Saint Roch

Saint Roch or Rocco (lived c. 1348 – 15/16 August 1376/79 (traditionally c. 1295 – 16 August 1327[2]) was a Catholic saint, a confessor whose death is commemorated on 16 August and 9 September in Italy; he is specially invoked against the plague. He may also be called Rock in English, and has the designation of St Rollox in Glasgow, Scotland, said to be a corruption of St Roch's Loch, which referred to a small loch once near a chapel dedicated to St. Roch in 1506.[3][4]

"St. Roch" redirects here. For the RCMP ship, see St. Roch (ship). For place names, see Saint-Roch.
"Roch" and "San Rocco" redirect here. For other uses, see Roch (disambiguation) and San Rocco (disambiguation).
Saint Roch
Saint Roch by Francesco Francia
Confessor
Bornc. 1348 (trad. 1295)
Montpellier, Kingdom of Majorca
Died15/16 August 1376/79
Voghera, County of Savoy (trad. 1327, Montpellier)
Venerated inCatholic Church
Anglican Communion
Aglipayan Church
Canonizedby popular fervour; added to the Roman Martyrology by Pope Gregory XIV
FeastAugust 16
August 17 (Third Order of Saint Francis)
AttributesWound on thigh, dog offering bread, Pilgrim's hat, Pilgrim's staff
PatronageSarmato, Altare e Girifalco, Italy. Invoked against: cholera, epidemics, knee problems, plague, skin diseases. Patron Saint of: bachelors, diseased cattle, dogs, falsely accused people, invalids, Istanbul, surgeons, tile-makers,[1] gravediggers, second-hand dealers, pilgrims, apothecaries, Pateros, Caloocan,

He is a patron saint of dogs, invalids, of falsely accused people, bachelors, and several other things. He is the patron saint of Dolo (near Venice) and Parma. He is also the patron of Casamassima, Cisterna di Latina and Palagiano, Italy.[5]

Saint Roch is known as "São Roque" in Portuguese, as "Sant Roc" in Catalan, and as "San Roque" in Spanish and her former coloniesPhilippines.,

Etymology

Saint Roch is given different names in various languages:

Traditional biography
Saint Roch, in Pinacoteca Vaticana
Saint Roch
Saint Roch, Scilla, Calabria.

According to his Acta and his vita in the Golden Legend, he was born at Montpellier, at that time "upon the border of France," as the Golden Legend has it,[6] the son of the noble governor of that city. Even his birth was accounted a miracle, for his noble mother had been barren until she prayed to the Virgin Mary. Miraculously marked from birth with a red cross on his breast that grew as he did, he early began to manifest strict asceticism and great devoutness; on days when his "devout mother fasted twice in the week, and the blessed child Rocke abstained him twice also, when his mother fasted in the week, and would suck his mother but once that day."[7]

On the death of his parents in his twentieth year he distributed all his worldly goods among the poor like Francis of Assisi—though his father on his deathbed had ordained him governor of Montpellier—and set out as a mendicant pilgrim for Rome.[8] Coming into Italy during an epidemic of plague, he was very diligent in tending the sick in the public hospitals at Acquapendente, Cesena, Rimini, Novara,[9] and Rome, and is said to have effected many miraculous cures by prayer and the sign of the cross and the touch of his hand. At Rome, according to the Golden Legend he preserved the "cardinal of Angleria in Lombardy"[10] by making the mark of the cross on his forehead, which miraculously remained. Ministering at Piacenza he himself finally fell ill. He was expelled from the town; and withdrew into the forest, where he made himself a hut of boughs and leaves, which was miraculously supplied with water by a spring that arose in the place; he would have perished had not a dog belonging to a nobleman named Gothard Palastrelli supplied him with bread and licked his wounds, healing them. Count Gothard, following his hunting dog that carried the bread, discovered Saint Roch and became his acolyte.

On his return incognito to Montpellier he was arrested as a spy (by orders of his own uncle) and thrown into prison, where he languished five years and died on 16 August 1327, without revealing his name, to avoid worldly glory. (Evidence suggests, as mentioned earlier, that the previous events occurred, instead at Voghera in the 1370s.)

