Save the Children

The Save the Children Fund,[2] commonly known as Save the Children was established in the United Kingdom in 1919 to improve the lives of children through better education, health care, and economic opportunities, as well as providing emergency aid in natural disasters, war, and other conflicts. After passing a century, it is now a global movement made up of 29 national member organisations which works in 120 different countries.

For other uses, see Save the Children (disambiguation).

Save the Children
Founded15 April 1919 (1919-04-15)
FounderEglantyne Jebb
Dorothy Buxton
TypeRegistered company limited by guarantee[1]
Registration no.England & Wales 213890
SC039570
EIN: 06-0726487
Location
  • International HQ: London, WC2
    United Kingdom
OriginsLondon
Area served
Worldwide
Websitesavethechildren.net

The organisation promotes policy changes to gain more rights for young people[3] especially by enforcing the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child. Saving the Children through co-ordinate emergency-relief efforts, helping to protect children from the post effects of war and violence.[4] In fact, Save the Children has a general consultative status in the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

Origins

The Save the Children Fund was founded in London, England, on 15 April 1919 by Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton as an effort to alleviate starvation of children in Germany and Austria-Hungary during the Allied blockade of Germany of World War I which continued after the Armistice.[5]

At the end of World War I, images of malnourished and sick children ran throughout Europe. The Fight the Famine Council was initially started earlier in 1919 to put political pressure on the British government to end the blockade, the first meeting having been held at the home of Catherine Courtney, at 15 Cheyne Walk. However, on 15 April 1919, the sisters succeeded in separating itself from the politics of the Council and creating a separate "Save the Children Fund".[5]

In May 1919, the Fund was publicly established at a meeting in London's Royal Albert Hall to "provide relief to children suffering the effects of war" and raise money for emergency aid to children suffering from the wartime shortages of food and supplies.[6][7]

Jebb and her sister worked to gain public sympathy to elicit support aid.[8] In December 1919, Pope Benedict XV publicly announced his support for Save the Children, and declared 28 December 'Innocents Day' to collect donations.[9]

The first branch was opened in Fife, Scotland in 1919. A counterpart, Rädda Barnen (which means "Save the Children"), was founded later that year in Sweden with Anna Kleman on the board.[10] Along with a number of other organisations, they founded the International Save the Children Union in Geneva on 6 January 1920. Jebb built up excellent relationships with other Geneva-based organisations, including the Red Cross who supported Save's International foundation.[5]

Jebb used many ground-breaking fund-raising techniques, making Save the Children the first charity in the United Kingdom to use page-length advertisements in newspapers. Jebb contracted doctors, lawyers and other professionals to devise mass advertisement campaigns. In 1920, Save the Children started individual child sponsorship as a way to engage more donors. By the end of the year, Save the Children raised the equivalent to about £8,000,000 in today's money.[9]

Russian famine

By August 1921, the UK Save the Children had raised over £1,000,000, and conditions for children in Central Europe were improving due to their efforts. However, the Russian famine of 1921 made Jebb realise that Save the Children must be a permanent organisation and that children's rights constantly need to be protected.[11] Their mission was thus changed to "an international effort to preserve child life wherever it is menaced by conditions of economic hardship and distress".[9]

From 1921 to 1923, Save the Children created press campaigns, propaganda movies and feeding centres in Russia and in Turkey to feed and educate thousands of refugees. They began to work with several other organisations such as the Russian Famine Relief Fund and Nansen which resulted in recognition by the League of Nations. Although Russia was largely closed off to international relief and aid, Save the Children persuaded Soviet authorities to let them have a ground presence.[5]

At home, the Daily Express criticised the Fund's work, denying the severity of the situation and arguing they should be helping their own people before helping Russia. The charity responded with increased publicity about the famine, showing images of starving children and mass graves. The campaign gained national appeal, eventually allowing the organisation to charter the SS Torcello to Russia with 600 tons' worth of relief supplies. Over 157 million rations were given out, saving nearly 300,000 children. Improved conditions meant Save the Children's Russian feeding program was able to be closed in the summer of 1923, after having won international acclaim.[5][12]

Second World War

Save the Children staff were among the first into the liberated areas after World War II, working with refugee children and displaced persons in former occupied Europe, including survivors of Nazi concentration camps. At the same time, work in the United Kingdom focused on improving conditions for children growing up in cities devastated by bombing and facing huge disruptions in family life.[9]

Continuing crises

The 1950s saw a continuation of this type of crisis-driven work, with additional demands for help following the Korean War and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, but also the opening of new work in Africa, Asia and the Middle East in response to the decline of the British empire.[9]

Like other aid agencies, Save the Children was active in the major disasters of the era—especially the Vietnam War and the Biafra secession in Nigeria. The latter brought shocking images of child starvation onto the television screens of the West for the first time in a major way. The sort of mass-marketing campaigns first used by Save the Children in the 1920s was repeated, with great success in fundraising.

