Speaking clock

A speaking clock or talking clock is a live or recorded human voice service, usually accessed by telephone, that gives the correct time. The first telephone speaking clock service was introduced in France, in association with the Paris Observatory, on 14 February 1933.[1]

A human speaking clock prior to the introduction of automated equipment, October 1937
Newspaper notice (1918) warning telephone subscribers that New England Telephone & Telegraph Company operators will soon refuse to provide time of day on subscriber request.

The format of the service is similar to that of radio time signal services. At set intervals (e.g. ten seconds) a voice announces (for example) "At the third stroke, the time will be twelve forty-six and ten seconds...", with three beeps following. Some countries have sponsored time announcements and include the sponsor's name in the message.

List by country

Australia

In Australia, the number 1194 was the speaking clock in all areas. The service started in 1953 by the Post Master General's Department, originally to access the talking clock on a rotary dial phone, callers would dial "B074", during the transition from a rotary dial to a DTMF based phone system, the talking clock number changed from "B074" to 1194. It was always the current time from where the call originated, this was in part to Telstra's special call routing systems. Landline, Payphone and Mobile customers who called the 1194 time service would receive the time. A male voice, often known by Australians as "George",[2] would say "At the third stroke, it will be (hours) (minutes) and (seconds) seconds/precisely. (three beeps)" e.g. "At the third stroke, it will be three thirty three and forty seconds". The time announcement was announced in 10 second increments and the beep was 1 kHz. Originally there was only one stroke eg:”At the stroke, it will be...” etc.

Mechanical speaking clock at the Victorian Telecommunications Museum

Prior to automatic systems, the subscriber rang an operator who would quote the time from a central clock in the exchange with a phrase such as "The time by the exchange clock is...". This was not precise and the operator could not always answer when the subscriber wanted. In 1954, British-made systems were installed in Melbourne (1st floor, City West Exchange) and Sydney. The mechanical speaking clock used rotating glass discs where different parts of the time were recorded on the disc. A synchronous motor drove the disc with the driving source derived from a 5 MHz quartz oscillator via a multi stage valve divider. This was amplified to give sufficient impetus to drive the motor. Because of the low torque available, a hand wheel was used to spin the motor on start up. The voice was provided by Gordon Gow. The units were designed for continuous operation. Both units in Melbourne and Sydney were run in tandem (primary and backup). For daylight saving time changes, one would be on line while the second was advanced or delayed by one hour and at the 02:00:00 Australian Eastern Standard time, would be switched over to the standby unit.

As well as the speaking clocks, there was ancillary equipment to provide timing signals, 1 pulse per second, 8 pulses per minute and 8 pulses per hour. The Time and Frequency Standards Section in the PMG Research Laboratories at 59 Little Collins Street, Melbourne maintained the frequency checks to ensure that the system was "on time". From a maintenance point of view, the most important part of the mechanical clocks was to ensure that they were well oiled to minimise wear on the cams and to replace blown bulbs in the optical pickups from the glass disk recordings. When Time & Frequency Standards moved from 59 Collins Street to Clayton Research Labs (3rd Flr. Building M5) , the control signals were duplicated and a second bank of Caesium Beam Primary standards installed so the cutover was transparent with no loss of service.

Assmann digital speaking clock at the Victorian Telecommunications Museum

This mechanical system was replaced with a digital system in 1990. Each speaking clock ensemble consisted of two announcing units (Zag 500), a supervisory unit (CCU 500), two phase-locked oscillators, two pulse distribution units, a Civil Time Receiver (plus a spare), and two or four Computime 1200 baud modems. The voice was provided by Richard Peach, a former ABC broadcaster. The various components were sent for commercial production after a working prototype was built in the Telstra Research Laboratory (TRL). Assmann Australia used a German announcing unit and built a supervisory unit to TRL specifications. Design 2000 incorporated TRL oscillators in the phase locked oscillator units designed at TRL and controlled by two tone from the Telstra Caesium beam frequency standards. Ged Company built civil time receivers. The civil time code generators and two tone generators were designed and built within TRL. The changeover occurred at 12 noon, September 12, 1990.