After his death, according to the Golden Legend;

anon an angel brought from heaven a table divinely written with letters of gold into the prison, which he laid under the head of S. Rocke. And in that table was written that God had granted to him his prayer, that is to wit, that who that calleth meekly to S. Rocke he shall not be hurt with any hurt of pestilence

The townspeople recognized him as well by his birthmark;[11] he was soon canonized in the popular mind,[12] and a great church erected in veneration.

The date (1327) asserted by Francesco Diedo for Saint Roch's death would precede the traumatic advent of the Black Death in Europe (1347–49) after long centuries of absence, for which a rich iconography of the plague, its victims and its protective saints was soon developed, in which the iconography of Roche finds its historical place: previously the topos did not exist.[13] In contrast, however, St. Roch of Montpellier cannot be dismissed based on dates of a specific plague event. In medieval times, the term "plague" was used to indicate a whole array of illnesses and epidemics.

The first literary account is an undated Acta that is labeled, by comparison with the longer, elaborated accounts that were to follow, Acta Breviora, which relies almost entirely on standardized hagiographic topoi to celebrate and promote the cult of Roch.[14]

The story that when the Council of Constance was threatened with plague in 1414, public processions and prayers for the intercession of Roch were ordered, and the outbreak ceased, is provided by Francesco Diedo, the Venetian governor of Brescia, in his Vita Sancti Rochi, 1478. The cult of Roch gained momentum during the bubonic plague that passed through northern Italy in 1477–79.[15]

Veneration
Tomb of Saint Roch in Venice.

His popularity, originally in central and northern Italy and at Montpellier, spread through Spain, France, Lebanon, the Low Countries, Brazil and Germany, where he was often interpolated into the roster of the Fourteen Holy Helpers, whose veneration spread in the wake of the Black Death. The 16th-century Scuola Grande di San Rocco and the adjacent church of San Rocco were dedicated to him by a confraternity at Venice, where his body was said to have been surreptitiously translated and was triumphantly inaugurated in 1485;[16] the Scuola Grande is famous for its sequence of paintings by Tintoretto, who painted St. Roch in glory in a ceiling canvas (1564).

Statue of St. Roch, Bílá Hora, Prague (1751)

We know for certain that the body of St. Roch was carried from Voghera, instead of Montpellier as previously thought, to Venice in 1485. Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503) built a church and a hospital in his honor. Pope Paul III (1534–1549) instituted a confraternity of St. Roch. This was raised to an arch-confraternity in 1556 by Pope Paul IV; it still thrives today.[17] Saint Roch had not been officially recognized as yet, however. In 1590 the Venetian ambassador at Rome reported back to the Serenissima that he had been repeatedly urged to present the witnesses and documentation of the life and miracles of San Rocco, already deeply entrenched in the Venetian life, because Pope Sixtus V "is strong in his opinion either to canonize him or else to remove him from the ranks of the saints;" the ambassador had warned a cardinal of the general scandal that would result if the widely venerated San Rocco were impugned as an impostor. Sixtus did not pursue the matter but left it to later popes to proceed with the canonization process.[18] His successor, Pope Gregory XIV (1590–1591), added Roch of Montpellier, who had already been memorialized in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass for two centuries, to the Roman Catholic Church Martyrology, thereby fixing August 16 as his universal feast day.[19]

Numerous brotherhoods have been instituted in his honor. He is usually represented in the garb of a pilgrim, often lifting his tunic to demonstrate the plague sore, or bubo, in his thigh, and accompanied by a dog carrying a loaf in its mouth. The Third Order of Saint Francis, by tradition, claims him as a member and includes his feast on its own calendar of saints, observing it on August 17.

Saint Roch in art
Saint Roch, by Francesco Ribalta, c. 1625, Museo de Bellas Artes, Valencia.

Following the Black Death, especially the Italian plague epidemic of 1477–79, new images of Christian martyrs and saints appeared and Saint Roch gained new fame and popularity. The religious art of the time emphasized the importance of the saint to plague-ridden Christians.

