Suffix (name)
A name suffix, in the Western English-language naming tradition, follows a person's full name and provides additional information about the person. Post-nominal letters indicate that the individual holds a position, educational degree, accreditation, office, or honor (e.g. "PhD", "CCNA", "OBE"). Other examples include generational designations like "Sr." and "Jr." (or often "Snr" and "Jnr" in British English) and "I", "II", "III", etc. Another used is Sñr (Spanish for Mr).
Post-nominal letters
Academic
Academic suffixes indicate the degree earned at a college or university. These include the bachelor's degree (A.B, B.A., B.A., Hons; B.S., B.E., B.F.A., B.Tech., L.L.B, B.Sc., etc.), the master's degree (M.A., M.S., M.F.A., LL.M, M.L.A., M.B.A., M.Sc., M.Eng etc.), the professional doctorate (J.D., M.D., D.O., Pharm.D., D.Min., etc.), and the academic doctorate (Ph.D., Ed.D., D.Phil., D.B.A., LL.D, Eng.D., etc.).
In the case of doctorates, normally either the prefix (e.g. "Dr." or "Atty.") or the suffix (e.g. "J.D.", "M.D.", "D.O.", "D.C.", or "Ph.D.") is used, but both can be used at the same time due to preferences of different countries. In the United States, the suffix is the preferred format (thus allowing differentiation between types of doctorate) in written documentation.
Honorary
Such titles may be given by:
- a monarch (for example, K.B.E., a suffix granted to Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire);
- a university (as in a LL.D. (Doctor of Laws) given in recognition of a person's life achievements rather than their academic standing);
- a church or seminary, who may offer an honorary Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) to outstanding ministers or teachers.
Esquire
The style Esq. or Esquire was once used to distinguish a man who was an apprentice to a knight and is used for a man of socially high ranking. In the United States, Esq. is used as a professional styling for a licensed attorney. In the United Kingdom, it is used by untitled males in social and business contexts, or occasionally by an untitled male heir to a hereditary peer.[1]
Professional
Professional titles include Esq., often used for an attorney (but not necessarily) in the United States who has passed a state bar examination, and CSA (casting) and ASCAP, which indicate membership in professional societies. The suffix CA is used for individuals who have completed the requirements to become a Chartered Accountant. The suffix CPA is also used for individuals who have completed the requirements to become a Certified Public Accountant. Similarly, Chartered Financial Analysts use the suffix CFA. Sommeliers (restaurant wine professionals) who have passed the Master Sommelier exam use the MS suffix. Engineers that are certified as a Professional Engineer in his or her state will use the suffix P.E. (P.Eng in Canada), Certified Professional Geologists use P.G., Certified Professional Logisticians use CPL, and Chartered Engineers use CEng. Likewise, Registered Architects sometimes use the suffix R.A., or more often a suffix such as AIA or RIBA that refers to their professional society. Examination Office personnel within the United Kingdom who are registered with the Examination Officers' Association use MEOA. In the United States, professional archaeologists registered with the Register of Professional Archaeologists use the suffix RPA.
Project managers that have obtained certification as Project Management Professionals from the Project Management Institute may use the suffix PMP after their name. Similarly, individuals who hold certifications in the field of information security – e.g. CISA, CISSP, and/or CISM – may use them as suffixes.
The suffix PT is used by Physical Therapists to denote their state certification, but not to be confused with DPT (Doctor of Physical Therapy) which is a qualifying degree. UK physiotherapists prefer to use MCSP or SRP to denote membership to professional bodies. RN is used by qualified nurses as a suffix.
Officers and enlisted in the United States Military will add an abbreviation of the service frequently to disambiguate seniority, and reserve status. For example, Captain Smith, USN (O-6), outranks Captain Jones, USMC (O-3).
Red Seal certified trades people in Canada can use the Red Seal Endorsement (RSE) acronym.
Religious orders
Members of religious institutes commonly use their institute's initials as a suffix. For example, a Franciscan friar uses the post-nominal initials "O.F.M.", derived from the Order's name in Latin, "Ordo Fratrum Minorum" (Order of Friars Minor). Equally, a Viatorian priest uses the suffix "C.S.V." from the name of his religious institute, "Clerici Santi Viatori", the (Clerics of Saint Viator). These initials are not considered by members of religious institutes as an equivalent to academic or honorary post-nominial initials, but rather as a sign of membership in a particular religious lineage, similar to the use of "Senior" or "Junior".
Ordering
In some English-speaking countries, the arrangement of post-nominal letters is governed by rules of precedence, and this list is sometimes called the "Order of Wear" (for the wearing of medals).
Generational titles
Generational suffixes are used to distinguish persons who share the same name within a family. A generational suffix can be used informally (for disambiguation purposes, or as nicknames) and is often incorporated in legal documents.
United States
In the United States the most common name suffixes are senior and junior, which are written with a capital first letter (Sr. and Jr.) with or without an interceding comma. In Britain these are rarer, but when they are used the abbreviations are Snr and Jnr, respectively. The terms Jr. and II can both be correctly used if a child's first, middle, and last names are identical to his or her parent's (current) names. When the suffixes are spelled out in full, they are always written with the first letter in lower case. Social name suffixes are far more frequently applied to men than to women (due to the common practice of women taking their husbands' surnames).[2] Sons with a different middle name or initial may also be informally known as Jr. (e.g. William Vann Rogers Jr., son of William Penn Adair Rogers). Jr. or II can be used when being named after the father, however they are both pronounced differently; Jr. is pronounced as junior and II is pronounced as the second. Roman numeral suffixes can be used to name after other family members like an uncle, cousin, or ancestor (including grandfather). For example, Quentin Roosevelt II was named for his late uncle, Quentin I. Similarly, a grandson of Henry Ford was named Henry II. The name again skipped a generation with the birth of Henry II’s grandson, Henry Ford III.
