Rump state

A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state, left with a reduced territory in the wake of secession, annexation, occupation, decolonization, or a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.[1] In the latter case, a government stops short of going into exile because it still controls part of its former territory.

Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state.

Examples

Ancient history

• The Kingdom of Soissons survived the territorial losses and subsequent fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE under Aegidius, who had been appointed to govern the area by Emperor Majorian in 458. The kingdom fell to the Franks' King Clovis I in 486.[2]
• Seleucid Empire after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire.[3]
• After northern China fragmented into a series of competing dynasties collectively called the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Western Jin became a rump state known as the Eastern Jin.

Post-classical history

• After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song.[4]
• After the Madurai Sultanate assumed control over most of Pandya Nadu, and which was later captured by Vijayanagara Empire, the Southern Pandyas formed a rump state from 1330 to 1422 ruling over modern day Tirunelveli and Thuthukudi districts along with certain regions of Western Ghats. They further lost their territory and ruled from Tenkasi region as Tenkasi Pandyas formed a rump state there until 1623.[5]
• After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.[6]
• After the Qing dynasty assumed control over most of China proper, the Ming dynasty survived as a rump state called the Southern Ming.[7]

Modern history

• The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was left as a rump state after the First Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772.[8] The resulting rump state was partitioned again in 1793 and annexed outright in 1795. After Napoleon's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1807, he created a new Polish rump state, the Duchy of Warsaw.[9] After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna created a state, Congress Poland in 1815; it is unclear whether this should be seen as a rump state or a puppet state.[10]
• The Hungarian Soviet Republic[11] was proclaimed in March 1919 after the resignation of the government of the First Hungarian Republic when, following their absorption of the Social Democrats, the Communists took control of the country. Though sometimes controlling only around 23% of the Hungarian state, after some initial military successes, in the end the army was defeated and the government fell in August 1919.
• The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[12]
• The Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) between the Munich Agreement and German occupation of Czechoslovakia
• The rump Republic of Salò (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, 1943–1945), led by Benito Mussolini, claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Kingdom of Italy; it was in fact a puppet state of Nazi Germany.[13][14][15]
• Pakistan was left a rump state by the secession of Bangladesh in 1971 after the Bangladeshi War of Independence (where about 55% of the Pakistani population living in East-Pakistan seceded from the remaining 45% who were West-Pakistanis).[16]
• Ethiopia was left a rump state by the independence of Eritrea in 1991 after the Eritrean War of Independence.[17]
• The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, that is, the name the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro used from 1992 to 2003, was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) when it broke up.[18] This view of it was held not only by its founders,[18] but also by many people antagonistic to them.

Disputed cases

• The Republic of China: Following the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in establishing the People's Republic of China on mainland China during the Chinese Civil War, the Government of the Republic of China relocated to the island of Taiwan and continued to claim authority over all of China. Since then, some regard it as a rump state[19] while others regard it as a government in exile.[20] For more details, see political status of Taiwan.

See also

• Puppet state
• Government in exile
• List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

References

Citations

1. Tir, Jaroslav (Feb 22, 2005). Keeping the Peace After Secessions: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States. Annual meeting of the International Studies Association. Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu: Hawaii Online. Retrieved Oct 26, 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
2. State, Paul F. A brief history of France. Facts On File. p. 35. ISBN 9781438133461.
3. Fattah, Hala Mundhir; Caso, Frank (2009). A Brief History of Iraq. p. 277.
4. Des Forges, Roger V. (2003). Cultural centrality and political change in Chinese history : northeast Henan in the fall of the Ming. Stanford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780804740449.
5. Struve, Lynn A. (1998). "The Ming-Qing Conflict, 1619-1683: A Historiography and Source Guide": 110–111. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
6. Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 115.
7. Struve, Lynn A. (1998). "The Ming-Qing Conflict, 1619-1683: A Historiography and Source Guide": 110–111. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
8. Fazal, Tanisha M. (2011). State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation. Princeton University Press. p. 110. ISBN 9781400841448.
9. Lerski, George J. (1996). Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780313260070.
10. Marcus, Joseph (2011). Social and political history of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939. Mouton Publishers. p. 73. ISBN 9783110838688.
11. John C. Swanson (2017). Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780822981992.
12. Magocsi, Paul Robert (2018). Historical atlas of Central Europe: Third Revised and Expanded Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781487523312.
13. James Hartfield, Unpatriotic History of the Second World War, ISBN 178099379X, 2012, p. 424
14. Eric Morris, Circles of Hell: The War in Italy 1943-1945, ISBN 0091744741, 1993, p. 140
15. Neville, Peter (2014). Mussolini (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 199. ISBN 9781317613046.
16. Tir, Jaroslav (2005). "Keeping the Peace after Secession: Territorial Conflicts between Rump and Secessionist States". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 49 (5): 714. doi:10.1177/0022002705279426.
17. Tir, Jaroslav (2005). "Keeping the Peace after Secession: Territorial Conflicts between Rump and Secessionist States". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 49 (5): 714. doi:10.1177/0022002705279426.
18. Sudetic, Chuck (1991-10-24), "Top Serb Leaders Back Proposal To Form Separate Yugoslav State", New York Times, retrieved 2018-03-07.
19. Krasner, Stephen D. (2001). Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities. Columbia University Press. p. 148. For some time the Truman administration had been hoping to distance itself from the rump state on Taiwan and to establish at least a minimal relationship with the newly founded PRC.
20. "TIMELINE: Milestones in China-Taiwan relations since 1949". Reuters. Retrieved March 4, 2015. 1949: Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists lose civil war to Mao Zedong's Communist forces, sets up government-in-exile on Taiwan.

Sources

• Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). "Western Zhou History". In Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.). The Cambridge History of ancient China - From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–351. ISBN 9780521470308.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)