The new plague-related images of Saint Roch were drawn from a variety of sources. Plague texts dating from ancient and classical times, as well as Christian, scientific and folk beliefs, all contributed to this emerging visual tradition. Some of the most popular symbols of plague were swords, darts, and most especially arrows. There was also a prevalence of memento mori themes, dark clouds, and astrological signs (signa magna) such as comets, which were often referenced by physicians and writers of plague tracts as causes of plague. The physical symptoms of plague – a raised arm, a tilted head, or a collapsed body – began to symbolize plague in post-Black Death painting.[20]

Plague saints offered hope and healing before, during, and after times of plague. A specific style of painting, the plague votive, was considered a talisman for warding off plague. It portrayed a particular saint as an intercessor between God and the person or persons who commissioned the painting – usually a town, government, lay confraternity, or religious order to atone for the "collective guilt" of the community.[21]

These plague votives worked as a psychological defense against disease in which people attempted to manipulate their situation through requesting the intercession of a saint against the arrows of plague. Rather than a society depressed and resigned to repeated epidemics, these votives represent people taking positive steps to regain control over their environment. Paintings of St. Roch represent the confidence in which renaissance worshipers sought to access supernatural aid in overcoming the ravages of plague.

The very abundance of means by which people invoked the aid of the celestial court is essential in understanding Renaissance responses to the disease. Rather than depression or resignation, people "possessed a confidence that put even an apocalyptic disaster of the magnitude of the Black Death into perspective of God's secure and benevolent plan for humankind."[22]

The plague votives functioned both to request intercessory aid from plague saints and to provide catharsis for a population that had just witnessed the profound bodily destruction of the plague. By showing plague saints such as St. Roch and St. Sebastian, votives influenced the distribution of God's mercy by invoking the memory of the human suffering experienced by Christ during the Passion. In the art of St. Roch after 1477 the saint displayed the wounds of his martyrdom without evidence of pain or suffering. Roch actively lifted his clothing to display the plague bubo in his thigh. This display of his plague bubo showed that "he welcomed his disease as a divinely sent opportunity to imitate the sufferings of Christ… [his] patient endurance [of the physical suffering of plague was] a form of martyrdom."[23]

Roch's status as a pilgrim who suffered plague is paramount in his iconography. "The sight of Roch scarred by the plague yet alive and healthy must have been an emotionally-charged image of a promised cure. Here was literal proof that one could survive the plague, a saint who had triumphed over the disease in his own flesh."[23]

Saint Roch in literature

F. T. Prince published a long monologue from the perspective of Saint Roch's dog entitled 'His Dog and Pilgrim' in his 1983 collection Later On.

