Petrushka (ballet)

Petrushka (French: Pétrouchka; Russian: Петрушка) is a ballet and orchestral concert work by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. It was written for the 1911 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes company; the original choreography was by Michel Fokine and stage designs and costumes by Alexandre Benois, who assisted Stravinsky with the libretto. The ballet premiered at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 13 June 1911 with Vaslav Nijinsky as Petrushka, Tamara Karsavina as the lead ballerina, Alexander Orlov as the Moor, and Enrico Cecchetti the charlatan.[1]

This article is about the Stravinsky ballet. For the Russian puppet, see Petrushka.
Petrushka
Nijinsky as Petrushka
ChoreographerMichel Fokine
MusicIgor Stravinsky
LibrettoIgor Stravinsky
Alexandre Benois
Based onRussian folk material
Premiere13 June 1911
Théâtre du Châtelet
Paris
Original ballet companyBallets Russes
CharactersPetrushka
The Ballerina
The Moor
The Charlatan
DesignAlexandre Benois
SettingAdmiralty Square
Saint Petersburg
Shrovetide, 1830
Created forVaslav Nijinsky
GenreBallet burlesque

Petrushka tells the story of the loves and jealousies of three puppets. The three are brought to life by the Charlatan during the 1830 Shrovetide Fair (Maslenitsa) in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Petrushka loves the Ballerina, but she rejects him. She prefers the Moor. Petrushka is angry and hurt, and challenges the Moor. The Moor kills him with his scimitar. Petrushka's ghost rises above the puppet theatre as night falls. He shakes his fist at the Charlatan, then collapses in a second death.

Petrushka brings music, dance, and design together in a unified whole. It is one of the most popular of the Ballets Russes productions. It is usually performed today using the original designs and choreography. Grace Robert wrote in 1946, "Although more than thirty years have elapsed since Petrushka was first performed, its position as one of the greatest ballets remains unassailed. Its perfect fusion of music, choreography, and décor and its theme—the timeless tragedy of the human spirit—unite to make its appeal universal".[2]

Russian puppets
Petrushka performance in a Russian village, 1908

Petrushka is a puppet. He is a character known across Europe under different names: Punch in England, Polichinelle in France, Pulcinella in Italy, Kasperle in Germany, and Petrushka in Russia. Whatever his name, he is a trickster, a rebel, and a wife beater. He enforces moral justice with a slap stick, speaks in a high-pitched, squeaky voice, and argues with the devil. His plays were formulaic and subversive. They repeated key scenes from one play to another. The plays usually ended with a dog, a policeman, or the devil dragging him away.[3]

Empress Anna Ivanovna brought marionettes to Russia in the 18th century. These puppets were an amusement for the aristocracy. Rod puppets were an Asian import. They performed religious plays, mostly at Christmas. Petrushka, however, was a hand puppet. He was loved by the common people. He performed in street theatres and other open air venues in small portable booths or behind screens that could be easily assembled and just as easily disassembled. After the Russian Revolution, Soviet authorities forced Petrushka indoors. They wanted to be better able to monitor his subversiveness.[4]

Composition
Igor Stravinsky with Vaslav Nijinsky in costume for Petrushka.

The gestation of Petrushka was not a straightforward matter. While completing The Firebird during the spring of 1910, Stravinsky had a "vision" of a solemn pagan rite: sage elders, seated in a circle, watching a young girl dance herself to death. They were sacrificing her to propitiate the god of Spring. Such was the theme of The Rite of Spring.[5] Immediately following the stunning success of The Firebird in June 1910, Diaghilev approached Stravinsky about a new ballet; the composer proposed the Rite theme. Diaghilev accepted in principle and suggested that the premiere might take place during the Paris season of the Ballets Russes during the spring of 1912.

At the end of September 1910, Diaghilev went to visit Stravinsky in Clarens, Switzerland, where he was living at the time. Expecting to discuss the new ballet, Diaghilev was astonished to find Stravinsky hard at work on a totally different project. Stravinsky, it seems, had had another vision: "I saw a man in evening dress, with long hair, the musician or poet of the romantic tradition. He placed several heteroclite objects on the keyboard and rolled them up and down. At this the orchestra exploded with the most vehement protestations – hammer blows, in fact …"[6]

Later, Stravinsky wrote: "[i]n composing the music, I had in my mind a distinct picture of a puppet, suddenly endowed with life, exasperating the patience of the orchestra with diabolical cascades of arpeggios. The orchestra in turn retaliates with menacing trumpet blasts."[7] Although Stravinsky had conceived the music as a pure concert work—a Konzertstück, Diaghilev immediately realized its theatrical potential. The notion of a puppet put Diaghilev in mind of Petrushka, the Russian version of Punch and Judy puppetry that had formed a traditional part of the pre-Lenten Carnival festivities in 1830s St. Petersburg.

