Protopteryx

Protopteryx is an extinct genus of bird and the most primitive enantiornithean, from the Cretaceous period.[1] The type species is P. fengningensis.[2] It was first discovered in the Sichakou Member of the Yixian Formation or Huajiying Formation of Hebei Province, northern China,[3] dating from 131 Ma ago.[4] Protopteryx has been found in the Daibeigou formation, as well.[5] The name Protopteryx means "primitive feather":[6] "proto-" meaning "the first of" and "-pteryx" meaning "feather" or "wing." The name comes from the fact that Protopteryx feathers are more primitive than those of modern birds, such as the two elongated tail feathers that lack barbs and rami.[7]

Protopteryx
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 131 Ma
↓
Fossil specimen, National Museum of Natural Science
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: †Enantiornithes
Order: †Protopterygiformes
Zhang & Zhou, 2006
Family: †Protopterygidae
Zhang & Zhou, 2006
Genus: †Protopteryx
Zhang & Zhou, 2000
Species:
†P. fengningensis
Binomial name
†Protopteryx fengningensis
Zhang & Zhou, 2000

Description

Protopteryx fossils show that they were roughly the same as a today's starling.[6] The adult body length of Protopteryx was about 10 centimetres (3.9 in), excluding the tail feathers. Protopteryx teeth were conical and unserrated, and some teeth had a resorption pit similar to those seen in Archaeopteryx. The body of Protopteryx was covered in three types of feathers: down feathers, flight feathers, and long, ribbon-like tail feathers. The body was mostly covered in feathers of about 12 millimetres (0.47 in). The barbs of the down feathers were laminar instead of hairlike and were frayed at the tips. The most distinctive feature of Protopteryx is that the tail consisted of two long feathers which only had barbs at their tips. Closer to the body, the long tail feathers were thin and needle-like. The only modern bird to share a feather type similar to Protopteryx is the red bird-of-paradise. The tail feathers also lack rami on the proximal end of the tail.[8]

Classification

Protopteryx is one of the most primitive known members of the group Enantiornithes. It appeared after Archaeopteryx, one of the most primitive birds, and Confuciusornis.[9] Protopteryx is more primitive than the species Eocathayornis[1] and Paraprotopteryx.[10]

Discovery and geography

Protopteryx was discovered in the Sichakou Member of the Hebei province, west of the Liaoning province.[11] The formations where Protopteryx was found were the Yixian and Dageibou formations.[12][13] The Sichakou Basin is part of the Daxinganling-Taihangshan Tectonomagmatic Belt and moves in a north-northeast direction. When Protopteryx was alive, the Sichakou basin was located at the Hongqiangou-Jiecangou.[11]

Paleobiology

Protopteryx lived in the Jehol Biota in the Cretaceous period, which contains many of the terrestrial and freshwater vertebrate clades.[14] The teeth of the Protopteryx are similar to Archaeopteryx, suggesting a similar diet.[8]

Feather adaptations

Protopteryx was adapted for flying and had feathers with features similar to modern birds, as shown by its procoracoid, carina of the sternum, external tuberosity of the humerus, and deltoid crest, which suggest Protopteryx had a modern musculus supercoracoideus and pectoralis. Protopteryx also shares asymmetric wing flight feathers with flying birds, as well as Archaeopteryx and Confuciusornis.[8] The tail feathers of Protopteryx lack of barbs and rami close to the body,[8] suggesting a use outside of flight, such as display, thermoregulation, or sensory usage.[9]

gollark: Well, sleep deprivation reduces performance at most things, as they say.
gollark: Amino acids are the monomers in proteins, if I IIRC correctly.
gollark: Isn't that lactic acid?
gollark: What do you mean "amino acid control"?
gollark: Fascinating.

References
  1. Zhou, Zhonghe. (2002). "A new and primitive enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of China." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(1): 49-57.
  2. Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe (2000). "A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers". Science. 290 (5498): 1955–1959. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1955Z. doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955. PMID 11110660.
  3. Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin. 53 (18): 2820–2827. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.
  4. O'Connor, J.K., Zhou Z. and Zhang F. (In press). "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, (published online before print 16 December 2010). doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.512614
  5. Zhiheng Li, Zhonghe Zhou, Min Wang, Julia A. Clarke, (2014). "A New Specimen of Large-Bodied Basal Enantiornithine Bohaiornis from the Early Cretaceous of China and the Inference of Feeding Ecology in Mesozoic Birds." Journal of Paleontology, 88: 99-108.
  6. A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]
  7. Zhou, Zhonghe, and Fucheng Zhang. "Origin of feathers–perspectives from fossil evidence." Science Progress 84, no. 2 (2001): 87-104.
  8. "A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers", Fucheng Zhang and Zhonghe Zhou". Science 8 December 2000: 290 (5498), 1955-1959. [DOI:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955]
  9. Fucheng, Z., Zhonghe, Z. and Dyke, G. (2006), Feathers and ‘feather-like’ integumentary structures in Liaoning birds and dinosaurs. Geol. J., 41: 395–404. doi: 10.1002/gj.1057
  10. Xiaoting, Z., Zihui, Z. and Lianhai, H. (2007), A New Enantiornitine Bird with Four Long Rectrices from the Early Cretaceous of Northern Hebei, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 81: 703–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00995.x
  11. Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (18): 2820–2827. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5.
  12. Zhonghe, Z. (2006), "Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives". Geol. J., 41: 377–393. doi: 10.1002/gj.1045
  13. O’Connor, Jingmai K., Zhonghe Zhou, and Fucheng Zhang. "A reappraisal of Boluochia zhengi (Aves: Enantiornithes) and a discussion of intraclade diversity in the Jehol avifauna, China." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9, no. 1 (2011): 51-63.
  14. He, H. Y., X. L. Wang, F. Jin, Z. H. Zhou, F. Wang, L. K. Yang, X. Ding, A. Boven, and R. X. Zhu (2006), "The 40Ar/39Ar dating of the early Jehol Biota from Fengning, Hebei Province, northern China", Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 7, Q04001, doi:10.1029/2005GC001083.

Sources
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