Planulozoa

Planulozoa is a proposed basal ParaHoxozoa clade, sometimes as sister of the Placozoa, but originally included Placozoa.[1][2] In the latter case Planulozoa may be a senior synonym to Parahoxozoa. It contains the Cnidaria (sea anemones and jellyfish) and the Bilateria (all the more complex animals including flatworms, insects and vertebrates). The Placozoa may be a sister of Cnidaria[3][4][5][6] or more conventionally of Planulozoa.[7] The clade excludes basal animals such as the Ctenophora (comb jellies),[8][9][2] and Porifera (sponges).[10][11][12]

Planulozoa
Diversity of planulozoans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Subkingdom:
Eumetazoa
(unranked):
ParaHoxozoa
(unranked):
Planulozoa

Wallberg et al., 2004
Phyla

Bilateria/Triploblasts (unranked)

The phylogenetic tree indicates approximately how many millions of years ago (mya) the lineages split. Here, Planulozoa is shown sans Placozoa.[13][14][15]

Planulozoa are associated with the emerge of the Zoc and ZF-NC gene domains.[16]

Choanozoa
 

Choanoflagellata

 
Animalia
 

Porifera

 
Eumetazoa
 

Ctenophora

 
ParaHoxozoa
 

Placozoa

 
Planulozoa
 

Cnidaria

 
Bilateria
 

Xenacoelomorpha

 
Nephrozoa
Deuterostomia
 

Chordata and allies

 
 

Echinodermata

 
 
Protostomia
 

Ecdysozoa

 
 

Spiralia

 
610 mya
650 mya
Triploblasts
680 mya
 
 
760 mya
950 mya

References
  1. Edgecombe, G. D.; Giribet, G. (2019-01-15), “Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution”: A decade later, University of Padova Press, ISBN 9788869381409, retrieved 2019-07-17
  2. Andreas Wallberg; Mikael Thollesson; James S. Farris; Ulf Jondelius (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling". Cladistics. 20 (6): 558–578. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x.
  3. Aleshin VV, Petrov NB (2002) Molecular evidence of regression in evolution of metazoa. Zh Obshch Biol 63(3):195-208
  4. Laumer, Christopher E; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G; Pearse, Vicki B; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C; Giribet, Gonzalo (2018-10-30). "Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias". eLife. 7. doi:10.7554/elife.36278. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202. PMID 30373720.
  5. Schuchert, Peter (1993-03-01). "Trichoplax adhaerens (Phylum Placozoa) has Cells that React with Antibodies Against the Neuropeptide RFamide". Acta Zoologica. 74 (2): 115–117. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1993.tb01227.x.
  6. Syed, Tareq; Schierwater, Bernd (2002-06-01). "The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model". Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 82 (1): 315–324. doi:10.1007/bf03043791. ISSN 0037-2110.
  7. Eitel, Michael; Francis, Warren; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Krebs, Stefan; Vargas, Sergio; Blum, Helmut; Williams, Gray Argust; Schierwater, Bernd; Wörheide, Gert (2017-10-13). "A taxogenomics approach uncovers a new genus in the phylum Placozoa". bioRxiv: 202119. doi:10.1101/202119.
  8. Andreas Hejnol & Mark Q. Martindale (2008). "Acoel development supports a simple planula-like urbilaterian". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 363 (1496): 1493–1501. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2239. PMC 2614228. PMID 18192185.
  9. Jaume Baguñà; Pere Martinez; Jordi Paps; Marta Riutort (2008). "Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 363 (1496): 1481–1491. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2238. PMC 2615819. PMID 18192186.
  10. Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2017-10-09). "Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (11): 1737–1746. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5664179. PMID 28993654.
  11. C. Borchiellini; M. Manuel; E. Alivon; N. Boury-Esnault; J. Vacelet; Y. Le Parco (2001). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x. PMID 29280585.
  12. Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (2015-12-01). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. PMC 4687580. PMID 26621703.
  13. Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008). "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1435–1443. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233. PMC 2614224. PMID 18192191.
  14. Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (16 August 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (33): 13624–13629. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.
  15. "Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration". Fossil Calibration Database. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  16. Layden, Michael J. (2018), "Cnidarian Zic Genes", Zic family, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1046, Springer, Singapore, pp. 27–39, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_2, ISBN 9789811073106, PMID 29442315


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