Russian monitor Uragan

Uragan (Russian: Ураган) was the name ship of her class of 10 monitors built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid-1860s. The design was based on the American Passaic-class monitor, but was modified to suit Russian engines, guns and construction techniques. Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet, the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen, but very little is known about her service. She was stricken in 1900 from the Navy List, converted into a coal barge in 1903 and renamed Barzha No. 39, then Barzha No. 52 and finally Barzha No. 325. Abandoned by the Soviets in Finland in 1918, the ship was later scrapped by the Finns.

Sister ship Koldun, in the late 1870s or early 1880s
History
Russian Empire
Name: Uragan (Ураган)
Namesake: Hurricane
Ordered: 23 March 1863[Note 1]
Builder: New Admiralty Shipyard, Saint Petersburg
Cost: 1,105,800 rubles
Laid down: 1 December 1863
Launched: 27 May 1864
In service: 1865
Out of service: 6 July 1900
Reclassified: As coastal defense ship, 13 February 1892
Stricken: 17 August 1900
Fate: Converted into a coal barge, 1903, and scrapped around 1918
General characteristics
Class and type: Uragan-class monitor
Displacement: 1,500–1,600 long tons (1,524–1,626 t)
Length: 201 ft (61.3 m)
Beam: 46 ft (14.0 m)
Draft: 10.16–10.84 ft (3.1–3.3 m)
Installed power:
  • 340–500 ihp (254–373 kW)
  • 2 rectangular boilers
Propulsion: 1 shaft, 1 × horizontal direct-acting steam engine
Speed: 6.5 knots (12.0 km/h; 7.5 mph)
Range: 1,440 nmi (2,670 km; 1,660 mi) at 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph)
Complement: 96–110
Armament:
  • 1865: 2 × 9 in (229 mm) smoothbore guns
  • 1868: 2 × 15 in (381 mm) smoothbore Rodman guns
  • 1873: 2 × 9 in (229 mm) rifled guns
Armor:

Description

Uragan was 201 feet (61.3 m) long overall, with a beam of 46 feet (14.0 m) and a draft of 10.16–10.84 feet (3.1–3.3 m). She displaced 1,500–1,600 long tons (1,500–1,600 t), and her crew numbered eight officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865. They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877.[1]

The ship was fitted with a two-cylinder, horizontal direct-acting steam engine[1] built by the Baird Works of Saint Petersburg. It drove a single propeller[2] using steam provided by two Morton rectangular boilers.[3] Specific information on the output of the ship's engine has not survived, but it ranged between 340–500 indicated horsepower (254–373 kW) for all the ships of this class. During Uragan's sea trials on 31 May 1865, she reached a maximum speed of 6.5 knots (12.0 km/h; 7.5 mph), making her one of the faster ships in her class. The ship carried a maximum of 190 long tons (190 t) of coal, which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1,440 nautical miles (2,670 km; 1,660 mi) at 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph).[4]

Uragan was designed to be armed with a pair of 9-inch (229 mm) smoothbore muzzle-loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia, but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine-inch smoothbores. These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license-built 15-inch (380 mm) smoothbore, muzzle-loading Rodman guns in 1867–1868. The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine-inch rifled guns.[5]

All of the wrought-iron armor that was used in the Uragan-class monitors was in 1-inch (25 mm) plates, just as in the Passaic-class ships. The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates, of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches (1.1 m) below the waterline. This armor was backed by wooden beams that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches (914 mm). The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor. Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet (2.1 m) above the deck. Unlike their predecessors, the Uragan class was built without deck armor to save weight, but Uragan was modified to accept the addition of 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) armor plates after completion. It is, however, unknown if they were ever fitted, although they were manufactured and then placed in storage.[6]

Construction and career

Construction of the ship began on 8 July 1863 at the New Admiralty Shipyard in Saint Petersburg. Uragan was laid down on 1 December 1863 and she was launched on 27 May 1864. She entered service in 1865 and cost a total of 1,105,800 rubles, almost double her contract cost of 600,000 rubles. The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she, and all of her sister ships except Latnik, made a port visit to Stockholm, Sweden in July–August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich.[7]

Sometime after Uragan was completed, an armored ring, 5 inches (127 mm) thick and 15 inches (381 mm) tall, was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it. Later, an armored, outward-curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there. Three sponsons were later added, probably during the 1870s, to the upper portion of the turret. Each sponson, one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret, mounted a light gun, probably a 1.75-inch (44 mm) Engstrem gun, for defense against torpedo boats. A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret, also probably during the 1870s.[8]

Little is known about the ship's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze. Uragan was reclassified as a coast-defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900, although she was not stricken until 17 August. During 1903, the ship was converted into a coal barge by the removal of her turret, her side armor, and its wooden backing, and by the division of her hull into three holds.[9] She was redesignated as Barzha No. 39, then Barzha No. 52, and, in 1914, Barzha No. 325. The ship was abandoned by the Soviets when they were forced to withdraw from Finland in April 1918 according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and was later scrapped by the Finns.[10]

Notes
  1. All dates used in this article are New Style.

Footnotes
  1. McLaughlin, p. 103
  2. McLaughlin, pp. 106–07
  3. Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 175
  4. McLaughlin, p. 107
  5. McLaughlin, pp. 104–05
  6. McLaughlin, pp. 105–06
  7. McLaughlin, pp. 100, 104, 109
  8. McLaughlin, p. 108
  9. McLaughlin, p. 109
  10. McLaughlin, p. 111
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References
  • Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860-1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
  • McLaughlin, Stephen (2012). "Russia's American Monitors: The Uragan Class". In John Jordan (ed.). Warship 2012. London: Conway. pp. 98–112. ISBN 978-1-84486-156-9.
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