Each state capital had a digital speaking clock for the local time of day with one access number for all Australia, 1194. In 2002 the Telstra 1194 service was migrated to Informatel (which uses its own digital technology, in conjunction with the National Measurement Institute — but kept the original voice of Richard Peach), whilst the other time services (e.g. hourly pips to radio stations) were retained as a service by Telstra. In May 2006 the remaining Telstra services were withdrawn and the digital hardware was decommissioned.[3] The 1194 service provided by Telstra, is still operated by in partnership with Informatel. Telstra ended the service on the midnight of October 1, 2019 and Australians no longer have access to this service. [4] A web-based simulation[5] of the 1194 service was created by musician Ryan Monro on the day of the original service's shutdown.[6]

Belgium

In Belgium, the speaking clock used to be reachable on the numbers 1200 (Dutch language), 1300 (French language), and 1400 (German language). Starting September 2012, the service is only reachable on the numbers +32 78 05 12 00 (Dutch Language), +32 78 05 13 00 (French language) and +32 78 05 14 00 (German language). At the time of the number change, the service received 5000 calls per day. [7]

Canada
Main article: National Research Council Time Signal

The NRC provides a Telephone Talking Clock service; voice announcements of Eastern Time are made every 10 seconds, followed by a tone indicating the exact time. This service is available to the general public by dialing +1 613 745-1576 for English service and +1 613 745-9426 for French service. Long-distance charges apply for those calling from outside the Ottawa/Gatineau area. The voices of the time announcements are Harry Mannis in English and Simon Durivage in French.

China

Dialling 117 in any city connects to a speaking clock that tells the current time in China. Despite China spanning five time zones, only one time is kept over the country, therefore only one zone related service is required and the same time would be announced regardless of where the call was made. Rates are charged according to the ordinary local number, generally around 0.25 RMB/minute.[8]

Finland
Neiti Aika (speaking clock) at Rupriikki Media Museum in Tampere, Finland

In Finland the speaking clock service is known as Neiti Aika in Finnish or Fröken Tid in Swedish, both of which mean "Miss Time". The first Neiti Aika service was started in 1936 and was the first automated phone service in Finland.[9] The service is provided by regional phone companies and can be reached by dialling 10061 in the whole country. The voice of the speaking clock can be male or female depending on whose phone company service you are using.[10] Nowadays the use of the Neiti Aika service has decreased pretty much to null and the press officer of Auria, the regional phone company of Turku, stated in an article of the Turun Sanomat newspaper that when the company started the service in 1938 it was used 352,310 times in its starting year compared to 1300 times in September 2006.[11]

France

In France, the speaking clock (horloge parlante) has been in service since 14 February 1933.[1] It is available on 36.99 from within France, and was formerly available from overseas by dialing +33 8.36.99.xx.xx (where x could be anything). However, since September 2011 a call placed from outside France or its territories yields only a recording indicating that the number is no longer available.

Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, the speaking clock (Irish: clog labhartha) was first offered by the Department of Posts and Telegraphs in 1970, and was reachable by dialling 1191.[12][13] Switchboard operator Frances Donegan was the original voice.[14] At its peak, it received almost three million calls a year (about 8,000 a day). It was shut down on 27 August 2018 due to lack of use.[15][16]

Netherlands

On 1 October 1930, a system was installed in the Haarlem telephone exchange (automated in 1925) which indicated the time using series of tones, with number 15290.[17]

In 1934, electronic engineer and inventor F.H. Leeuwrik built a speaking clock for the municipal telephone service of The Hague using optically recorded speech, looping on a large drum. The female voice was provided by the then 24-year-old school teacher Cor Hoogendam, hence the machine was nicknamed Tante Cor (Aunt Cor).[18]

In 1969, this system was replaced by a magnetic disk machine resembling a record player with three pick-up arms, telling the time at 10 second intervals followed by a beep. The text was spoken by actress Willie Brill. The service was now called over 130 million times a year.

In April 1992, the machinery was replaced by a digital device with no moving parts. The voice was provided by actress Joke Driessen and the clock's accuracy is maintained by linking it to the German longwave radio transmitter DCF77. To comply with international guidelines limiting double-zero to use as an international prefix, the 002 number was changed on 3 December 1990[19] to 06-8002, and later to 0900-8002. The service still receives approximately four million calls a year.[20]

New Zealand

The speaking clock in New Zealand is run by the Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand. The service is reached by dialling 0900 45 678 (calls are 99c per minute). MSL has been running the service since 1989.[21]

Poland

The speaking clock in Poland is known as Zegarynka which means the clock girl. The service became first available in 1936 and it was using a device invented and patented in Poland. It was speaking with the recorded voice of actress Lidia Wysocka. The first cities to be equipped with this device were Katowice, Warszawa (dialing number 05[22]), Gdynia, Toruń and Kraków (July 1936[23]).