Stravinsky composed the music during the winter of 1910–11 for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. It was premièred in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 13 June 1911 under conductor Pierre Monteux, with choreography by Michel Fokine and sets by Alexandre Benois. The title role was danced by Vaslav Nijinsky.[8] The work is characterized by the so-called Petrushka chord (consisting of C major and F♯ major triads played together), a bitonality device heralding the appearance of the main character.

Instrumentation

1911 original version

The original 1911 version of Petrushka is scored for the following orchestra.

1947 revised version

Stravinsky's 1946 scoring is for a smaller orchestra:

Compared to the 1911 version, the 1946 version (given in 1947) requires 1 less flute; 2 fewer oboes, but a dedicated cor anglais player instead of one doubled by the fourth oboe; 1 less clarinet; 2 fewer bassoons, but a dedicated contrabassoon; neither of the 2 cornets, but an additional trumpet; 1 less snare drum and no tenor drum, thus removing the offstage instruments; no glockenspiel; and 1 less harp.

Libretto and story
The Shrovetide Fair by Benois

While the original idea was Stravinsky's, Alexandre Benois provided the ethnographic details of the Shrovetide Fair and the traditions of the Russian puppet theater. And although Petrushka is frequently cited as an example of the complete integration of libretto, music, choreography, and scenic design, Stravinsky had composed significant portions of the music (chiefly the Second Tableau) before Benois became involved with the project.

First Tableau: The Shrovetide Fair

Petrushka begins with a festive orchestral introduction based, in part, on historical Russian street-hawkers' cries.[9] The curtain rises to reveal St. Petersburg's Admiralty Square during the 1830s. The stage set (also by Benois) depicts several hucksters' booths, a ferris-wheel, a carousel, and (upstage center) a puppet theater. A crowd has gathered for the Shrovetide Fair (known as Maslenitsa), the carnival (analogous to Mardi Gras) preceding Lent.

In Fokine's original choreography, a group of Drunken Revelers emerges from the crowd, dancing to Stravinsky's adaptation of the folk-tune "Song of the Volochobniki" ("Dalalin' Dalalin'" from Rimsky-Korsakov Op. 24 No. 47).[9]

Suddenly, the festive music is interrupted by strident brass announcing the appearance of the Master of Ceremonies on the balcony of his booth. The equivalent of a carnival "barker", he boasts of the attractions to be seen within.

The squeaks of a street-organ are heard (clarinets and flutes) as an Organ-Grinder and Dancing Girl emerge from the crowd, which at first pays little attention as the barker continues to shout. The Dancer moves downstage and begins to dance to another Russian folk-song, "Toward Evening, in Rainy Autumn",[9] while playing the triangle.

At the other end of the stage, a second Dancing Girl appears, accompanied by a music box (suggested in the orchestra by the celesta). The two Dancing Girls compete for the crowd's attention to the strains of a ribald French music-hall song about a woman with a wooden leg: "Une Jambe de bois".[9] Both tunes are repeated.

The Drunken Revelers return (again to the "Song of the Volochobniki") interrupted several times by the Barker's boasts. The street-hawkers' cries of the very opening are heard once more.

Suddenly, two drummers summon the crowd to the puppet theater with deafening drumrolls. The Magician (sometimes called the "Charlatan") appears to mystical groans from the bassoon and contrabassoon. When he has everyone's attention, he produces a flute and begins to play a long, improvisatory melody. The curtain of the puppet theater rises to reveal three puppets hanging on the wall: the Moor, the Ballerina, and Petrushka. When the Magician touches them with his flute (to chirps in the orchestra), they seem to awaken.

The astonished crowd watches as, with a wave of the Magician's hand, the three puppets begin a vigorous Russian Dance (based on two more Russian folk-tunes: "A Linden Tree Is in the Field" and "Song for St. John's Eve").[9]

In Fokine's masterly choreography, they first begin to move their feet (while still hanging on the wall), then burst forth from the puppet theater into the midst of the crowd. The Moor (resplendent in turban and exaggerated pantaloons) is swashbuckling. The Ballerina dances perpetually en pointe. Petrushka, on the other hand, is wooden and awkward. It becomes apparent Petrushka loves the Ballerina; but she has eyes only for the Moor. The Magician calls the dance to a halt; the curtain falls rapidly.

