Solon Borglum

Solon Hannibal de la Mothe Borglum (December 22, 1868 – January 31, 1922)[1] was an American sculptor. He is most noted for his depiction of frontier life, and especially his experience with cowboys and native Americans.

Solon Borglum
(ca. 1900)
Born(1868-12-22)December 22, 1868
Ogden, Utah
DiedJanuary 31, 1922(1922-01-31) (aged 53)
Stamford, Connecticut
NationalityAmerican
Known forSculpture

He was awarded the Croix de Guerre by France[2] for his work with Les Foyers du Soldat service clubs during World War I.[3]

Early life

Born in Ogden, Utah, Borglum was the younger brother of Gutzon Borglum and uncle of Lincoln Borglum, the two men most responsible for the creation of the carvings at Mount Rushmore. Solon's Danish immigrant father James Borglum was a Mormon polygamist, being married to two sisters, Ida and Christina Michelson. When the family – each wife had two children – moved to Nebraska they could no longer openly be husband and wives, so Solon and Gutzon's mother Christina was listed as the family servant. When the father moved the family again to St. Louis in 1871, so that he could attend medical school, the decision was made to leave Christina behind. The children were told to never talk about her again. Solon was about three years old at the time.[4] Solon grew up in Fremont, Nebraska and Omaha[5] and spent his early years as a rancher in western Nebraska.[6]

Solon’s father was a physician but had worked as a wood-carver, which almost certainly influenced Solon’s older brother, Gutzon, to pursue a career as an artist. Having shown little interest in formal schooling, the younger son spent his teens working on his father’s ranch near Fremont, Nebraska. He showed a talent for drawing horses, and his careful studies of their movements prompted Gutzon to encourage Solon to pursue art as a profession.

Education

In 1893 Solon went to Omaha to study with J. Laurie Wallace, a former pupil of Thomas Eakins. Following this early, and evidently brief, formal training, he joined his brother Gutzon at his home in the Sierra Madre mountains. A personality clash with Gutzon’s first wife Lisa however, forced Solon to move on; he went to Los Angeles, where he painted portraits and to Santa Ana, California, where he taught art privately. He had little success, however, and in November 1895 he traveled to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he entered the Cincinnati Art Academy. One of his instructors, the sculptor Louis Rebisso, encouraged him to try sculpting. His first effort was a sculpture of a group of horses based on observations and drawings he had made at the U.S. Mail stables in Cincinnati.[7]

Borglum working, 1902

In 1898 the Art Academy awarded Borglum a scholarship that allowed him to go to Paris, where he matriculated at the Académie Julian as a student of Denys Puech. He met leading sculptors Emmanuel Fremiet and Augustus Saint-Gaudens, who gave him further encouragement. Borglum received a silver medal at the Exposition Universelle (1900) and another at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NY [8]

Later life

Borglum moved to the Silvermine neighborhood of New Canaan, Connecticut, where he helped found the "Knockers Club" of artists. His brother, Gutzon, lived in nearby Stamford, Connecticut from 1910 to 1920.[9]

Borglum married in 1898, and he and his wife, Emma, spent the summer of 1899 at the Crow Creek Reservation in South Dakota. Though he later lived in Paris and New York City and achieved a reputation as one of America's notable sculptors, it was his depictions of frontier life, and especially his experience with cowboys and Native American peoples, which was the basis of his reputation.[10] In 1911, Borglum was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member.[11]

In 1920, he established the American School of Sculpture in New York City.[12] and ran the school and gave many lectures on art until his death after an appendectomy complicated by his war wounds[13] in January 1922.[14] His legacy was carried on by his wife Emma until her death in 1934, at which point his daughter Monica and her husband, A. Mervyn Davies, oversaw the exhibition of his artwork. In 1974 they published his biography Solon H. Borglum: A Man Who Stands Alone.

Borglum's papers are held at the Archives of American Art,[15] and the Library of Congress.[16]

Sculpture by Solon Borglum
Inspiration and Aspiration St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery, in Manhattan, New York City
Bucky O'Neill Monument, Rough Rider Prescott, Arizona
John Brown Gordon statue, on the grounds of the Georgia State Capitol

Works

Borglum created several animal groups while in Paris, including Lassoing Wild Horses and The Stampede of Wild Horses, which were shown at the Paris Salon in 1898 and 1899, respectively.

The year 1903 was a banner one for the artist. He had a one-man show of thirty-two small sculptures at the Keppel Gallery, New York. In his ground-breaking History of American Sculpture published that year, Lorado Taft devoted several pages to Borglum,[17] and he was the subject of an entire chapter in Charles Caffin’s 1903 book American Masters of Sculpture.[18] In 1904 Borglum won the gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis.