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the speaking clock can be reached by dialling 123 on a BT phone line; the number may vary on other networks. Every ten seconds, a voice announces:

At the third stroke, the time from BT will be (hour) (minute) and (second) seconds.

At one point, the message included the phrase "sponsored by Accurist" until Accurist withdrew their sponsorship.[24] The "From BT" part was added, then removed at some point, then reinstated.

For times that are an exact minute, "precisely" is substituted for the seconds portion of the announcement. Similarly, announcements for times between the hour and one minute past the hour substitute "o'clock" for the (zero) minutes. Other operators run their own speaking clocks, with broadly similar formats, or redirect to BT's service. Virgin Media have their own service available by dialling 123 from a Virgin Media line.[25] Sky also have their own service accessible from dialling 123 from a Sky telephone line. Dialling 123 from a few mobile services also obtains a speaking clock service such as O2. The Giffgaff network uses the same service as O2. The service is not available on the 3 mobile telephone network, as they use 123 as the number for their voicemail services. It was also unavailable on the Orange network for the same reason.

A speaking clock service was first introduced in the United Kingdom on July 24, 1936. The mechanism used was an array of motors, glass discs, photocells and valves which took up the floorspace of a small room. The voice was that of London telephonist Ethel Jane Cain, who had won a prize of 10 guineas in a competition to find the "Golden Voice". Cain's voice was recorded optically onto the glass disks in a similar way to a film soundtrack.[26] The service was obtained by dialling the letters TIM (846) on a dial telephone, and hence the service was often colloquially referred to as "Tim". However this code was only used in the telephone systems of the cities of London, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. Other areas initially dialled 952 but with the introduction of subscriber trunk dialling it was changed to 808 and later 8081 as more 'recorded services' were introduced and was standardised to 123 by the early 1990s.

The time announcements were made by playing short, recorded phrases or words in the correct sequence. In an interview with Manchester Radio in 1957 Miss Cain said:

The way I recorded it was in jerks as it were. I said: "At the Third Stroke" (that does for all the times), and then I counted from One, Two, Three, Four, for the hours, we even went as far as twenty-four, in case the twenty-four-hour clock should need to be used, and then I said "...and ten seconds, and twenty seconds, and thirty, forty, fifty seconds", and "o'clock" and "precisely". The famous "precisely". So what you hear is "At the Third Stroke it will be one, twenty-one and forty seconds".[27]

In 1963, the original device was replaced by more modern recording technology using a magnetic drum, similar to the Audichron technology used in the United States. The company that manufactured the rotating magnetic drum part of the Speaking Clock was Roberts & Armstrong (Engineers) Ltd of North Wembley. They took on the licence from the British Post Office to manufacture complete clocks for the telecommunications authorities of Denmark, Sweden and the Republic of Ireland, and a third (spare) clock for the British Post Office. This latter was installed in Bow Street, London. The European clocks were modified for the 24-hour system by lengthening the drum and adding extra heads. Roberts & Armstrong subcontracted the electronic aspects to the Synchronome Company of Westbury. The clocks were designed to run non-stop for 20 years. This system gave way to the present digital system in 1984, which uses a built-in crystal oscillator and microprocessor logic control. The complete apparatus comprises solid-state microchips, occupies no more shelf space than a small suitcase and has no moving parts at all. The BT service is assured to be accurate to five-thousandths of a second.[26]

In 1986, BT allowed Accurist to sponsor its franchise, the first time a sponsor had been used for the service. In the latter years of this sponsorship, it cost 30 pence to call the speaking clock.[28] Accurist announced its withdrawal from the deal and the launch of an online "British Real Time" website on 24 August 2008.[24]

During the Cold War, the British Telecom speaking clock network was designed to be used in case of nuclear attack to broadcast messages from Strike Command at RAF High Wycombe to HANDEL units at regional police stations.[29] From there, automatic warning sirens could be started and alerts sent to Royal Observer Corps monitoring posts and other civil defence volunteers equipped with manual warning devices. The rationale for using an existing rather than a dedicated system was that it was effectively under test at all times, rather than being activated (and possibly found to be faulty) only in the event of war. The signals to automatic sirens were sent down the wires of individual (unaware) subscribers for the same reason — a customer would report any fault as soon as it occurred, whereas a problem with a dedicated line would not be noticed until it was needed.

A version of the speaking clock was also used on recordings of proceedings at the Houses of Parliament made by the BBC Parliament Unit, partly as a time reference and partly to prevent editing. On a stereo recording, one track was used for the sound and the other for an endless recording of the speaking clock – without the pips, as these were found to cause interference.