Saint Roch churches

Asia Pacific
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. San Roque San Pedro City, Laguna, Philippines
  • St Roch's Church, Puthenthurai, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
  • St Roch Church, South Ramanathichen puthoor, Kanayakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
  • St Roch Church, Vavathurai Kanyakumari,Tamil Nadu, India
  • St Roche's Church, Manickamangalam, Kalady, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
  • St Rocky's chapel, Kottamam-Kalady, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
  • St Rocky's Church, Areekara, Kottayam, Kerala, India
  • St.Rock's Church, Chelikere, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
  • St Roque Parish Church, Neerude in Mangalore Diocese of India, Karnataka
  • St Rocky Church, Kovilakathumkadavu, Palliport, Vypin, Kerala, India
  • St Roch Church and Grotto, Pootharakkal, Kerala, India
  • St Roch's Church, Delatura, Ja-Ela, Sri Lanka
  • San Roque Parish, Bagumbayan, Quezon City, Philippines
  • San Roque de Alabang, Alabang Muntinlupa, Philippines
  • San Roque Roman Catholic Parish, Sulop, Davao del Sur, Philippines
  • Parokya ng San Roque, Brgy. San Roque, San Pablo, Laguna, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. Platero, Biñan City, Laguna, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Bongoran, Oas, Albay, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. Poro Canaman, Camarines Sur, Philippines
  • St Roch's Church, Hanmer Springs, Canterbury, New Zealand
  • St Roch's Church, Glen Iris, Victoria, Australia
  • San Roque Church, JP Rizal Street, San Roque, Marikina City, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish Church, Navotas Metro Manila, Philippines
  • San Roque Cathedral, Roman Catholic Diocese of Caloocan, Metro Manila, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish, Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish, Liloan, Cebu, Philippines
  • San Roque de Montpellier Parish Church, Asturias, Cebu, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish Church, Cavite City, Philippines
  • San Roque de Manila Parish, Rizal Avenue, Sta. Cruz, Manila, Philippines
  • San Roque de Sampaloc Parish, M. de la Fuente Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish, Pateros, Metro Manila, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish Church, Bagumbayan, Quezon City, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish Church, Pasay City, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish Church, Mandaluyong City, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Curayao Upper Ville, Burgos, Rodriguez, Rizal, Philippines
  • St. Roch Parish, Baluarte, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
  • San Roque GKK Dist. 1 Chapel, Tupaz Street, Matina Crossing, Davao City, Philippines
  • San Roque GKK Chapel, Purok 47, Bangkal, Barangay Talomo, Davao City, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish Ilasan, Tayabas City, Philippines
  • San Roque de Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Mabolo Valenzuela City, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Zamora, Meycauayan City, Bulacan, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Mambog, Malolos City, Bulacan, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, San Roque, Paombong, Bulacan, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish, Brgy. San Roque, Tarlac City, Philippines
  • San Roque Iglesia Filipina Independiente Cathedral, San Felipe, Zambales, Philippines
  • San Roque Catholic Church, San Felipe, Zambales, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish Catholic Church, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. Pangapisan North, Lingayen, Pangasinan, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Lumbangan, Tuy, Batangas, Philippines
  • San Roque de Montpellier Parish, Poblacion, Asturias, Cebu, Philippines
  • San Roque de Motpellier Bebe Arabia Chapel, Bebe Arabia, Bebe Anac, Masantol, Pampanga, Philippines
  • San Roque de Motpellier Bebe Centro Chapel, Bebe Centro, Bebe Anac, Masantol, Pampanga, Philippines
  • San Roque de Motpellier Putat Chapel, Putat, Bebe Anac, Masantol, Pampanga, Philippines
  • San Roque de Motpellier Iscundo Chapel, Iscundo, Bebe Anac, Masantol, Pampanga, Philippines
  • San Roque de Motpellier Bebe Sua/Suabe Chapel, Panducena/Suabe, Bebe Anac, Masantol, Pampanga, Philippines
  • San Roque de Motpellier Bebe Matua Chapel, Bebe Matua, Masantol, Pampanga, Philippines
  • San Roque de Motpellier Chapel, Brgy. San Roque, Macabebe, Pampanga, Philippines
  • San Roque de Motpellier Chapel, Brgy. Balingasa/A-Bonifacio, Quezon City, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish, Subangdaku, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. Sampaloc, Apalit, Pampanga, Philippines
  • Parish of Saint Roche, Batobalani, Paracale, Camarines Norte, Region V-Bicol, Philippines
  • Parokya ng San Roque Chapel, Setio Sanroque Aposkahoy II, Claveria Misamis Oriental, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish, Pateros, Metro-Manila
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. Taywanak Ibaba, Alfonso, Cavite, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Paculob, Dumanjug, Cebu, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Consuelo, San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Pilit, Cabancalan, Mandaue City, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Sapa 3, Rosario, Cavite
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. Payao, Catbalogan, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. San Roque, Buri Island, Catbalogan, Philippines
  • Archdiocesan Shrine of San Roque, Mambaling, Cebu City, Philippines.
  • San Roque Parish, Catarman, Camiguin (Archdiocese of Cagayan de Oro)
  • San Roque Chapel, Casisang, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon (Diocese of Malaybalay)
  • San Roque Parish Church, Brgy. Acmac, Iligan City (Diocese of Iligan)
  • San Roque Parish Church, Cordova, Cebu, Philippines
  • Parokya ni San Roque, Lemery, Batangas, Philippines
  • Gumayu'us San Roque, San Roque, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands
  • St. Roch's Church, Seethapal, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
  • St. Roch's Church, Puthukudyiruppu, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India
  • St. Roch's Church, Veepu Vilai, Puthukkadai, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
  • St. Roque's Chapel, Bandora, Ponda, Goa, India
  • St. Roch Church, Nadu Aarupuzhi, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
  • St. Roch (St Rocky) Chapel, Muringoor (Mandikkunne), Chalakudy, Kerala, India
  • St. Roch's Church, Arockiapuram, Neyyoor, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Saint Roch's Catholic Church, ThaKhai, Thailand
  • St. Roque Parish Church, Lemery, Batangas, Philippines
  • St. Roque Chapel, Brgy. Caloocan, Balayan, Batangas, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel, Hagunoy, Bulacan, Philippines
  • San Roque Aurora Chapel, Purok Saging, Gun-ob Lapu-Lapu City, Mactan, Cebu, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish Church, Ramon, Isabela, Philippines
  • San Roque Chapel Church, Purok 2, Bancod, Indang, Cavite, Philippines 4122
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. San Roque Tanauan, Leyte Philippines
  • San Roque Parish, Lamao, Limay, Bataan, Philippines
  • San Roque Parish, Purok, Tamsi, Ugoy, Vito, Minglanilla, Cebu Philippines
  • San Roque Parish, Valladolid, Carcar City, Cebu, Philippines, 6019
  • San Roque Chapel, Barangay Binaliwan, Mahinog, Camiguin, Phil*
  • San Roque Chapel, Barangay San Roque, Abuyog, Leyte, Phils. 6510
  • St. Roch Church, Belombre Mahé, Seychelles
  • San Roque Chapel, Brgy. Pob. Zone II, Capoocan Leyte
  • San Roque Chapel, Barangay Suba, Jao Island, Talibon, Bohol
  • San Roque Chapel, Barangay Maasin, Mangaldan, Pangasinan, Phil

