Uragan-class monitor

The Uragan class (also known as the Bronenosetz class, Russian: броненосец, "armor carrier" or "warship"[3]) was a class of monitors built for the Baltic Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy.[1][2][4][5] The ships were built to the plans of the American Passaic-class monitors,[2][5][6][7] a design that was tested on a smaller scale on USS Monitor.[4] A total of 10 ships were constructed at five different shipyards in Saint Petersburg, all entering service in 1865. The ships were among the first ironclad warships in the Russian Navy.[5][8]

Veschun («Вещун»)
Class overview
Builders:
  • New Admiralty yard
  • Galerniy Island yard
  • Carr and MacPherson
  • Nevsky factory
  • Cockerill & Co
Operators:  Imperial Russian Navy
Preceded by: USS Monitor
Cost: 1,155,000 rubles (average)
Built: 1863–1865
In commission: 1865–1900
Completed: 10
Scrapped: 9
General characteristics
Type: Monitor
Displacement: 1,500–1,600 long tons (1,500–1,600 t)
Length: 201 ft (61.3 m)
Beam: 46 ft (14.0 m)
Draft: 10.16–10.84 ft (3.1–3.3 m)
Installed power: 340–500 ihp (254–373 kW), 2 rectangular Morton boilers
Propulsion: 1 shaft, 1 2-cylinder horizontal direct-acting steam engine
Speed: 5–7.75 knots (9.26–14.35 km/h; 5.75–8.92 mph)
Range: 1,440 nmi (2,670 km; 1,660 mi) at 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph)
Complement: 96–110[1]
Armament:
  • 1864: 2 × 9 in (229 mm) smoothbore guns
  • 1868: 2 × 15 in (381 mm) smoothbore Rodman guns
  • 1873: 2 × 9 in (229 mm) rifled guns[1][2]
Armor:
Comparison of the turrets of the Passaic / Uragan class (left) and the later Canonicus class (right). The 15-inch Rodman guns for the Uragan class were produced at the Aleksandrovsk gun factory in Petrozavodsk.
229 mm naval gun M1867 in Suomenlinna.

Russian-American relations

During the American Civil War Americans mistook Russian defensive moves as an indicator of support for the Union cause.[9]

Relations between Russia and Britain deteriorated further because of the British support — or what the Russians saw as sponsorship — of the Polish January Uprising of 1863.[9]

If war between Russia and Britain were to begin, it was thought likely that British and French Naval forces would try to attack the Russian capital of Saint Petersburg on the Gulf of Finland. It was feared that this would be a repeat of the Baltic theatre of the Crimean War eight years previously, when the Allied steam-powered fleet had outgunned and outmaneuvered the Russian sailing fleet.[8][9] Russians calculated, that in a battle in the confined waters of the Baltic the Russian wooden ships would be worthless, but could do more damage to the British in distant seas.[10][11] With the wooden fleet gone, Russia would have no naval protection of her home waters.

Russian monitor program

A Russian monitor program was started as soon as news of the Battle of Hampton Roads reached Europe.[8]

The Merrimack struck in the side not so much a corvette at anchor, but the bureaucratic administration of the Union States and England, that slumber under the protection of the wooden walls of their ships, and only built their nations' few iron vessels as goodies to pamper their children. Now, the question of timber ships is finally resolved in the most stupid and improvident minds.

— [5], in Rear-Admiral G. Butakov, "Order number 4", May 30, 1862

Naval architect N. Artseulov was sent to America to join Russian naval attaché, Captain (later Rear Admiral) Stepan Stepanovich Lessovsky and to assess at first hand the advantages and disadvantages of John Ericsson's monitors.[1] He returned on 16 March 1863, with detailed drawings and specifications of the Passaic class.[1][2][8]

On 11 March 1863 the Russian Admiralty approved a program to build ten armored vessels based on the Passaic design. The decision to use the American plans was based on the lack of time, money and experience in building armored vessels.[1] A larger monitor, Smerch («Смерч»), with two turrets of a design by Cowper Phipps Coles was also approved and launched in 1864.[5][8] One of the benefits of the Ericsson turret design, as opposed to the British design by Coles, was the layered construction from 1-inch (25 mm) armored plate. The Coles design required slabs of 5-inch (114.3 mm) thickness. This armor could not be produced in any Russian plant, and in Europe, only John Brown & Co in Sheffield, England, was producing armored plate of this thickness and of the required quality.[12]

