Junction to Khao Yoi Railway Station (Phetchaburi Province), designation decommissioned
- Route 3181: Entrance to Tha Sae Market
- Route 3182: Route 3077 (Nong Khing) – Khao Khiao (Nakhon Nayok Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3185 (Lat Phrao Road): Bang Sue – Bang Kapi (Bangkok), redesignated as Route 336; now a local road
- Route 3194: Phanom Thuan District - Phra Thaen Dong Rang - Kamphaeng Saen District, now part of Route 346
- Route 3197: Route 33 (Huai Chot) – Bo Ning Ching (Sa Kheo Province), now rural road 66-001
- Route 3223: Route 3017 – Khram Phran Intersection (Saraburi Province), designation decommissioned
- Route 3227: Route 3193 (Phakat) – O Lam Chee (Chanthaburi Province), now rural route 4031
- Route 3230: Tambon U Thong Sanitation Area – Ban Rai, now part of Route 333
- Route 3248: Route 3193 (Ban Pa) – Nong Kok (Chanthaburi Province), now rural route 4032
- Route 3255 : Junction to Ban Laem, now rural route 4033
- Route 3257: Nonthaburi Bridge – Route 340, now part of Route 345
- Route 3258: Ban Mi District – In Buri, designation decommissioned
- Route 3270: Khlong Yai District – Hat Lek, became part of Route 318; now part of Route 3
- Route 3274: Route 3087 (Buakhao Intersection) – Route 3209 (Cheek On), now part of Route 3087
- Route 3275: In Buri Intersection (Sing Buri Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3286 (Jaranyanon Road): Route 34 (Bang Wua) – Route 314 (Bang Pakong), downgraded to local road
- Route 3292: Route 318 (Tha Sai) – Laem Klat, now a rural route
- Route 3294: Route 321 (Kamphaeng Saen) – Kamphaeng Saen Aviation School, designation decommissioned
- Route 3295: Route 309 – Ang Thong, designation decommissioned
- Route 3300: Route 3 (Khao Yai Chum) – Route 3145 (Suan Son), now local road 1-0016
- Route 3301: Route 3219 (Nong Phlap) – Yang Chum, now part of Route 3218
- Route 3307: Route 3198 (Nong Tao) – Wang Ri (Sa Kaeo Province), now part of rural route 4033
- Route 3311: Entrance to Khao Thong, downgraded to local road
- Route 3315: Route 314 – Route 3296 (Bang Phra), now local road 1-0005
- Route 3320: Route 3 (Kachet) – Hat Yai (Rayong Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3323 (Thetsaban 1 Road, Phisanathumkhun Road): Route 3 (Nern Sung) – Route 3147 (Chanthaburi Province), now local highway 21-001
- Route 3324: Route 3313 (Suan Phueng) – Huai Suea (Ratchaburi Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3328: Khao Bo Kew settlement – Hua Ngew (Nakhon Sawan Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3341: Ko Pho – Route 3245 (Chonburi Province), now local road 1-1005
- Route 3345 (Charuwar Road): Phanat Nikhom - Nong Chak (Chonburi Province), redesignated as Route 349
- Route 3347: Phanom Sarakham - Ban Sang, now part of Route 3076
- Route 3361: Dan Makham Tia - Nong Pak Dong, designation decommissioned
- Route 3370: Route 3247 (Khao Hom) – Route 3193 (Ban Pa), downgraded to local road
- Route 3371: Route 3143 – Route 3191 (Rayong Province), now local road 1-0063
- Route 3377: Route 3 (Khao Din) – Nong Samet (Rayong Province), now local roads 10-017 and 1-0036
- Route 3379: Route 3068 (Aranyaprathet) – Pa Rai (Sa Kaeo Province), combined with Route 3397, now part of rural route SS 3085
- Route 3380: Route 3068 (Nong Yak) – Route 3381 (Ang Sila), downgraded to local road
- Route 3381: Route 3068 (Nong Waeng) – Pa Rai (Sa Kaeo Province), one section became part of Route 3397, now rural route SS 3085; other section became Route 348, now rural route SK 3086
- Route 3382: Route 3068 (Khok Phrek) – Khok Rek, now rural road SK 3069
- Route 3383: Route 3367 (Khao Noi) – Route 3384 (Sai Sing), now part of Route 3366 and Route 3067
- Route 3392: Route 3 (Huai Pong) – Nong Fae Intersection (Rayong Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3393: Route 3198 (Chong Kum) – Route 348 (Kaew Petch), now part of Route 3395
- Route 3396: Route 1 – Chao Phraya River (Nakhon Sawan Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3397: Route 3068 (Na Ngam) – Route 3381 (Khok Sung), combined with Routes 3379 and 3381 and redesignated Route 348; now rural route 3085
- Route 3399: Route 3 (Nong Si Nga) – Laem Sadet (Chanthaburi Province), now rural routes 1036 and 4001
- Route 3406: Route 3 (Na Yai Am) – Nong Chek Soi (Chanthaburi Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3407: Route 3 (Nong Khla) – Tapong (Chanthaburi Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3408: Route 3 (Don Samrong) – Taeng, now rural route 1030
- Route 3417: Junction to Nong Yai, downgraded to local road
- Route 3418: Entrance to Bang Sai, now local road 1-0044
- Route 3419: Junction to Bang Sai, downgraded to local road
- Route 3421: Route 317 (Wang Chik) – Nong Yai, now rural route SK 3008
- Route 3430 (Ban Na Road): Route 3 – Nern U Thong, downgraded to local road
- Route 3433 (Khao Wong Road): Route 3 (Kao Din intersection) – Route 3406 (Rayong Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3434: Route 317 – Route 317 (Khao Chakan), now rural route 3087