Europe
  • Santa Rokku church [Valletta][Malta]
  • Kościółek Świętego Rocha w Dobrzeń Wielki, Poland
Burial place of Saint Roch, Church of San Rocco in Venice, Italy
Saint-Roch, Paris, designed by Lemercier, begun 1653: pen-and-ink drawing by Charles Norry, 1787

Church of Saint Rochus, Cerkev sv. Roka, Sele, Slovenia

Levant
  • Saint Roch Church, Rayfoun, Lebanon
  • Monastery of Saint Roch, Dekwaneh, Lebanon
  • Monastery of Saint Roch, Riyak, Bekaa, Lebanon
  • Saint Roch Church, Baskinta, Lebanon
  • Saint Roch Church, Hazmieh, Lebanon

North America

South America
  • Iglesia San Roque Güepsa, Santander, Colombia
  • Catedral San Roque, Presidencia Roque Saenz Peña, Provincia de Chaco, Argentina
  • Iglesia de San Roque, Barranquilla, Colombia
  • Iglesia de San Roque, Tarija, Bolivia
  • Paróquia de São Roque (Igreja do Cruzeiro da Vila Progresso (Jundiai Town), Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
  • Igreja de São Roque, São Roque (Town), Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
  • Iglesia de San Roque, San Francisco de la Montaña, Panamá
  • Parroquia San Roque, La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Parroquia de San Roque, Capitan Bermudez, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
  • Parroquia de San Roque, Paraná, Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina
  • Paróquia de São Roque, Nova Friburgo (town), Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • Iglesia San Roque de Mancos, Mancos, Yungay, Ancash, Perú
  • Iglesia de San Roque, San Roque de Grecia, Provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica

Other things named after St Roch
gollark: I'll see if I can get it to be transparent, but I can get it to downscale at least.
gollark: Do you want me to just half the resolution or something? I can run it through ffmpeg and do that.
gollark: You can't really shrink that GIF further without losing quality in some way, if you want it to remain a GIF.
gollark: Well, if you convert it to a video then the video itself is smaller, because video codecs/formats are... actually optimized for videos; GIFs are not.
gollark: I also have this fun AV1 version with no benefits whatsoever and a white background.

