Flekkefjord

Flekkefjord  is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Lister. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Flekkefjord. The villages of Sira, Gyland, Rasvåg, Kirkehavn, and Åna-Sira are located in Flekkefjord.

This article is about the municipality in Norway. For the town in Vest-Agder, Norway, see Flekkefjord (town).
Flekkefjord kommune
Municipality
View of a local harbour
Coat of arms
Agder within
Norway
Flekkefjord within Agder
Coordinates: 58°19′38″N 06°40′00″E
CountryNorway
CountyAgder
DistrictLister
Administrative centreFlekkefjord
Government
 • Mayor (2019)Torbjørn Klungland (FrP)
Area
 • Total543.53 km2 (209.86 sq mi)
 • Land481.86 km2 (186.05 sq mi)
 • Water61.67 km2 (23.81 sq mi)
Area rank200 in Norway
Population
 (2017)
 • Total9,090
 • Rank124 in Norway
 • Density18.9/km2 (49/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
2.6%
Demonym(s)Flekkefjæring[1]
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-4207
Official language formBokmål[2]
Websitewww.flekkefjord.kommune.no
Data from Statistics Norway

Flekkefjord is the westernmost municipality of the geographical region of Sørlandet. Flekkefjord is approximately midway between the cities of Kristiansand and Stavanger, located along European route E39 and the Sørlandet Line.[3]

The 544-square-kilometre (210 sq mi) municipality is the 200th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Flekkefjord is the 124th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,090. The municipality's population density is 18.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (49/sq mi) and its population has increased by 2.6% over the last decade.[4]

General information

The small town of Flekkefjord was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). In 1942, a part of the municipality of Nes (population: 377) was transferred to the town of Flekkefjord. On 1 January 1965, there was a major municipal merger due to the work of the Schei Committee. On that date, the rural municipalities of Bakke (except the Øksendal area), Gyland, Hidra, and Nes were merged with the town of Flekkefjord, creating a new, much larger municipality of Flekkefjord with about 8,800 people. On 1 January 1987, the Virak and Espetveit areas of northern Flekkefjord (population: 41) were transferred to Sirdal municipality.[5]

Name

The municipality (and town) is named after the local fjord called the Flekkefjorden. The fjord is named after the old Flikka farm (Old Norse: Flikkar) that is located near the fjord. The meaning of the name is unknown.[6]

Coat-of-arms

The coat-of-arms for Flekkefjord are rather old (compared with most Norwegian municipal arms). They were granted around the year 1855. The arms were originally proposed in 1855 and they were described as a pilot boat on the sea. The original proposal showed a boat on a very natural sea, all in natural colours. The present shape of the boat and the more heraldically correct arms date from 1899.[7]

Churches

The Church of Norway has four parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Flekkefjord. It is part of the Lister deanery in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark.

Churches in Flekkefjord
Parish (Sokn)Church NameLocation of the ChurchYear Built
BakkeBakke ChurchSira1865
FlekkefjordFlekkefjord ChurchFlekkefjord1966
GylandGyland ChurchNuland (near Gyland)1982
HidraHidra ChurchKirkehamn1924

Geography

The municipality is located in southwestern Vest-Agder county, along the border with Rogaland county and the North Sea to the southwest. It is bounded by Sokndal and Lund municipalities (in Rogaland county) to the west across the river Sira, by Sirdal municipality to the north, and by Kvinesdal municipality to the east.

The town of Flekkefjord is located near the southern coast of the municipality in a fjord. It straddles the narrow sound which connects the Flekkefjorden to Grisefjorden. The port is ideal due to the tiny difference in tides experienced here. This is a result of its close proximity to the amphidromic point outside Eigersund.[8]

The lakes Kumlevollvatnet, Lundevatn, Selura, and Sirdalsvatnet are located in Flekkefjord. The southern coast is dominated by the Listafjorden and Fedafjorden with the large inhabited islands of Hidra and Andabeløyna lying in the Listafjorden.

