Pacuvius Calavius

Pacuvius Calavius was the chief magistrate of Capua during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). In the aftermath of the Battle of Lake Trasimene, he prevented the people of Capua from surrendering the city to Hannibal. When the Capuans finally capitulated, he dissuaded his son from a rash attempt on the life of the Carthaginian general.[1]

Background

Calavius was descended from the noble Campanian family of the Calavii, which first appeared in history a century earlier, during the Great Samnite War. He was connected by marriage with some of the leading families at Rome. His wife, Claudia, was the daughter of Publius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 249 B.C., and his daughter, Calavia, married Marcus Livius Salinator, consul in 219 and 207 B.C. He may have had a brother, Sthenius, but the historian Livius states that he was one of the Ninnii Celeres.[2][3]

In 218 B.C., Hannibal invaded Italy, and began his relentless march down the peninsula, inflicting devastating losses to Romans at the Battle of the Trebia, and the following year at the Battle of Lake Trasimene. As Hannibal approached Campania, Calavius, who was chief magistrate of Capua, apprehended that the people were so frightened by the approach of the Carthaginian forces, that they would demand the surrender of the city, and perhaps massacre the Capuan senate, which opposed capitulation.[4]

Calavius reconciles the senate and the people

In order to prevent the collapse of the Capuan government, Calavius devised a clever plan to bring about the reconciliation of the senate and the people. He assembled the senate, and warned them of their peril. On his assurance that he could preserve their lives, the senators allowed themselves to be shut in the senate-house under guard. Calavius went out to meet the people, and presented them with a surprising option.[5]

He proposed that the people should proceed with their plan to try the senators and sentence them as they saw fit; but for each senator executed, the people should first choose a better man to replace him. The citizens quickly found that it was easier to condemn their leaders than to agree on their replacements, and again entrusted themselves to the senate.[6]

The attempt on Hannibal

Following the disaster of the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C., Hannibal entered Campania, and the city yielded to the inevitable. Making Capua his winter quarters, Hannibal invited Calavius and his son, Perolla, to a banquet at the house of another noble family, the Ninii Celeres. Perolla was a supporter of Decius Magius, who had opposed Hannibal's entry into the city, and argued for an alliance with Rome. It was Hannibal's plan to win over the Capuan nobility, whom he knew to be hostile to him.[7]

During the banquet, Perolla, who made no pretense of enjoying himself, followed his father into the garden, and revealed a sword, with which he proposed to assassinate the Carthaginian general. Horrified, Calavius pleaded with his son to reconsider, arguing that such a deed, even if accomplished, would be a betrayal both of the young man's father and his city; and furthermore, that the plan was unlikely to succeed, but Perolla would certainly be cut down in the attempt. Persuaded by his father's entreaties, the younger Calavius threw his sword over the garden wall and returned to the hall.[8]

Reputation

Despite his noble birth, and successful prevention of first a massacre and then the rash action of his son, the Roman historians describe Calavius as a man of unlimited ambition and yearning for power, who obtained his position through trickery. Some of this may have been interpolation from his skillful manipulation of the political crisis in 217, or it may reflect the Roman viewpoint of a powerful magistrate, whose actions placed the needs of his own city ahead of Rome.[9]

gollark: ```pythonimport argparse,subprocess,random,stringparser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Compile a WHY program using WHYJIT.")parser.add_argument("input",help="File containing WHY source code")parser.add_argument("-o","--output",help="Filename of the output executable to make",default="./a.why")parser.add_argument("-O","--optimize",help="Optimization level",type=int,default="0")#parser.add_argument("-d","--drawkcab",help=".sdrawkcab elif ecruos YHW eht ssecorP")args = parser.parse_args()def randomword(length): letters = string.ascii_lowercase return ''.join(random.choice(letters) for i in range(length))def which(program): proc = subprocess.run(["which",program],stdout=subprocess.PIPE) if proc.returncode == 0: return proc.stdout.replace(b"\n",b"") else: return Nonedef find_C_compiler(): compilers = ["gcc","clang","tcc","cc"] for compiler in compilers: path = which(compiler) if path != None: return pathdef build_output(code,max): #if args.drawkcab: code = code[::-1] C_code = f"""#define QUITELONG long long intconst QUITELONG max = {max};int main() {{ volatile QUITELONG i = 0; // disable some "optimizations" that RUIN OUR BEAUTIFUL CODE! while (i < max) {{ i++; }} {code}}} """ heredoc = randomword(100) devnull = "2>/dev/null" shell_script = f"""#!/bin/shTMP1=/tmp/ignore-meTMP2=/tmp/ignore-me-tooTMP3=/tmp/dont-look-here cat << {heredoc} > $TMP1{C_code}{heredoc}sed -e '1,/^exit \$?$/d' "$0" > $TMP3chmod +x $TMP3$TMP3 -x c -o $TMP2 $TMP1chmod +x $TMP2$TMP2exit $?""".encode("utf-8") with open(find_C_compiler(),"rb") as f: return shell_script + f.read()with open(args.input,"r") as f: contents = f.read() looplen = max(1000,(2 ** -args.optimize) * 1000000000) code = build_output( contents, looplen ) with open(args.output,"wb") as out: out.write(code)```
gollark: (and so, code gold was invented)
gollark: Maybe if I compress it manually a bit...
gollark: OH COME ON, this code is less than 2000 characters. Stupid DIsqord.
gollark: Clyde says `Your message could not be delivered because you don't share a server with the recipient or you disabled direct messages on your shared server, recipient is only accepting direct messages from friends, or you were blocked by the recipient.`. Stupid Clyde.

See also

Footnotes
  1. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
  2. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, xxiii. 2, 8.
  3. Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft.
  4. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, xxiii. 2.
  5. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, xxiii. 2, 3.
  6. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, xxiii. 2-4.
  7. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, xxiii. 7, 8.
  8. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, xxiii. 8, 9.
  9. Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, xxiii. 2.
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