Disasters in Ethiopia, Sudan, and many other world hotspots led to appeals which brought public donations on a huge scale, and a consequent expansion of the organisation's work. However, the children's rights-based approach to development originated by Jebb continues to be an important factor. It was used in a major campaign in the late 1990s against the use of child soldiers in Africa.[9]

During the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone, new cases outnumbered the available hospital beds in the country. Save the Children worked with the UK government's Department for International Development and Ministry of Defence to build and run a 100-bed treatment centre in Sierra Leone, as well as support an Interim Care Center in Kailahun for children who had lost their families to Ebola.[13]

Declaration of the Rights of the Child

In 1923, Jebb wrote: "I believe we should claim certain rights for the children and labour for their universal recognition, so that everybody—not merely the small number of people who are in a position to contribute to relief funds, but everybody who in any way comes into contact with children, that is to say the vast majority of mankind—may be in a position to help forward the movement."[14]

Jebb created an initial draft for what would become the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1923. It contained the following five criteria:

  1. The child must be given the means requisite for its normal development, both materially and spiritually.
  2. The child that is hungry must be fed, the child that is sick must be nursed, the child that is backward must be helped, the delinquent child must be reclaimed, and the orphan and the waif must be sheltered and succored.
  3. The child must be the first to receive relief in times of distress.
  4. The child must not be put in a position to earn a livelihood and must be protected against every form of exploitation.
  5. The child must be brought up in the consciousness that its talents must be devoted to the service of its fellow men.[5]

These five points were adopted by the League of Nations in 1924 and were thus known as the Declaration of Geneva. This was the first important assertion of the rights of children as separate from adults and began the process that would lead to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the United Nations in 1989.[5]

Convention on the Rights of the Child

Following the atrocities of World War II, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. However, many felt the rights of children needed to be addressed in further detail with a separate document.

In November 1959, the UN General Assembly altered Jebb's initial criteria to produce the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. This consisted of ten non-binding principles for states to follow to work in the best interests of the child. However, this 1959 declaration was not legally binding and was only a statement of general principles and intent.[15] In 1989, however, it was adopted by the UN General Assembly. On 2 September 1990 it became international law.[15]

The Convention consists of 54 articles that address the basic human rights that all children are entitled to: the right to survival; development to the fullest; protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and full participation in family, cultural and social life.[15] The four core principles of the convention are non-discrimination; devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival, and development; and respect for the views of the child.

Today, the Convention serves as the basis for all of Save the Children's work. It has been ratified in every country around the world, with the exception of the United States.[16]

Campaigns

Rewrite the Future

Rewrite the Future is Save the Children's first global campaign involving all 28 members of the Save the Children Alliance. Beginning in 2006, the campaign focuses on obtaining equal and quality education for children who are unable to attend school due to conflict or war. The campaign is focused in 28 states where armed conflict is particularly relevant including Afghanistan, Angola, Colombia, Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Indonesia, Liberia, Nepal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Sri Lanka, and Uganda.[17] In 2008, Save the Children surpassed its goal of improving educational standards for eight million children by reaching over 10 million.

Every One Campaign

The Every One Campaign was started in October 2009 as a result of the Millennium Development Goals created in 2000. The fourth goal aims to reduce the child mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015. Save the Children is working to achieve this goal through their Every One Campaign and their seven step program stating:[18]

  1. Implement credible national plans
  2. Focus on newborn babies
  3. Prioritize equally
  4. Mobilize additional resources
  5. Train and deploy more health care workers
  6. Tackle malnutrition
  7. Increase focus on children during emergencies

Every Beat Matters

The Every Beat Matters campaign, started in August 2012,[19] aims to end preventable child deaths. Every year, more than 7 million children die before their 5th birthday, largely due to preventable and treatable causes like pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria.[20] As part of the campaign, OneRepublic created the new song "Feel Again". Lead singer Ryan Tedder was inspired to write the song by listening to heartbeats of children in need in remote villages in Malawi and Guatemala.[21] Proceeds from the sale of "Feel Again" on iTunes[22] will benefit Save the Children, which trains frontline health workers to save children's lives around the world. In developing countries, frontline health workers are often the only link to health care for children who live beyond the reach of hospitals and clinics. They can provide a range of proven, lifesaving services including maternal and newborn care, child health, and management of chronic and communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, AIDS and diabetes. Yet according to the World Health Organization, there is a global shortage of at least one million frontline health workers.[23]