Climate
Climate data for Flekkefjord
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 1.0
(33.8)		 4.5
(40.1)		 10.0
(50.0)		 13.5
(56.3)		 15.0
(59.0)		 14.5
(58.1)		 10.8
(51.4)		 7.6
(45.7)		 3.0
(37.4)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 6.4
(43.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 189
(7.4)		 133
(5.2)		 147
(5.8)		 91
(3.6)		 102
(4.0)		 100
(3.9)		 119
(4.7)		 158
(6.2)		 208
(8.2)		 250
(9.8)		 253
(10.0)		 215
(8.5)		 1,965
(77.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 16.1 10.9 13.7 10.4 11.5 10.0 10.9 13.0 16.1 17.1 18.6 16.3 164.6
Source: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[9]

History
View of the town of Flekkefjord
View of the lake Selura
View of the Bakke Church in Sira
The town of Flekkefjord

Flekkefjord was a landing place from early times. It was mentioned as a town as early as 1580. In 1589, James VI of Scotland landed there before travelling overland via Tønsberg to Oslo, where he married Princess Anne of Denmark, daughter of Frederick II.[10] When Kristiansand was founded in 1641, Christian IV wanted to assure the economic survival of his new city by moving Flekkefjord residents there. Twice it was sentenced to extinction by royal decree. But many of the Flekkefjord inhabitants remained and continued to trade.

Norway's plentiful stone was a Flekkefjord commodity. In 1736 over 300 Dutch ships are reported to have carried paving stones from Flekkefjord. By 1750 the herring fishery began in earnest, such that herring and timber dominated the trade. In the 1750s Flekkefjord was the most important Norwegian herring export harbor.

In 1760 Flekkefjord petitioned Frederik V to grant a town charter. At that time several ships were home ported there and both sailors and herring fishermen had their homes in this small town that was not officially recognized. Barrel making (cooperage) was also an important local trade that served the fishing fleet.

During the Napoleonic Wars Flekkefjord found a new life as a smugglers port, exporting oak to the Napoleon-occupied Netherlands during the period prior to 1807. The unusual tidal condition, the local timber abundance, and a long-term relationship with the Dutch were the reasons behind Flekkefjord's then serving as a smuggler's headquarters. They specialized in the lucrative oak trade, the warship timber in those days. Ships could come and leave Flekkefjord at any hour of the day, without concern for the tides.

Prior to 1807, Denmark-Norway had followed a policy of armed neutrality, using its naval forces only to protect trade flowing within, into, and out of Danish and Norwegian waters. But this changed for the last phase of the Napoleonic Wars when, in the Battle of Copenhagen in 1807, the British preemptively captured large portions of the Danish naval fleet to prevent the French from doing the same. As a result, the Danish government declared war and built small gunboats in large numbers to attack the British. The Gunboat War (1807–1814) was the title given to naval conflict between Denmark-Norway against the British navy. It was natural for Flekkefjord to move from a smuggler's haven to blockade runner's headquarters. The unusual tides there were unknown to the British warships that were blockading the Norwegian coast against Napoleon-supporting ships and this provided the blockade runners a considerable advantage.

After the war the Dutch maintained a strong presence in Flekkefjord, and continued exporting oak and pine. The pine was used mainly to make foundations for the boom in Amsterdam house construction; as a result most of Amsterdam’s houses from the 19th century are constructed of pines from Flekkefjord exporters. A section of Flekkefjord called ‘Hollenderbyen’ (town of the Dutch) dates from the 18th century.[8]

Xenotime, a rare yttrium phosphate mineral whose chemical formula is YPO4, was discovered in 1832 at Hidra (Hitterø), Flekkefjord.

The herring fisheries deserted the coast in 1838, depriving Flekkefjord residents of their main export. Tanning replaced fishing and by 1866 five tanneries were operating in Flekkefjord.