See also

Citations
  1. "Patron Saints Index: Saint Roch". Saints.sqpn.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
  2. The date was offered by Francesco Diedo, Vita Sancti Rochi 1478.
  3. "Garngad & Royston". Royston Road. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  4. "Our History", St. Rollox Church of Scotland, Glasgow
  5. "The Church of Santa Croce, what to see a Casamassima". Borghi magazine. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  6. An estimated date, about 1295, has been interpolated.
  7. Legenda Aurea, William Caxton's translation, 1483.
  8. He is conventionally portrayed with pilgrim's wide-brimmed hat, staff and purse.
  9. "There is little concern for mapping a logical itinerary", Marshall (1994), p. 502, note 39.
  10. Perhaps Angera was intended.
  11. Recognition by a birthmark—"the fairy sign-manual" as Nathaniel Hawthorne called it in "The Birthmark"—is a literary trope drawn from universal, sub-literary folktale morphology, given the designation H51.1 in Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk-Literature (Indiana University Press) 1955–58; the birthmark recognition has figured in romance and marvel literature since Odysseus was recognized by his scar, long before the Hellenistic period; the birthmark-recognition motif can equally be found in Chinese and Mongolian narratives.
  12. The Roman Church did not officially canonize Roch until the 17th century. Schmitz-Eichhoff, Marie (1977). "St. Rochus: ikonographische und medizinisch-historische Studien". Kölner medizin-historische Beiträge. 3. noted in Boeckl, Christine M. (2001). "Giorgio Vasari's San Rocco Altarpiece: Tradition and Innovation in Plague Iconography". Artibus et Historiae. 22 (43): 29–40. doi:10.2307/1483649. JSTOR 1483649.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) p. 39, note 13.
  13. Boeckl (2001), p. 35.
  14. Very fully demonstrated by Irene Vaslef, in a dissertation noted by Marshall (1994), p. 502 and note, p. 503.
  15. The earliest testimony is Roch's appearance in two altarpieces from the Vivarini Venetian workshops in 1464 and 1465. (Marshall (1994), p. 503, note 41, p. 504, note 45).
  16. Marshall (1994), p. 505.
  17. "St. Roch", Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Co. 1913.
  18. Marshall (1994), p. 503, note 43. Also Burke, Peter (1984). "How to be a Counter-Reformation Saint". In von Greyerz, Kaspar (ed.). Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe, 1500–1800. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 47.
  19. Bolle, Pierre; Ascogni, Paolo (2001). "Rocco di Montpellier: voghera e il suo santo. Documenti e testimonianze sulla nascita del culto di un santo tra i più amati della cristianità" (PDF). Associazione Italiana San Rocco di Montpellier.
  20. Boeckl, Christine M. (2000). Images of Plague and Pestilence: Iconography and Iconology. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press.
  21. Worcester, Thomas W. (2005). Hope and Healing: Painting in Italy in a Time of Plague, 1500–1800. Worcester, MA: Worcester Art Museum. p. 153.
  22. Aberth, John (2005). The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348–1350: A Brief History with Documents. Palgrave MacMillan.
  23. Marshall, Louise (1994). "Manipulating the Sacred: Image and Plague in Renaissance Italy". Renaissance Quarterly. 47 (3): 485–532. doi:10.2307/2863019. JSTOR 2863019,CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) p. 505
  24. Trans en Provence chapelle Saint Roch
  25. "Crkva Svetog Roka u Zemunu". 26 August 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2018 – via Wikipedia.
  26. "The Temple of Aghios Rokkos". Chania.gr. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
  27. "Hai Mar Roukoz, Lebanon Page". Falling Rain. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
  28. http://maps.google.ca/maps?hl=en&q=Chemin+St-Roch,+Terrebonne,+Les+Moulins,+Quebec,+Canada&ie=UTF8&oi=georefine&ct=clnk&cd=2&geocode=FeBZuQIdChCa-w
  29. http://maps.google.ca/maps?hl=en&tab=wl&q=Chemin%20St%20Roch%2C%20Saint-Paul%20de%20Vence%2C%20France
  30. http://maps.google.ca/maps?source=ig&hl=en&rlz=&q=Chemin%20St%20Roch%2C%20Hamme%20Mille%2C%20Belgium&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl
  31. http://maps.google.ca/maps?hl=en&tab=wl&q=Saint%20Roch%2C%20Belgium

General references
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Roch, St". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 425.
  • Acta sanctorum, August, iii.
  • Charles Cahier, Les Characteristiques des saints, Paris, 1867
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