Petrushka's Room by Alexandre Benois.

Second Tableau: Petrushka's Room

Although Petrushka's room is inside the puppet theater, the Benois design is fantastical, portraying the night sky with stars and a half-moon; abstract icebergs (or snow-capped mountains), and a prominent portrait of the Magician.

Drumrolls announce the beginning of the Second Tableau. Without an Introduction, the music begins menacingly. "A foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls..."[10]

As Petrushka gradually pulls himself together, we hear a strange arpeggio in the clarinets: this is the famous "Petrushka chord" (consisting of juxtaposed triads of C major and F♯ major). Petrushka gets to his feet (although shakily) to the accompaniment of waves of arpeggios from the piano (revealing the music's origins in Stravinsky's Konzertstück). The "Petrushka Chord" returns, now violently scored for trumpets, marked in the score "Petrushka's Curses", directed at the portrait of the Magician.

The music turns lyrical as Petrushka falls to his knees and mimes (in turn) his self-pity, love for the Ballerina, and hatred of the Magician.

The Ballerina (still en pointe) sneaks into Petrushka's room, at first unnoticed. As soon as Petrushka sees her, he begins a manic, athletic display of leaps and frantic gestures (although he was barely able to stand before she arrived). Frightened by his exuberance, the Ballerina flees. Petrushka falls to the floor to the mocking of the clarinets.

Another passage of arpeggios for piano grows into a second round of curses directed at the Magician, again represented musically by the "Petrushka Chord", this time scored for full orchestra.[10]

For just a moment, Petrushka peers out of his room at the crowd assembled in Admiralty Square (Stravinsky provides a brief reference to the "crowd music" of the First Tableau). Then, Petrushka collapses as we hear a taunting reprise of the clarinets playing the "Petrushka Chord", followed by an odd trumpet call signalling "blackout, curtain."[10]

The Moor's Room by Benois

Third Tableau: The Moor's Room

As before, drumrolls link the Third Tableau to its predecessor (in the 1911 score, Stravinsky directs that this drumroll should be omitted in concert performance). In sharp contrast to the darkness of Petrushka's Room, the brilliant colors of the Benois design for the Moor's Room evoke a romanticized desert: palm trees, exotic flowers, sand.

In Fokine's choreography, the Moor reclines on a divan playing with a coconut. He then jumps to his feet and attempts to cut it with his scimitar. When he fails he believes that the coconut must be a god and proceeds to pray to it.

The Charlatan places the Ballerina in the Moor's room. The Ballerina is attracted to the Moor's handsome appearance. She plays a saucy tune on a toy trumpet (represented by a cornet in the original 1911 orchestration) and then dances with the Moor in a waltz (the themes taken from Joseph Lanner's Op. 165 No. 1 and Op. 200 No. 1).[11]

Petrushka finally breaks free from his cell; he interrupts the seduction of the Ballerina. Petrushka attacks the Moor but soon realizes he is too small and weak. The Moor beats Petrushka. The ballerina faints. The clown-puppet flees for his life, with the Moor chasing him, and escapes from the room.

Fourth Tableau: The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)

The fourth and final scene returns to the carnival. Some time has passed; it is now early evening. The orchestra introduces a chain of colourful dances as a series of apparently unrelated characters come and go about the stage as snow begins to fall. The first and most prominent is the Wet-Nurses' Dance, performed to the tune of the folk song "Down the Petersky Road". Then comes a peasant with his dancing bear, followed in turn by a group of a gypsies, coachmen and grooms and masqueraders.

As the merrymaking reaches its peak, a cry is heard from the puppet-theater. Petrushka suddenly runs across the scene, followed by the Moor in hot pursuit brandishing his sword, and the terrified Ballerina chasing after the Moor, fearful of what he might do. The crowd is horrified when the Moor catches up with Petrushka and slays him with a single stroke of his blade.

The police question the Charlatan. The Charlatan seeks to restore calm by holding the "corpse" above his head and shaking it to remind everyone that Petrushka is but a puppet.