On the occasion of a leap second, such as at 23:59:60 on December 31, 2005, there is an extra second pause between the second and third beeps, to keeping the speaking clock synchronised with Coordinated Universal Time. So it sounds like this: "At the third stroke, the time from BT will be, twelve o'clock precisely. Beep, Beep, <pause> Beep." The current UK time source is the National Physical Laboratory, UK.

The BT speaking clock receives around 70 million calls a year.[26]

A separate, non-BT service to access a speaking clock using the voice of Pat Simmons, is available at 0871 976 2819. However, the number of calls it can receive at any one time is limited.[26] Another service, available at 0871 976 2839, announces the time in different voices from the past British, American and Australian services. The service always announces UK time regardless of the voice used.[26]

List of voices heard on the British "BT Speaking Clock"

There have been five permanent voices for the speaking clock. Temporary voices have been used on special occasions, usually with BT donating the call fees collected to charity.

Permanent voices

  1. Ethel Jane Cain, first permanent voice: from July 24, 1936 to 1963.
  2. Pat Simmons, second permanent voice: from 1963 to April 2, 1985 (may still be heard).[26]
  3. Brian Cobby, third permanent voice: from April 2, 1985 to April 2, 2007.
  4. Sara Mendes da Costa, fourth permanent voice: from April 2, 2007 to November 9, 2016.[30]
  5. Alan Steadman, fifth permanent voice: from November 9, 2016.[31][32]

Temporary voices

  1. Lenny Henry, comedian, temporary voice for Comic Relief: from March 10 to March 23, 2003.
  2. Alicia Roland,[33] 12-year-old schoolgirl, temporary voice for the children's charity ChildLine, from October 13 to October 20, 2003, having won a BBC TV Newsround competition and stating, before announcing the time, "It's time to listen to young people".
  3. Mae Whitman, temporary voice as part of a deal to promote the Disney production of Tinker Bell, for three months from 26 October 2008 until 2 February 2009.[34]
  4. UK celebrities Kimberley Walsh, Cheryl Fernandez-Versini, Gary Barlow, Chris Moyles, and Fearne Cotton for Comic Relief charity: from 3 February to 23 March 2009.[35][36]
  5. UK celebrities David Walliams, Gary Barlow, Chris Moyles, Kimberley Walsh, Fearne Cotton and a mystery voice for Sport Relief charity from 7 March to 9 April 2012.[37][38]
  6. Clare Balding temporary voice for Comic Relief from 12 February to 15 March 2013 (with the help of a barking dog, time announced as "at the third woof".)[39]
  7. Davina McCall temporary voice for Sport Relief from 27 January to 23 March 2014.[40]
  8. Ian McKellen temporary voice for Comic Relief from 24 February to 13 March 2015.[41]
  9. Jo Brand temporary voice for Sport Relief from 22 January to 30 March 2016.[42]

United States
"POPCORN" redirects here. For the variety of corn kernel, see popcorn.

The first automated time service in the United States began in Atlanta, Georgia in 1934 as a promotion for Tick Tock Ginger Ale. Company owner John Franklin modified Western Electric technology to create the machine that would become known as the Audichron.[43] The Audichron Company became the chief supplier of talking clocks in the US, maintained by local businesses and, later, the regional Bell System companies.

The service became typically known as the "Time of Day" service, with the term "speaking clock" never being used. Occasionally it would be called "Time and Temperature" or simply "Time". However, the service had been phased out in most states (Nevada and Connecticut still maintain service). AT&T discontinued its California service in September 2007, citing the widespread availability of sources such as mobile phones and computers.[44]

For all area codes in Northern California, and on the West Coast generally, the reserved exchange was 767[44] which was often indicated by its phoneword, POPCORN;[45][44] the service was discontinued in 2007. In other locations, different telephone exchanges are or were used for the speaking clock service.

Many shortwave radio time signal services provide speaking clock services, such as WWV (voiced by John Doyle) and WWVH (voiced by Jane Barbe), operated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology from the United States of America. To avoid disruption with devices that rely on the accurate timings and placement of the service tones from the radio, the voice recording is "notched" clear of some of the tones.

gollark: There are !!NOT!! 1000.
gollark: <@319753218592866315> Obey.
gollark: Ah, the asm2bf manual.
gollark: I don't know what I need to preempt them for.
gollark: Hmm. Interesting.

