Tauya language

Tauya (also Inafosa) is a Rai Coast language spoken in the Ramu River valley, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea by approximately 350 people.[3] The Linguistics Department at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada, has Tauya language resources.

Tauya
Fo'upo
Pronunciation	Foʔu Po
Native to	Papua New Guinea
Region	Madang Province
Native speakers	(350 cited 1981)[1]
Language family	Trans–New Guinea Madang Rai Coast Biyom–Tauya Tauya
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tya
Glottolog	tauy1241[2]

Classification

Tauya is closely genetically related to the Biyom Language and is grouped with Tauya in the Rai Coast subgroup.[4] The two languages relate although Biyom is spoken higher up the mountains as they border close to each other and have been found to have some similarities in diction such as the word kaŋgora meaning initiate which was directly borrowed from the Biyom Language.[5][3] From this it is known that the two languages have had frequent communication as well as intermarriage between the societies.[5]

Phonology

Consonants

Tauya Language Consonants[3]

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p (b)		t (d)		k (g)	ʔ
Nasal	m		n
Trill			r
Fricative		f	s
Approximant				j
Notes: b, d, g are considered marginal phonemes and are denoted by parentheses. kʷ is a labialized- velar consonant in the language ʔʷ is a labialized glottal stop consonant in the language w is a voiced labialized-velar approximant consonant in the language

In Tauya, four of the consonants r, k, kʷ,ʔʷ have restrictions to specific parts of word structure. r occurs in the word-medial position of words in the language and k, kʷ occur mostly in the word-initial position. ʔʷ is restricted to the morpheme- initial position.[3]

Vowels

Tauya has five vowels similar to most languages in Papua New Guinea.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open		a

e vowel follows many linguistic rules of increasing argument from a lesser clause to a main one. The vowel may change in sound to a sound that is near by, and rounds the lips when in a word.[5][3]

1. yate -> yati[3]
   • go

Tauya allows for the diphthongs ai, au, ae, ao, ou, oi (although oi is rare).[6]^:87

Grammar

Typology

Tauya is considered a SOV order language as sentences end strictly with a verb.[3]

1. Niʔisana safe-ra sai ni-pe-i-na[3]
   • Long ago ancestor snake eat
   • Long ago the ancestors ate snakes
2. Ai ne-pi-ʔa-ra pofa oʔo ʔamai-oʔonou-te-i-na...[3]
   • Sibling firewood pick up-collect get
   • All of her older sisters picked up and collected firewood...

Some exceptions do exist as some are derivative to the SOV and use the verb to carry the meaning.

1. Pu-pa pu-pa yate ʔatou-ti-a-na...[3]
   • Run run go arrive
   • He ran and ran and went and arrived...

The Tauya language is a suffixing one and in arguments it is verb agreement is primarily used and case marking is secondarily used. Verb agreement is used to mark singular or plural in arguments.

Medial verbs are used to mark subject of a medial clause that is different or the same from verbs in a clause with a relationship to a following clause.[3]

Syllables

Tauya syllable structure consists of an onset consonant of (C)V(V). In plural forms of personal pronouns consonants are the final in morphemes, these ones all have a consonant ending of n as seen in sen.[3] The use of consonant in the ending word is followed by a vowel initial in transitive verbs, impersonal verbs and inalienable nouns. Using them to mark objects, experiencers, and possessors inflecting with ~pi suffix.[3]

Nouns

Consist of personal pronouns, deictic pronouns and full nouns as classes of nouns.

1. These are determined as classes based on suffixing as personal pronouns within Tauya language with ~na, emphatic, ~nasi, restrictive, and ~ʔunama, too.[3] Deictic pronouns do not use these but full nouns are marked as an inflected pronoun.[3]
2. Tauya uses 5 dependent locative roots afa~, above, pise~, uphill, ofe~, below, tofe~, downhill, and ma~ are combined with deictic pronouns; but do not work with personal pronouns and full nouns.[3]

Personal pronouns

Differentiated by person and only two numbers occurring in various cases, such as the unmarked absolutive case. Using third person singular, ne personal pronouns can occur with proclitics on transitive or impersonal verbs for marking objects or experiencers and inalienable nouns for possessors.[5]

Personal Pronoun Roots of Tauya

	Singular	Plural
1st person	ya	sen
2nd Person	na	ten
3rd Person	ne	nen

Third person singular is used independently while in inalienable nouns third person objects, experiencers, and possessors are unmarked.[5]

See also

• Brahman languages

References

1. Tauya at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tauya". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. MacDonald, Lorna, 1953- (26 June 2013). A dictionary of Tauya. Berlin. ISBN 9781614513360. OCLC 865846762.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. Terrill, A.H. (2007). A. Pawley,Papuan pasts: Cultural, linguistic and biological histories off Papuan-speaking peoples Canberra:Pacific Linguistics ,2005 0-85883-562-2. OCLC 1106396784.
5. MacDonald, Lorna, 1953- (c. 1990). A grammar of Tauya. Berlin: M. de Gruyter. ISBN 0899257607. OCLC 22422671.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
6. Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.