As night falls and the crowd disperses, the Charlatan leaves, carrying Petrushka's limp body. All of a sudden, Petrushka's ghost appears on the roof of the little theatre, his cry now in the form of angry defiance. Petrushka's spirit thumbs its nose at his tormentor from beyond the wood and straw of his carcass.

Now completely alone, the Charlatan is terrified to see the leering ghost of Petrushka. He runs away while allowing himself a single frightened glance over his shoulder. The scene is hushed, leaving the audience to wonder who is "real" and who is not.[12]

Structure

The work is divided into four tableaux (scenes). The score further indicates the following episodes:[10]

First Tableau: The Shrovetide Fair
  1. [Introduction]
  2. A group of Drunken Revelers passes, dancing
  3. The Master of Ceremonies entertains the Crowd from his booth above
  4. An Organ-Grinder appears in the Crowd with a [woman] Dancer
  5. The Organ-Grinder begins to play
  6. The Dancer dances, beating time on the triangle
  7. At the other end of the stage a Music Box plays, another [woman] Dancer dancing around it.
  8. The first Dancer plays the triangle again
  9. The Organ and Music Box stop playing; the Master of Ceremonies resumes his pitch
  10. The Merry Group returns
  11. Two Drummers, stepping up in front of the Little Theater, attract the attention of the Crowd by their drumrolls
  12. At the front of [i.e. from inside] the Little Theater appears the Old Magician.
  13. The Magic Trick
    1. The Magician plays the flute
    2. The curtain of the Little Theater opens and the Crowd sees three puppets: Petrushka (Guignol), a Moor, and a Ballerina
    3. The Magician brings them to life by touching them lightly with his flute.
  14. Russian Dance
    1. Petrushka, the Moor, and the Ballerina suddenly begin to dance, to the great astonishment of the Crowd
    2. Darkness, the Curtain falls
Second Tableau: Petrushka's Room
  1. As the Curtain rises, the door to Petrushka's room opens suddenly; a foot kicks him onstage; Petrushka falls and the door closes again behind him
  2. Petrushka's curses
  3. The Ballerina enters
  4. The Ballerina leaves
  5. Petrushka's despair
  6. Darkness. Curtain.
Third Tableau: The Moor's Room
  1. [Introduction]
  2. The Moor dances
  3. Appearance of the Ballerina
  4. Dance of the Ballerina (cornet in hand)
  5. Waltz (the Ballerina and the Moor)
  6. The Moor and the Ballerina prick up their ears
  7. Appearance of Petrushka
  8. The Fight between the Moor and Petrushka. The Ballerina faints.
  9. The Moor throws Petrushka Out. Darkness. Curtain.
Fourth Tableau: The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)
  1. [Introduction]
  2. The Wet-Nurses' Dance
  3. A Peasant enters with a Bear. Everyone scatters.
  4. The Peasant plays the pipe. The Bear walks on his hind feet.
  5. The Peasant and the Bear leave.
  6. A Reveling Merchant and two Gypsy Women Enter. He irresponsibly amuses himself by throwing bank notes to the Crowd.
  7. The Gypsy Women dance. The Merchant plays the accordion.
  8. The Merchant and the Gypsies leave
  9. Dance of the Coachmen and the Grooms
    1. The Wet-Nurses dance with the Coachmen and the Grooms
  10. The Mummers
    1. The Devil (Mummer) induces the Crowd to frolic with him
    2. Buffoonery of the Mummers (Goat and Pig)
    3. The Mummers and the Maskers dance
    4. The rest of the Crowd joins in the Mummers' Dance
    5. The Crowd continues to dance without taking notice of the cries coming from the Little Theater.
  11. The dances break off. Petrushka dashes from the Little Theater, pursued by the Moor, whom the Ballerina tries to restrain.
  12. The furious Moor seizes him and strikes him with his saber.
  13. Petrushka falls, his head broken
  14. A crowd forms around Petrushka
  15. He dies, still moaning.
  16. A Policeman is sent to look for the Magician
  17. The Magician arrives
  18. He picks up Petrushka's corpse, shaking it.
  19. The Crowd disperses.
  20. The Magician remains alone on stage. He drags Petrushka's corpse toward the Little Theater.
  21. Above the Little Theater appears the Ghost of Petrushka, menacing, thumbing his nose at the Magician.
  22. The terrified Magician lets the Puppet-Petrushka drop from his hands, and exits quickly, casting frightened glances over his shoulder.
  23. Curtain

Other versions

During rehearsals for the 1911 premiere, Stravinsky and other pianists including Russian composer Nikolai Tcherepnin used a piano four-hand version of the score. This has never been published, although Paul Jacobs and Ursula Oppens, among other pianists, have played it in concert.[13]

In 1921, Stravinsky created a virtuosic and celebrated piano arrangement for Arthur Rubinstein, Trois mouvements de Petrouchka, which the composer admitted he could not play himself, for want of adequate left-hand technique.