Historically, a child could be named for its (deceased) sibling,[3] with or without a suffix. There is at least one known case of multiple siblings having the same name in modern times, that of George Foreman’s five sons, including eldest George Jr. and youngest George VI.
The suffix III is used after either Jr or II and, like subsequent numeric suffixes, does not need to be restricted to one family line. For example, if Randall and Patrick Dudley are brothers and if Randall has a son before Patrick, he will call his son Patrick II. If Patrick now has a son, his son is Patrick Jr. or Patrick II if Randall doesn't have a son named Patrick II. As time passes, the III suffix goes to the son of either Patrick Jr or Patrick II, whoever is first to have a son named Patrick. This is one way it is possible and correct for a Junior to father a IV. Another example involves President Ulysses S. Grant and his sons Frederick, Ulysses Jr., and Jesse. When Frederick's son Ulysses was born in 1881, Ulysses Jr did not yet have a son named after himself. Therefore, Frederick's son was Ulysses III. Ulysses Jr's son, born afterwards in 1893, was Ulysses IV. Jesse's son Chapman was the father of Ulysses V, as neither Ulysses III nor Ulysses IV had sons named for themselves.
There is no hard-and-fast rule over what happens to suffixes when the most senior of the name dies. Etiquette expert and humorist Judith Martin, for example, believes they should all move up,[4] but most agree that this is up to the individual families.[5]
Although there are instances of daughters being named after their mothers and also using the suffix Jr. (such as Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Jr., Winifred Sackville Stoner Jr., and Carolina Herrera Jr.), or after their grandmothers or aunts with the suffix II, this is not common. Usually, the namesake is given a different middle name and so would not need a suffix for differentiation. Furthermore, once the woman marries, she would most commonly take the surname of her husband and thus do away with the generational suffix. The title Jr. is sometimes used in legal documents, particularly those pertaining to wills and estates, to distinguish among female family members of the same name.
A wife who uses the title Mrs. would also use her husband's full name, including the suffix. In less formal situations, the suffix may be omitted: Mrs. Lon Chaney Jr. on a wedding invitation, but Mrs. L. Chaney or simply Shannon Chaney for a friendly note. Widows are entitled to retain their late husband's full names and suffixes, but divorcées may not continue to style themselves with a former husband's full name and suffix, even if they retain the surname.[2]
Juniors sometimes go by their first initials and "J" for Jr., regardless of middle initial. Examples include American football players Terrell Ray Ward Jr. (who goes by T.J. Ward) and Erick R. Manuel Jr., who is better known as E.J. Manuel.
Common nicknames for a junior or II include "Chip" (as in "chip off the old block"); e.g., President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr.'s second son James Earl Carter III goes by "Chip".[6] Another is "Bud" (predominantly in the American South). Common nicknames for a III are "Trip(p)", "Trace", and "Trey" which denote that the name carrier is the third person to carry the name. Notable examples include Green Day drummer Frank Edwin "Tré Cool" Wright III, South Park co-creator Randolph Severn "Trey" Parker III, and Willard Carroll "Trey" Smith III, elder son of actor Willard Carroll "Will" Smith Jr.
Another convention is for the elder member of a family to go by their first name, and the younger one to go by their middle name. Examples include George Virl Osmond, who went by George while his eponymous son goes by the name Virl. Another example, although father and son had different middle names, is the case of Cuban evangelist Rafael Cruz, whose son, also with the given name Rafael, is a U.S. Senator who is known by a variant of his middle name, Edward "Ted" Cruz.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the suffixes "Snr." and "Jnr." are rare, and not usually considered part of a person's name as such. Ordinal suffixes such as "III" are generally reserved for monarchs; however, the General Register Office has stated that, whereas it would normally reject a string of symbols or letters that "has no intrinsic sense of being a name" when registering a child, a suffix such as "III" would be accepted.[7] Those who inherit a title of nobility do not use ordinal suffixes, but are distinguished from any ancestors with the same name by their position in the order of succession; for example Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington is thus distinguished from his father, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.
Other European countries
In French, the designations for a father and son with the same name are père (father) and fils (son). In Portuguese, common designations are Júnior (junior), Filho (son), Neto (grandson), and Sobrinho (nephew). In many other nations, it is considered highly unusual or even inauspicious to give a son the same first name(s) as his father, removing the need for such suffixes. In Dutch, "sr." and "jr." are used socially rather than legally, but the system is not extended to "III" and beyond. Instead, Piet de Vries jr. will become Piet de Vries sr. upon the death of his father, if there is a grandson also named Piet to take on the junior title. Otherwise the suffix falls away.
See also
- Post-nominal letters
- List of post-nominal letters
- List of family name affixes (surname suffixes and prefixes)
References
- "Titles — Forms of Address: Untitled Men". debretts.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016.
- Men's Names and Titles The Emily Post Institute, Inc. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- https://www.genealogy.com/articles/research/35_donna.html
- Judith Martin (2005), "Continuing Names", Miss Manners' Guide to Excruciatingly Correct Behavior (Freshly Updated) (illustrated ed.), W. W. Norton & Company, p. 54, ISBN 978-0393058741
- Emily Post Best Question Archive (For the week of 12 March 2007). Emily Post Institute.
- "James 'Chip' Carter". academyofachievement.org.
- "Freedom of Information request: Restrictions on Children's Names?". What Do They Know. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2019.