If London Was Syria
Main article: If London Were Syria

In 2014 to mark the three-year anniversary of the Syrian civil war Save the Children released a campaign video about what life would be like for British kids if a civil war erupted in the UK.[24] The video reached over 20 million views in less than a week.[25] The ad, created by commercials director Martin Stirling, has been described as "powerful"[26] and "unsettling".[27]

Samantha Cameron is an ambassador for the charity Save the Children. Her husband, David Cameron, when Prime Minister, resisted calls for Britain to accept more refugees from Syria. In March 2013, Samantha Cameron said: "As a mother, it is horrifying to hear the harrowing stories from the children I met today, no child should ever experience what they have. With every day that passes, more children and parents are being killed, more innocent childhoods are being smashed to pieces."[28][29]

Structure and accountability

Save the Children is an international umbrella organisation, with 29 national member organisations serving over 120 countries.[30]. Members lead on activities within their home territory and work with donors to develop programmes abroad, which are coordinated and delivered by a central body - Save the Children International - via teams on the ground in each country. Save the Children International also oversees humanitarian responses.

All members of the association are bound by the International Save the Children Alliance Bylaws which includes The Child Protection Protocol and Code of Conduct. These set a standard for common values, principles, and beliefs.[31]

The Save the Children International website states that the member organisations work towards achieving four key initiatives:

  1. Secure quality education for 8 million children affected by armed conflict.
  2. Expand and improve their presence in countries of strategic importance.
  3. Create a stronger voice for children where more than one member has programmes by integrating country operations.
  4. Become the emergency response agency for children worldwide by improving disaster preparedness and response capacity so that they can best deliver immediate and lasting improvements to children.

Connections with other organisations

Save the Children helps to fund, and is aided with funds raised by, the British will-making scheme Will Aid, in which participating solicitors waive their usual fee to write a basic will and in exchange invite the client to donate to charity.[32] Save the Children collaborates with other NGOs in Family Tracing and Reunification.[33]

Rating and salaries

Charity Navigator gave Save the Children US a three-star rating (score 88.30 of 100) in 2018 and reported that Save the Children US's CEO Carolyn Miles earned a salary of US$459,969 in 2016.[34]

Charity Watch reported earnings of US$499,238 for Save the Children US's President and CEO Carolyn S. Miles, US$383,771 for Executive Vice President and COO Carlos Carrazana, and US$299,278 for the Vice President in charge of Policy & Human Resources Michael Klosson for the year 2015.[35]

Controversies

The Save the Children Fund film
Main article: The Save the Children Fund Film

In 1969, Save the Children UK commissioned film director Ken Loach and producer Tony Garnett to make The Save the Children Fund Film. The resulting film was unacceptable to the organisation because they felt it presented their work in an unfavourable light.[36] Eventually a legal agreement was arrived at which involved the material being deposited in the National Film Archive.[36][37] In 2011, roughly 42 years later, it was shown to the public for the first time in decades.[36][38]

Expulsion from Pakistan
See also: CIA transnational health and economic activities

In July 2011, a fake vaccination program by the CIA was uncovered.[39] It then emerged that Dr. Shakil Afridi, the person organising the CIA's "vaccinations", had claimed that he was a Save the Children employee. In May 2012, Save the Children's country director for Pakistan, David Wright, revealed that the organisation's work had been badly disrupted ever since Afridi had made his claim, with medicines held up for long periods at airports, staff unable to get visas, and so forth. Wright also charged that the CIA had breached international humanitarian law and risked the safety of aid groups worldwide.[40] "It was a setback, no doubt," said Dr. Elias Durry, the World Health Organization's polio coordinator for Pakistan, a few months later.[41] Later that year, in September, it was reported that the Pakistani government had requested Save the Children's foreign staff to leave the country,[42] In January 2013, the Deans of twelve top US schools of public health sent a letter to President Obama protesting against the entanglement of intelligence operations in public health campaigns. The letter describes the negative and lasting impacts of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) use of a fake vaccination campaign in Pakistan during the hunt for Osama bin Laden in 2011, which exacerbated the already persistent public mistrust of vaccines in the country.[43]