Borglum received several major public commissions, including an equestrian monument of General John Brown Gordon for the grounds of the Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta (1907), one of Rough Rider Buckey O'Neill for the plaza in front of the courthouse in Prescott, Arizona (1907), and The Pioneer, which was erected in the Court of Honor at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco (1915).

Two of his works are located in Jersey City, New Jersey. His sculpture Buffalo and Bears is in Leonard Gordon Park in the city's Heights section[19] and his Soldiers and Sailors Victory Monument stands in front of City Hall downtown.

In 1974 a group of the sculptor's descendants gave twenty bronzes, marbles, original plasters, portfolios of drawings and paintings to the New Britain Museum of American Art. Today the Museum houses the largest repository of Borglum's works.

Borglum sculpted a larger than life bronze equestrian statue for the Bucky O'Neill Monument, Rough Rider at the Yavapai County Court House Plaza in Prescott, Arizona.[20] Teddy Roosevelt had persuaded Buckey O'Neill to join the Rough Riders and he was killed at the Battle of San Juan Hill. Borglum's statue Cowboy at Rest is also located on the grounds of the Yavapai County Court House in Prescott, Arizona.[21]

Borglum's pieces can be found at the Buffalo Bill Museum in Cody, Wyoming, including Evening, a depiction of a cowboy leaning against his unsaddled horse at the end of the day.

Two of Borglum's sculptures, Inspiration and Aspiration, which depict Native American men, stand in the front courtyard of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery, in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, flanking the front gate.

Black and white photos of Cowboy Mounting, Lost in a Blizzard (in marble), and Tamed can be found in Caffin's book.[22]

List of works[23]

gollark: Anyway, it seems to be running fine in production, so good news there.
gollark: Never mind, that was just because the key was missing a letter.
gollark: I've encountered mysterious unforseen difficulties with the new SPUDNET thing, *somehow*.
gollark: Hi.
gollark: What do you mean "quantum tunneling device"? You mean portals? Do you know what quantum tunneling *is*?

References

Notes

  1. Carrington, M. Marquette (March 1922). "Solon H. Borglum, Artist, Soldier and Patriot". Art and Archaeology: The Arts Throughout the Ages. 13 (3): 144. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  2. "Solon H. Borglum Dies after Operation" (PDF). The New York Times. January 31, 1922.
  3. Library of Congress, Les Foyers du Soldat
  4. Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff, ‘’Six Wars at a Time: the life and times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mt. Rushmore’’, (Sioux Falls, South Dakota: The Center For Western Studies, 1985) pp. 17-20.
  5. "Solon Borglum" on the American National Biography Online (subscription required)
  6. Paller, Orvill (October 1990). "I Have a Question: Artists James T. Harwood, Gutzon and Solon Borglum, and Cyrus Dallin are said by some to be associated with the Church. Were they members?". Ensign: 52–54. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
  7. Glenn B. Opitz, ed., Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers (Poughkeepsie, NY: Apollo, 1983), p. 88. ISBN 0938290029
  8. Caffin, p. 149
  9. Davies, pp. 182-84.
  10. Solon Hannibal Borglum: Sculptor of the Prairie (New Britain Museum of American Art)
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2016-03-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. Davies, pp.219-25.
  13. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/01/31/109336514.pdf
  14. Davies, p. 242.
  15. http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/solon-h-borglum-and-borglum-family-papers-6772
  16. http://lccn.loc.gov/mm77013292
  17. History of American Sculpture (New York: Macmillan, 1903), pp. 478-83.
  18. Caffin, chap. 10, pp. 147-62.
  19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2011-11-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. Art inventories catalog Smithsonian American art museum
  21. The remarkable story of Solon Borglum (Sharlot Hall Museum)
  22. Caffin, p. 152, 160
  23. Davies, pp.267-269

Bibliography

  • Caffin, Charles Henry (1903). American masters of sculpture. Doubleday, Page & Company.
  • Davies, A. Mervyn (1974). Solon H. Borglum: "A Man Who Stands Alone" (Chester, Connecticut: Pequot Press) ISBN 978-0-87106-140-9
  • Dearinger, David B. (1999). New Britain Museum of American Art: Highlights of the Collection I (Prestel Verlag) ISBN 3-7913-2087-4
  •  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Borglum, Solon Hannibal" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.

Further reading

  • Armstrong, Tom (1976). 200 Years of American Sculpture. Boston: D.R. Godine. ISBN 978-0-87923-186-6
  • Aronowitz, Marguerite Madison (2001) Art Treasures and Museums In and Around Prescott, Arizona. Pine Castle Books. ISBN 978-0-9666615-1-4
  • Craven, Wayne (1968). Sculpture in America. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. ISBN 978-0-8453-4776-8
  • Tolles, Thayer (2011). Shaping the West: American Sculptors of the 19th Century. volume 6. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-914738-66-4.
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