In 1946, he thinned the ballet's scoring, in part because the original was not covered everywhere by copyright. The rapid continuous timpani and snare-drum notes that link each scene, optional in 1911, are compulsory in this version, which was published in 1947. The Ballerina's tune is assigned to a trumpet in 1946 in place of a cornet, and the 1946 version provides an optional fff (fortississimo) near the piano conclusion. Stravinsky also removed some difficult metric modulations in the First Tableau.

Separately Stravinsky created a suite for concert performance, an almost complete version of the ballet but cutting the last three sections.

In 1956, an animated version of the ballet appeared as part of NBC's Sol Hurok Music Hour. It was personally conducted by Stravinsky himself and was the first such collaboration. Directed by animator John David Wilson with Fine Arts Films, it has been noted as the first animated special ever to air on television.

In 1988, Maddalena Fagandini directed a version of Petrushka along with The Sleeping Beauty (Tchaikovsky), The Nutcracker (and the Mouse King) (Tchaikovsky) and Coppélia (Delibes) in the BBC puppet film Musical Tales which was released in VHS.

Basil Twist debuted his puppetry version of Petrushka at Lincoln Center in 2001; it was performed as well at New York City Center's 2009 Fall for Dance Festival.

A full transcription of the 1911 version for symphonic wind ensemble in the original key was made by Don Patterson.

Themes from Petrushka are played on banjo in the track "Russian Folk Themes and Yodel" on Pete Seeger's album Goofing-Off Suite, released in 1955 on Folkways Records.

Notable recordings

Notes
  1. Balanchine 1952, p. 305.
  2. Robert 1946, p. 231.
  3. Beumers 2005, pp. 160–61.
  4. Beumers 2005, pp. 160-161.
  5. Stravinsky 47.
  6. Quoted in V. Stravinsky and Craft 1978, p. 66
  7. Stravinsky 1936, p. 48.
  8. Walsh 2001.
  9. Taruskin 1998, p. 696.
  10. Stravinsky & [1912],
  11. Peyser, To Boulez and Beyond, p. 75
  12. Beaumont 1937.
  13. Jacobs 2008, p. 5.

Bibliography
  • Balanchine. 1952.
  • Beumers, Birgit. 2005. Pop Culture Russia!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle. Popular Culture in the Contemporary World. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851094592 (cloth); ISBN 9781851094646 (pbk).
  • Beaumont, Cyril W. (1937). "Petrushka". Complete Book of Ballets: A Guide to the Principal Ballets of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. London: Putnam.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Robert, Grace. (1946). The Borzoi Book of Ballets. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Jacobs, Paul (2008). Stravinsky: Music for Four Hands. Jacobs & Oppens. New York: Nonesuch Records & Arbiter of Cultural Traditions. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Stravinsky, Igor. [1912]. Petrushka, orchestral score. Paris: Éditions russes de musique, plate R.M.V. 348. Reprinted Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1988. Retrieved 06-20-2013.
  • Stravinsky, Igor. 1936. Autobiography. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Stravinsky, Vera, and Robert Craft. 1978. Stravinsky in Pictures and Documents. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Taruskin, Richard. 1998a..
  • Taruskin, Richard. 1998b. "Bartók and Stravinsky: Odd Couple Reunited?" The New York Times 148, no. 51,321 (25 October): 33–34.
  • Taruskin, Richard. 1998c. "'Entoiling the Falconet': Russian Musical Orientalism in Context". In The Exotic in Western Music, edited by Jonathan Bellman, 194–217. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-555-53320-5 (cloth); ISBN 978-1-555-53319-9 (pbk).
  • Taruskin, Richard. 1998d. "Stravinsky's Petrushka". In Petrushka: Sources and Contexts, edited by Andrew Wachtel, 67–113. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-1566-2.
  • Wachtel, Andrew (ed.). 1998. Petrushka: Sources and Contexts. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-1566-8.
  • Walsh, Stephen. 2001. "Stravinsky, Igor". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
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