The CIA's "vaccination program" sparked a series of deadly attacks in Pakistan against dozens of aid and health workers associated with polio eradication campaigns, with the UN-backed polio-vaccination drive repeatedly halted as a result.[44][45][46] In May 2014, the Obama administration announced that they would no longer use vaccination programs as a cover for CIA activities.[46]

Pakistani investigators said in a July 2012 report that Dr. Shakil Afridi met 25 times with "foreign secret agents, received instructions and provided sensitive information to them."[47] According to an early draft of a Pakistan Government report, which has not been publicly released, Afridi told investigators that the charity Save the Children helped facilitate his meeting with US intelligence agents although the charity denies the charge. The report alleges that Save the Children's Pakistan director at the time of the incident introduced Afridi to a western woman in Islamabad and that Afridi and the woman met regularly afterwards.[48][49][50]

The claim that the Save the Children Country Director had introduced Afridi to the woman is not credible, as the Country Director concerned had left Pakistan permanently well before the alleged meeting took place. The allegation does not appear in subsequent drafts of the report, although the document has still not been publicly released.

On 11 June 2015, Pakistani authorities ordered all Save the Children workers to leave Pakistan within 15 days, and the organisation's office in Islamabad was closed and padlocked.[51]

Award to Tony Blair by heads of Save the Children USA

In 2014, Tony Blair was given Save the Children's Global Legacy Award by the leadership of the US arm of the charity at a gala dinner in New York.[52] A furious protest letter condemning the award was signed by over 500 Save the Children staff, who said it was "morally reprehensible" and jeopardised the organisation's credibility.[53][54] The episode raised questions about the links between those who had given the award and those close to Blair.[55]

Executive Brendan Cox quits after women's complaints of 'inappropriate behaviour'

Chief strategist of Save the Children UK Brendan Cox resigned in September 2015 over allegations of "inappropriate behaviour". The charity, and Oxfam, temporarily suspended bids for government funds due to the scandal.[56]

Cox had previously denied any wrongdoing but finally admitted to inappropriate behaviour in 18 February 2018 and quit working for his two other charities.[57][58]

On 5 March 2020, the Charity Commission published an investigation report that found there had been serious weaknesses in the charity's workplace culture and "mismanagement in the administration of the charity". There were 5 complaints of sexual harassment and 13 of bullying between 2016 and June 2018. The charity trustees had not been sent copies of an external report on corporate culture. Since then the charity has strengthened reporting and whistle-blowing policies that now permit anonymous staff complaints.[56]

Charity boss Justin Forsyth resigns from UNICEF

On 22 February 2018 former Save the Children UK chief executive Justin Forsyth resigned from UNICEF to avoid "damage" to the charities. Three complaints of inappropriate behaviour were made of Mr. Forsyth whilst he worked at Save the Children UK.[59]

Jalalabad terror attack

On 24 January 2018, militants affiliated with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province launched a bomb and gun attack on a Save the Children office in Jalalabad, a city in the eastern Afghan province of Nangarhar, killing six people and injuring 27.[60][61]

Archives

Archives of Save the Children are held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.[62]

gollark: Random, but okay?
gollark: Oh, right.
gollark: Unless you make the thing produce spores somehow?
gollark: Although you would have to keep feeding the backup glucose. Which is not ideal.
gollark: It could be good for long term backup stuff, though.