Construction

Two of the ships were built by the state-owned New Admiralty yard, the others were ordered from privately owned shipyards.[1][5][8] The Galerniy Island yard, Carr and MacPherson and the Nevsky factory (owned by Colonel PF Semyannikov and Retired Lieutenant VA Poletika) each produced two ships. Two ships were prefabricated in Belgium by Cockerill & Co and assembled in Kronstadt.[5][8] All ships were laid down in late 1863 and launched in 1864. Some of the turrets and steam engines were produced at the Izhorsky Zavod state factory, and some by the Baird Works.[13] Iron armor for the ships was first ordered form John Brown & Co in Sheffield, but they cited difficulties in meeting the demand.[2] Instead most of the 1 inch armor plate needed for the ships was produced by Russian forges.[8]

The cost of the Russian-built ships was around 570 thousand rubles for each ship.[2][8][13] The two Belgian ships cost 619,000 silver rubles.[2][13]

Armament

In their first eight years of operation the monitors were equipped with three different types of artillery pieces. Procurement efforts for all three types were started at the same time in 1863. An order was placed in 1863 with the Krupp factories in Germany for 9 inch smoothbore guns with steel barrels; these were initially used to arm the monitors.[14]

At the same time, Artillery specialist Filemon N. Pestich was sent to America along with Artseulov and Lessovsky to acquire gun technology. He returned in 1864 with technology for the production of 15-inch smoothbore Dahlgren guns, the type in use on the American Passaics.[8][15] A new gun factory was established in Petrozavodsk in Russian Karelia. Production of Dahlgren guns was immediately started at the Aleksandrovsk gun factory, with the first 15-inch gun cast on 2 January 1864,[14] The first 15-inch guns were installed on the monitors by 1868,[1][2] but they only became available for all ships in 1869.[15] Unlike on the American sister ships, mixed armaments of 15 inch and smaller guns were not used.

Also in 1863 development of a rifled gun started with the help of Krupp technology. The Obukhov State Plant was founded in St. Petersburg to produce guns based on Krupp designs. The new 9-inch (229 mm) breech-loading rifled guns become known as the 229 mm cannon M1867. The ships were rearmed with these guns starting in 1873.

As the monitors were hulked in 1900 the rifled M1867 guns were removed; they later served as coastal artillery in Peter the Great's Naval Fortress. Some of the guns still exist on the seafortress of Suomenlinna in Helsinki.

Ships
New Admiralty yard
  • Uragan («Ураган», Hurricane) - Laid up and decommissioned 1900.
  • Tifon («Тифон», Typhon) - Laid up 1900, hulked as mine depot 1909, broken up in the 1920s.
Galerniy Island yard
  • Strelets («Стрелец», Strelets) - Laid up 1900, hulked as floating workshop late 1910s, hull remains to the present day.
  • Edinorog («Единорог», Unicorn) - Laid up 1900, hulked as mine depot 1909, broken up in the 1950s, served in Vladivostok.[7]
Carr and MacPherson
Nevsky factory
  • Lava («Лава», Lava) - Laid up 1900, hulked as hospital barge 1911, broken up in the 1920s.
  • Perun («Перун», Perun) - Laid up 1900, sank 1921, broken up in 1925.
Cockerill & Co
  • Veschun («Вещун», Pythoness) - Hulked as coal barge and decommissioned 1900.
  • Koldun («Колдун», Sorcerer) - Hulked as coal barge and decommissioned 1900.
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See also

Footnotes
  1. Gribovsky, 1996
  2. Lysenok, 1985
  3. "Ship Class RUS Bronenosetz". Naval History via Flix. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  4. Smirnov, 1983
  5. Smirnov, 1984
  6. Konstantin George (July 1978). "The U.S.-Russian Entente That Saved The Union". Campaigner Magazine. 11 (5). Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  7. "Edinorog 1864". Archivio Navi da guerra (in Italian). Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  8. Eklof, 1994
  9. A. Bailey, Thomas (June 1951). "The Russian Fleet Myth Re-Examined". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 38 (1): 81–90. doi:10.2307/1898253. JSTOR 1898253.
  10. Delahaye, Tom (1984). "The Bilateral Effect of the Visit of the Russian Fleet in 1863". Loyala University Historical Journal. 15.
  11. Golder, F. A. "The Russian Fleet and the Civil War": 801–812. JSTOR 1835544. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. Amirhanov, 1998
  13. "Ryssland - Ryska monitorer". Borgåbladet (in Swedish). Porvoo (24): 2. 25 June 1864. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  14. Глава 14. Русский флот одевается в броню
  15. ПЕСТИЧ Филимон Васильевич (1821-1894) (in Russian)

Bibliography
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