Paralympic swimming

Paralympic swimming is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic swimmers compete at the Summer Paralympic Games and at other sports competitions throughout the world. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee. Both men and women compete in Paralympic swimming, racing against competitors of their own gender. Swimming has been a part of the Paralympic program since the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.[1]

Swimming at the 2008 Summer Paralympics

Rules

Rules for the sport are adapted from those set forth by the International Swimming Federation (FINA). Swimmers compete individually in backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle, individual medley, and as teams in relay races. At the Paralympics, World Championships and other elite level competitions, swimmers compete in an Olympic-size swimming pool.

Swimming pool with multiple diving platforms

Significant differences between able-bodied and Paralympic swimming include the starting position and adaptations allowed for visually impaired swimmers. Competitors may start a race by standing on a platform and diving into the pool, as in non-disabled swimming, or by sitting on the platform and diving in, or they may start the race in the water. In events for the blind and visually impaired, people called "tappers" may stand at the end of the pool and use a pole to tap the swimmers when they approach the wall, indicating when the swimmer should turn or end the race.[2] No prostheses or assistive devices may be worn during competition.[1]

Classification

Australian swimmer Brendan Burkett at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, USA.

Swimmers are classified according to the type and extent of their disability. The classification system allows swimmers to compete against others with a similar level of function.

Swimmers with physical disabilities are allocated a category between 1 and 10, with 1 corresponding to the most severe types of disability. Physical disabilities of Paralympic swimmers include single or multiple limb loss (through birth defects and/or amputation), cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries (leading to paralysis or disability in limb coordination), dwarfism, and disabilities which impair the use of joints.[3]

Blind and visually impaired swimmers compete within separate categories, being allocated to categories 11, 12 or 13. Category 11 corresponds to totally blind swimmers, while competitors in category 13 have severe but not total visual impairment.[3] Category 11 swimmers compete with blackened goggles to ensure competitors are on an even level. Category 11 swimmers are also required to use tappers but they are optional for category 12 and 13.[4]

Swimmers with mental disabilities compete in category 14.[3]

Numbers are combined with a letter prefix depending on the event type. An "S" prefix corresponds to freestyle, backstroke and butterfly, while "SB" corresponds to breaststroke and "SM" to the medley. Hence, a swimmer with severe physical disabilities competing in backstroke may compete in an S3 event, while a blind swimmer in the medley would compete in class SM11.[3]

For relay races, athletes from different classifications compete together, but the sum of their individual classifications must not exceed a given points total. For example, a relay team for a 34 points freestyle relay may consist of two S8 swimmers and two S9 swimmers (9 + 9 + 8 + 8 = 34), or an S10 swimmer and three S8 swimmers (10 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 34) [5]

Medal table

Updated to 2016 Summer Paralympics. Countries in italics are former countries who participated in the Paralympic Games.


Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	United States (USA)	269	204	214	687
2	Great Britain (GBR)	222	246	220	688
3	Netherlands (NED)	181	127	109	417
4	Canada (CAN)	162	122	121	405
5	Australia (AUS)	125	154	153	432
6	France (FRA)	120	105	105	330
7	China (CHN)	119	103	87	309
8	Poland (POL)	117	115	85	317
9	Spain (ESP)	108	116	113	337
10	Sweden (SWE)	106	114	75	295
11	West Germany (FRG)	76	67	58	201
12	Norway (NOR)	72	51	40	163
13	Ukraine (UKR)	69	62	69	200
14	Germany (GER)	59	73	58	190
15	Israel (ISR)	55	57	49	161
16	Italy (ITA)	38	49	46	133
17	Japan (JPN)	38	23	38	99
18	Denmark (DEN)	37	37	65	139
19	South Africa (RSA)	34	25	27	86
20	Russia (RUS)	33	26	33	92
21	New Zealand (NZL)	29	20	14	63
22	Mexico (MEX)	25	16	22	63
23	Brazil (BRA)	23	30	32	85
24	Hungary (HUN)	22	23	33	78
25	Belarus (BLR)	21	11	6	38
26	Austria (AUT)	19	13	17	49
27	Iceland (ISL)	14	8	17	39
28	Argentina (ARG)	13	22	22	57
29	Czech Republic (CZE)	13	5	16	34
30	Rhodesia (RHO)	12	13	11	36
31	Greece (GRE)	10	17	11	38
32	Ireland (IRL)	10	9	9	28
33	Finland (FIN)	7	17	24	48
34	South Korea (KOR)	7	2	5	14
35	Belgium (BEL)	6	16	15	37
36	Jamaica (JAM)	5	6	3	14
37	Unified Team (EUN)	4	3	7	14
38	Yugoslavia (YUG)	3	5	9	17
39	Singapore (SIN)	3	1	1	5
40	Switzerland (SUI)	2	9	7	18
41	Colombia (COL)	2	5	4	11
42	Estonia (EST)	2	5	2	9
43	Uzbekistan (UZB)	2	4	6	12
44	Slovakia (SVK)	2	2	1	5
45	Peru (PER)	2	1	3	6
46	Cyprus (CYP)	2	1	1	4
47	Faroe Islands (FRO)	1	7	5	13
48	Azerbaijan (AZE)	1	7	0	8
49	Egypt (EGY)	1	3	6	10
50	Thailand (THA)	1	3	4	8
51	Cuba (CUB)	1	2	2	5
52	Luxembourg (LUX)	1	2	0	3
53	Independent Paralympic Participants (IPP)	1	1	0	2
54	Hong Kong (HKG)	1	0	3	4
55	India (IND)	1	0	0	1
	Kazakhstan (KAZ)	1	0	0	1
	Kenya (KEN)	1	0	0	1
58	Soviet Union (URS)	0	11	9	20
59	Portugal (POR)	0	3	6	9
60	Zimbabwe (ZIM)	0	2	3	5
61	Kuwait (KUW)	0	1	2	3
62	Czechoslovakia (TCH)	0	1	1	2
63	Bulgaria (BUL)	0	1	0	1
	Lithuania (LTU)	0	1	0	1
	Vietnam (VIE)	0	1	0	1
66	Croatia (CRO)	0	0	4	4
67	Slovenia (SLO)	0	0	2	2
68	Bahamas (BAH)	0	0	1	1
	Morocco (MAR)	0	0	1	1
	Trinidad and Tobago (TTO)	0	0	1	1
Totals (70 nations)		2311	2186	2113	6610

Notable Paralympic Swimmers

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gollark: As planned.

gollark: I mean, I think it would be more reasonable to say "murdering them is wrong" directly, but thing.

gollark: Well, it seems like you're being reasonable.

gollark: Do you mean in that specific case or that sort of thing in general?

References

"U.S. Paralympics". Team USA. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
"Swimming - About the sport". International Paralympic Committee. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
"A-Z of Paralympic classification". BBC. 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
https://m.paralympic.org/swimming/classification
"Swimming: Paralympic Classifications". Team USA. Retrieved 14 April 2019.

External links

World Para Swimming

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[U.S._Paralympics-1] "U.S. Paralympics". Team USA. Retrieved 12 April 2019.

[2] "Swimming - About the sport". International Paralympic Committee. 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-14.

[bbc-3] "A-Z of Paralympic classification". BBC. 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2010-01-03.

[4] ttps://m.paralympic.org/swimming/classification

[5] "Swimming: Paralympic Classifications". Team USA. Retrieved 14 April 2019.