See also

References
  1. Save the Children website
  2. "Register Home Page". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  3. Nault, 2003, p. 4.
  4. About Us Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Save the Children.
  5. Yates, Mick. "Eglantyne Jebb". LeaderValues. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  6. Nault, pg. 6 2003
  7. "CalmView: Overview". catalogue.royalalberthall.com. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  8. Hyder, pg. 2 2005
  9. History Archived 15 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Save the Children.
  10. " Anna Kleman – med engagemang i kvinnofrågor och fredsarbete". Läst 15 januari 2018.
  11. Nault, pg. 7 2003
  12. Breen, Rodney (1994). "Saving Enemy Children: Save the Children's Russian Relief Organisation, 1921–1923". Disasters 18 (3), 221–237.
  13. Uenuma, Francine. "Desperate Demand for Ebola Treatment in Sierra Leone; Five People Infected Every Hour". savethechildren.org. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  14. Hyder, pg. 3 2005
  15. UNICEF 2008
  16. "There's Only One Country That Hasn't Ratified the Convention on Children's Rights: US". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  17. Rewrite the Future Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Save the Children.
  18. Every One Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Save the Children.
  19. "OneRepublic's New Single to Benefit Save the Children's Every Beat Matters Campaign". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  20. WHO | Children: reducing mortality. Who.int. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  21. OneRepublic Donate New Single Proceeds To Save The Children « New York's 92.3 NOW Archived 18 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. 923now.cbslocal.com (23 August 2012). Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  22. iTunes Store. iTunes Store. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  23. http://frontlinehealthworkers.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/FHWC_Issue_Brieffinal.pdf
  24. "If London were Syria: Save The Children campaign releases unsettling video". The Independent. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  25. "Charity video turning London into Syria goes viral". Rappler. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  26. "Powerful video ad aims to create a connection to Syrian conflict". Yahoo News. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  27. "Unsettling Save the Children video asks, 'What if London were Syria?'". theweek.com. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  28. "David Cameron: Taking more and more refugees not answer". BBC. 2 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  29. "Samantha Cameron shocked by Syrian children's stories in Lebanon". Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  30. "Where we work". Save the Children International. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  31. Our Structure Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Save the Children.
  32. Will Aid Archived 20 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  33. "Inter-agency Guiding Principles on UNACCOMPANIED and SEPARATED CHILDREN" (PDF). International Committee of the Red Cross. January 2004.
  34. "Save the Children". 2 January 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  35. "Save the Children". December 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  36. "BFI launches Ken Loach Project with world premiere of his Save The Children film...42 years after it was made" (PDF). FOCAL International. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  37. Bradshaw, Peter (1 September 2011). "Ken Loach's Save the Children: the film that bit the hand that fed it". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  38. Smith, Neil (23 August 2011). "Banned Ken Loach charity film gets rare airing". BBC. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  39. Shah, Saeed (11 July 2011). "CIA organised fake vaccination drive to get Osama bin Laden's family DNA". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  40. Crilly, Rob (3 May 2012). "Save the Children Pakistan chief under pressure after 'fake CIA vaccination' campaign". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  41. McNeil, Donald G. (9 July 2012). "C.I.A. Vaccine Ruse May Have Harmed the War on Polio". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  42. "Save the Children foreign staff ordered out of Pakistan". BBC News. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  43. "CIA Vaccination Cover in Pakistan". jhsph.edu. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  44. Khan, Jamal (19 December 2012). "UN suspends polio drive in Pakistan after killings". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  45. Khan, Riaz; Toosi, Nahal (28 May 2013). "Pakistan polio vaccination suspended after killing". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  46. "U.S. Cites End to C.I.A. Ruses Using Vaccines". The New York Times. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  47. Leiby, Richard (26 July 2012). "Pakistan recounts in new report how doctor helped U.S. in bin Laden operation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  48. Boone, Jon (5 September 2012). "Pakistan orders Save the Children foreign workers to leave". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  49. "Save the Children foreign staff told to leave Pakistan". Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  50. "Save the Children foreign staff ordered out of Pakistan". BBC News.
  51. Boone, Jon (12 June 2015). "Pakistan shuts down Save the Children offices in Islamabad". The Guardian. Islamabad. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  52. Molloy, Antonia (20 November 2014). "Tony Blair honoured with Save The Children's Global Legacy Award at charity gala attended by Ben Affleck and Lassie". The Independent. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  53. Sherwood, Harriet (25 November 2014). "Save the Children staff furious over 'global legacy' award for Tony Blair". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  54. Sherwood, Harriet (28 November 2014). "Save the Children boss 'disappointed' over Tony Blair award row". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  55. Dalton, Jane (5 March 2020). "Save The Children misled public while failing to deal with sexual harassment allegations against top bosses, report reveals". The Independent. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  56. "Murdered MP's widower Brendan Cox quits charities". BBC News. 18 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  57. Cooney, Rebecca (19 February 2018). "Brendan Cox resigns as trustee of the Jo Cox Foundation". Third Sector. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  58. "Charity boss Justin Forsyth resigns from Unicef". BBC. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  59. "Gunmen Storm Save the Children Aid Group Office in Afghanistan". The New York Times. Reuters. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  60. "Militants Attack Afghan Offices of Children's NGO, Killing 4". The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  61. Catalogue of Save the Children archive held at Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham

Further reading
  • Lynda Mahood, Vic Satzewich, "The Save the Children Fund and the Russian Famine of 1921–23: Claims and Counter-Claims about Feeding 'Bolshevik' Children," Journal of Historical Sociology, 22,1 (2009), 55–83.
  • Clare Mulley, "The Woman Who Saved the Children: A biography of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of Save the Children" (Oneworld Publications, 2009) ISBN 9781851686575
  • Rory O'Keeffe The Toss of a Coin: 'voices from a modern crisis'. Hygge Media. 22 September 2015. ISBN 9780993272905.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.