Semliki River

Semliki River is a major river, 140 kilometres (87 mi) long,[3] in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Uganda in Central and East Africa. It flows north from Lake Edward to Lake Albert in the Albertine Rift west of the Rwenzori Mountains.[4] Along its lower reaches, it forms part of the international border between the DRC and the western Ugandan district of Bundibugyo, near the Semuliki National Park.[4] It empties into Lake Albert slightly west of the border in Orientale Province of the DRC.[4]

Semliki River
Location
Countries	DR Congo (DRC) Uganda
Physical characteristics
Source	Lake Edward
• location	Ishango, DRC, North Kivu Province
• coordinates	00°08′25″S 29°36′04″E[1]
• elevation	997 m (3,271 ft)[2]
Mouth	Lake Albert
• location	southeast of Bunia, DRC, Orientale Province
• coordinates	01°15′45″N 30°27′46″E[1]
• elevation	615 m (2,018 ft)[2]
Length	140 km (87 mi)[3]

Increasing snowmelt from the Rwenzoris, overgrazing, and other alterations to the watershed have caused bank erosion and frequent changes to the course of the meandering lower reaches of the river.[5] In some places, Uganda is losing up to 10 metres (33 ft) of land per year on its side of the river to erosion, and silt from the Semliki is gradually filling in the southern end of Lake Albert.[5] In other places, it is the DRC that is losing territory as the changing river course alters the apparent location of the border.[6]

Course

The Semliki begins near Ishango, DRC, at the northern end of Lake Edward and soon enters Virunga National Park, through which it flows over much of its upper course. The A-109 road between Mpondwe, Uganda, and Beni, DRC, is on the right, sometimes nearby and sometimes at a distance, as the river meanders through the park. Slightly southeast of Beni, the river passes under the A-109 road and continues north. At this point, the stream is west of Mount Baker (Kiyanja) in Rwenzori Mountains National Park in Uganda.[4]

Before leaving the park, the river passes under another road linking the DRC settlement of Oicha to settlements in the Semliki Valley west of the DRC–Uganda border and the Uganda town of Bundibugyo. Downstream of the road crossing, the river leaves the Virunga Park and runs along the west edge of Semuliki National Park, which is in Uganda. Here the river becomes the border between the DRC and Uganda, and it remains the border for most of the rest of the river's course. As the river leaves Semuliki Park, it nears Sempaya National Park and the Toro Game Reserve, both in Uganda. Over its last reach, the river flows west of the international border and enters the southern end of Lake Albert at a point southeast of Bunia, DRC.[4]

People

The two main ethnic groups in the region are the Amba people (Baamba, Bwamba) and the Bakonjo (Konjo).[7] People in the Semliki Valley include Batuku, pastoral cattle keepers whose herds graze on grasslands along the river.[5][8] Small populations of Batwa (pygmies), who have traditionally been forest hunter-gatherers, also live in the valley.[7]

Flora and fauna

In Semuliki National Park, the forest resembles that of the Congo River basin. Cynometra alexandri, a tropical tree species, dominates but is interspersed with other trees and swamp flora. Annual rainfall in this tropical forest averages 1,500 millimetres (59 in).[7]

More than 400 bird species, including the forest ground-thrush, Sassi's olive greenbul, and nine species of hornbill frequent the park, as do over 450 species of butterflies. Among the mammals in the park are elephants, leopard, African golden cat, buffalo, hippopotami, duikers, and pygmy scaly-tailed flying squirrels.[7]

Along its course, the Semliki falls about 300 m (1,000 ft) through a series of rapids, and this isolates Lake Edward's fish species, many of them found no-where else, from those found downriver in Lake Albert (and consequently the Nile).[9]

References

1. Geolocation with Google Earth
2. Derived from geolocation with Google Earth.
3. "Highlights of the Uganda Atlas of Our Changing Environment, River Semliki – Lake Albert" (PDF). National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Uganda. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
4. "Google Maps". 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
5. Transboundary and Cross-Border Environmental Issues: Uganda (PDF). GRID-Arendal. pp. 138–40. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
6. "Changing River Course Alters Uganda-DR Congo Border". The Independent. London. 11 November 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
7. Chege, Florence; et al. (2002). "Kibale and Semuliki Conservation and Development Project" (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). pp. 21–22. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
8. "Semuliki River Catchment and Water Resources Management". WWF. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
9. Dumont, H.J. (2009). "A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources". In H.J. Dumont (ed.). The Nile. Monographiae Biologicae. 89. Springer Science + Business Media B.V. pp. 1–21. ISBN 978-1-4020-9725-6.