See also

References
  1. "L'horloge parlante officielle française de l'Observatoire de Paris". syrte.obspm.fr.
  2. "At the third stroke: George the talking clock now on atomic time". SMH. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  3. Telstra Research Laboratory Internal web page
  4. Webb, Carolyn (2019-04-18). "At the third stroke, there will be ... no more dial-up talking clock". The Age. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  5. "1194 Online Time Service Home Page". 1194online.com. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  6. Silva, Kristian (2019-10-16). "When Telstra shut down the Talking Clock, one man took the time to salvage it". ABC News. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  7. "Sprekende klok krijgt langer telefoonnummer - ZDNet.be". 26 December 2011.
  8. "China Telephones". Retrieved 2017-03-02.
  9. Helsingin Sanomat / Kulttuuri, 3.5.2002, Sellainen on puhelin Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
  10. Turun Sanomat, 29.10.2004, Neiti Aika vaihtui herraksi Satakunnassa (in Finnish)
  11. Turun Sanomat, 29.10.2006, Ajalla monta näyttäjää Turussa - Oi aikoja, oi tapoja tsekata se (in Finnish)
  12. Laredo, Joe; Laredo, Kerry (November 25, 2001). "Living and Working in Ireland: A Survival Handbook". Survival Books – via Google Books.
  13. "Is time up for Ireland's speaking clock service?" – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
  14. The Irish Times (Friday, July 24, 1970)
  15. "speaking clock - Aistriúchán Gaeilge ar speaking clock (An Foclóir Nua Béarla-Gaeilge)". www.focloir.ie.
  16. Farrell, Peter (August 27, 2018). "Eir calls time on speaking clock due to decline in use" – via www.rte.ie. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. Weet u misschien ook...?, Historisch overzicht van het telecomdistrict Haarlem, J. Wurkum, 5 maart 1992
  18. Ik zal u doorverbinden, C.J. Wulffraat et al., in Honderd jaar telefoon, ed. J.H. Schuilenga et al., Staatsbedrijf der Posterijen, Telegrafie en Telefonie, 's-Gravenhage, 1981, p. 215
  19. 06 straks ook voor tijd en weerbericht, Het Vrije Volk, 16 November 1990
  20. Telefonische tijdmelders, Museum voor Communicatie, The Hague, Netherlands
  21. "Time and Frequency Standards Services". Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand. MSL. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  22. Spis abonentów warszawskiej sieci telefonów Polskiej Akcyjnej Spółki Telefonicznej i rządowej warszawskiej sieci okręgowej 1938/1939. Warszawa. 1938.
  23. Brzoza, Czesław (1998). Kraków między wojnami. Kraków: Towarzystwo Sympatyków Historii. ISBN 83-909631-0-8.
  24. Wainwright, Martin (24 August 2008). "Speaking clock sponsor says it's time for change". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
  25. "BT speaking clock is no more on Virgin Media and T-Mobile! - Cable Forum". Cable Forum.
  26. Fletcher, Mike. "Speaking Clock". Telephones UK. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  27. Recording the first speaking clock, 1936 Retrieved on 20 October 2008
  28. "The Speaking Clock.BT price increase. MoneySavingExpert.com Forums". forums.moneysavingexpert.com.
  29. UKWMO early warning system Retrieved on 20 October 2008
  30. BBC News: Speaking Clock gets a new voice Retrieved on 20 October 2008
  31. "Dundee man is new voice of BT speaking clock". BBC. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  32. "Speaking Clock Alan Steadman says Dundee still has time for the city's dialect". The Courier.co.uk. 29 December 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  33. "I am the new speaking clock voice". BBC News. 2003-10-13. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  34. "Tinker Bell Voices Speaking Clock". BBC News. 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
  35. BT provides celebrity climb sponsorship, Marketing Week, January 16, 2009
  36. "Channel 4 News - Latest UK & World News | Videos | Special Reports - Channel 4 News". Channel4.com. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  37. "BT news releases". Btplc.com. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
  38. http://www.sportrelief.com/whats-on/news/david-walliams-makes-a-splash-on-bts-speaking-clock
  39. "Error". www.btplc.com.
  40. "Davina's 7 day challenge". BT.com.
  41. Gamester-Newton, Becky (13 March 2015). "Sir Ian McKellen unveiled as voice of Speaking Clock". BT. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  42. "Sport Relief: Jo Brand is new voice of BT Speaking Clock". BT.com.
  43. "EYE on Kansas Online Magazine". www.eyeonkansas.org.
  44. Lazarus, David (August 29, 2007). "Time of day calling it quits at AT&T". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
  45. LaFrance, Adrienne (2016-06-22). "Remember When You Could Call the Time? You still can, and thousands of people do it every day". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
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