The Flekkefjord Line railway ran between Sira and Flekkefjord from 1904 to 1990.

Flekkefjord and nearby areas are served by Sørlandet Hospital Flekkefjord that covers population needs for surgery, orthopedics, oncology, gynecology and obstetrics.

Government
View of the landscape of Flekkefjord

All municipalities in Norway, including Flekkefjord, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Flekkefjord is made up of 35 representatives that are elected to four year terms. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows:[11]

Flekkefjord Kommunestyre 2015–2019
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
 Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)6
 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)6
 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)1
 Conservative Party (Høyre)8
 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)5
 Centre Party (Senterpartiet)4
 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)1
 Liberal Party (Venstre)4
Total number of members:35

Parliamentary representation

After Flekkefjord acquired market town status in 1842, it also became a constituency for elections to the Parliament of Norway. The first representative was elected in 1845: Gerhard Heiberg Garmann. He served for three years before Nils Elias Børresen was elected. He served until 1863, when deputy Johan Andreas Kraft took over for one year. Knud Geelmuyden Fleischer Maartmann served from 1865 to 1866 and 1868 to 1869, and Elias Didrichsen served from 1871 to 1888, interrupted by Thorvald Olsen who served from 1877 through 1879. Niels Eyde, Jakob Stang, Sivert Hanssen-Sunde and Hans Sivert Jacobsen served one three-year term each between 1889 and 1900. Then, Cornelius Bernhard Hanssen served from 1900 to 1921, interrupted by Bernhard Severin Sannerud in the years 1916 through 1918. A law change in 1919 repelled Flekkefjord as a constituency of its own; from then it was a part of the combined constituency Market towns of Vest-Agder and Rogaland counties.[12]

Mayors

Mayors in Flekkefjord typically served for one year from the start of local government in 1837. Of the notable early mayors were Jens Henrik Beer (Parliament member before Flekkefjord became its own constituency) in 1840 and Anders Beer in 1843. Many of the parliamentarians served as mayors: J. A. Kraft in 1842, 1858 and 1859; Børresen in 1846, 1849, 1850, 1852 and 1862; Didrichsen from 1853 to 1857, 1863 to 1870, 1878 to 1879 and 1883 to 1888; Jacobsen in 1889; Hanssen-Sunde from 1893 to 1899; Sannerud from 1906 to 1909 and in 1917; and C. B. Hanssen in 1933, 1936 and 1937.[12]

Twin towns

Flekkefjord has twin town agreements with the following places:[13]

Notable residents
gollark: Pretty wrong in that case though.
gollark: I mean, infohazards may exist, sure. I guess that may be true in general.
gollark: Plus, the more you have the more you can draw useful connections.
gollark: There's no real disadvantage to keeping additional knowledge around, and you cannot know in advance when a random fact might be useful.
gollark: The Ancient Greeks apparently went around calculating the Earth's size from some trigonometry and measurements of sun position.

See also

References
  1. "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. Welle-Strand, Erling (1996). Adventure Roads in Norway. Nortrabooks. ISBN 82-90103-71-9.
  4. Statistisk sentralbyrå (2017). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2017-11-04.
  5. Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.
  6. Rygh, Oluf (1912). Norske gaardnavne: Lister og Mandals amt (in Norwegian) (9 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 317.
  7. "Civic heraldry of Norway - Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
  8. Stagg, Frank Noel (1958). South Norway. George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.
  9. "eKlima Web Portal". Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 2004-06-14.
  10. Carleton Williams, Ethel (1970). Anne of Denmark. Longman. pp. 20. ISBN 0-582-12783-1.
  11. "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway. 2015.
  12. Ringard, Morten (1942). Flekkefjords historie (in Norwegian). Flekkefjord: Flekkefjord Municipality. pp. 134–135.
  13. "Vennskapsbyer" (in Norwegian). Flekkefjord kommune. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
  14. "Town Twinning". www.fifedirect.org.uk. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
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