- Route 3437(Sunthorn Vej Road): Route 3 (Noen Din intersection) – Noen Yong, downgraded to local road
- Route 3439: Route 321 – Route 3431 (Suphan Buri Province), now part of Route 321
- Route 3482: Junction to Uthai, designation decommissioned
- Route 3484: Route 3249 (Khlong Plu) – Chanthak Lom (Chanthaburi Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3485: Route 3462 – Route 3198 (Sa Kaeo Province), now part of Route 3462
- Route 3513: Route 321 – Ban Yang (Suphan Buri Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3519: Khlong Son – Khlong Muang, now rural road 1036
- Route 3632: Entrance to Wat Kamphaeng (Ayutthaya Province), downgraded to local road
- Route 3633: Bang Toei – Chao Phraya River (Pathum Thani Province), downgraded to local road
Southern Thailand
- Route 411: Krabi town route (downgraded to local road)
- Highway 4012 : a short route between Ban Tha Pae and Nakhon Si Thammarat Town.
- Highway 4054 (Padang Besar-Sadao Highway): Padang Besar–Songkhla.
- Highway 4056 (Sungai Padi Road): Manang Tayo-Sungai Golok
- Highway 4106 (Pattani-Betong Highway): Pattani–Betong.
- Highway 4184 (Wang Prachan Road) (Sadao).
Department of Highway signage
Route number signs
DOH signs for public highways (ทางหลวง, thang luang) are white squares with a black garuda (ครุฑ khrut) centered above the route number.
Arunprasert Road
Signs near the beginning of a route may display the highway's name on a white rectangle above or below the square.
Bypass marker
Highways bypassing city centres bear the principal route number marked "Bypass" in Thai (เลี่ยงเมือง), and sometimes also in English.
Department of Rural Roads
DORR rural roads do not follow the regional numbering scheme, above.
SK.3015
Signs may be black-on-white or gold-on-blue, with a two-letter province designation prefixed to the road number. Depicted is SK. 3015, for a rural road in Songkhla Province. The rural road network measures some 35,000 km, about 82 percent of which is paved. The Department of Rural Roads of the Ministry of Transport takes care of the maintenance of all the rural roads in Thailand.[5]
Kilometer stones
A kilometer zero stone in northern Thailand
- Milestone as goal is lakh chai (หลักชัย); also see Lak Mueang, Lakh.
Lak or Lakh kilomet (หลักกิโลเมตร) single-carriageway kilometer stone facings display the route number on the outline of a garuda. Some kilometer stones also display the route number on top. Those located to the left of the carriageway display kilometers remaining to the road's beginning at kilometer 0. As seen on the right from the opposite lane, the kilometer stones ascend in value as one proceeds away from kilometer 0. On edges facing traffic, DOH kilometer stones usually show distances remaining to the next two towns, (amphoe seats, or provincial capitals.) Some edges, such as the one depicted to the left, have retroreflector panels. Dual carriageway kilometer stones or posts in the median strip show only the kilometer number.
DORR milestones show the kilometer number, and the edges may show distances remaining to the next two villages.
Older roads built by the Ministry of the Interior Public Works Department (กรมโยธาธิการ กระทรวงมหาดไทย) have only departmental insignia and kilometer number and do not show distances on their edges.
This type of kilometer stone is sometimes found on older rural highways built during a period of rural development several decades ago. They are marked with the Thai characters รพช, an abbreviation for Rengrat Pattana Chonabot (Thai: เร่งรัดพัฒนาชนบท) which, roughly translated, means "Rapid Rural Development".
gollark: And not having those things really reduces the !!FUN!! potatOS can do.
gollark: Also bytecode.
gollark: CC uses Cobalt, which makes it safe to have `debug` and also access to string metatables.
gollark: Yes, but with the debug wand, it's not available (or safe) by default.
gollark: OC doesn't have `debug` though, which is such a fun API.
See also
References
- Thailand Public Relations Department Transport and Communication. Retrieved October 14, 2008. Archived March 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- Paper "Privatization of Highway Infrastructure in Thailand" Bureau of Planning, Department of Highways, Thailand. Retrieved 2008-10-19. Archived July 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- DOH website, ประเภททางหลวง, retrieved on November 13, 2008 Archived December 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- "ระบบหมายเลขทางหลวง". Department of Highways website. Department of Highways. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- World Bank, Transport in Thailand. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
External links
- Asian / ASEAN Highway Route Marker (21MB) Department of Highways Thai-language 18-page file, with 1 index and 8 regional maps of AH system overlaid on existing Thai national highways, plus diagrams of AH route markers. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
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