Otsquago Creek

Otsquago Creek is a river that enters the Mohawk River in Fort Plain, New York. Otsquago is a Mohawk Indian word meaning "under the bridge," probably referring to an early bridge of felled trees along the creek, a way of making small bridges.[4] It is also referred to as Otsquage on old maps, which is an Indian word for "healing waters".

Otsquago Creek
Rapids on the creek by Vanhornesville
Location of the mouth of Otsquago Creek
Otsquago Creek (the United States)
Location
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
RegionCentral New York Region
CountiesHerkimer, Montgomery
TownsStark, Minden
Physical characteristics
SourceUn-named Marshy Field
 • locationVan Hornesville, New York
 • coordinates42°54′27″N 74°50′25″W[1]
 • elevation1,360 ft (410 m)
MouthMohawk River
 • location
Fort Plain, New York
 • coordinates
42°55′57″N 74°37′04″W[1]
 • elevation
295 ft (90 m)[1]
Length18.6 mi (29.9 km)[2]
Basin size61.3 sq mi (159 km2)[3]
Discharge 
 • locationFort Plain
 • minimum.6 cu ft/s (0.017 m3/s)
 • maximum24,600 cu ft/s (700 m3/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftLoyal Creek,
Otsquene Creek
 • rightOtstungo Creek
WaterfallsCreamery Falls, Van Hornesville Falls

The source of the Otsquago Creek is about 12 miles southeast from its outlet, 1,360 feet above sea level and about 1,000 feet above the Mohawk River, in a marshy field by Van Hornesville, New York.[5] Creamery Falls and Van Hornesville Falls are two waterfalls on the creek near Van Hornesville.

History

Before European colonization, the Iroquois Indians occupied the area around the creek. Many Indian villages were built along the creek. One of these villages was called Otstungo and is located on a triangular piece of land between the Otstungo Creek and Otsquago Creek, by the mouth of Otstungo Creek. The village was only accessed from the south side due to steep cliffs on the other sides. Many stone axes, pestles, arrowheads, spears, bone implements and pipes have been excavated at this village. A large pine was cut from this location that measured nearly 7.5 feet (2.3 m) across the butt, and produced 14,000 feet (4,300 m) of lumber. The Indians referred to sulfur and iron springs near Van Hornesville as "Otsquage" which translates to "healing waters", as they attributed them to having great healing and medicinal qualities.[6][7][8][9][10][11]

John Concuponk was an Oneida Indian who lived in his wigwam along the creek by Starkville with his wife Canadalacadoa. Upon his death he was buried on the hill behind his wigwam. Then Peter P. Murphy, who was the resident physician in Southville, removed Concuponk's body for his students to study. His wife soon found out what had happened, she attempted to murder the doctor. After she tried this, she was taken to the reservation in Oneida.

In 1794, Mr. VanHorne opened a store in present-day Van Hornesville. By 1800, there was a cloth fulling and finishing mill on the creek. By 1814, there was a carding mill, saw mill, fulling mill, and clover hulling mill in operation halfway between Van Hornesville and Southville. In 1836, Elias Braman and Company built a cotton mill on the creek by Van Hornseville.[12]

Watershed

The Otsquago Creek's 61.3-square-mile (159 km2)[3] watershed accounts for 1.77% of the total Mohawk River watershed. Where the creek rises, it is located in the Town of Stark and the lower half is in the Town of Minden. Within the watershed, the majority of the land is open space, with roughly one third (33.9%) being forested land. The upper part of the watershed is a mix of rural residential, agriculture land, and several small hamlets including Vanhornesville and Stark. Then in the lower part of the watershed, residential and commercial uses mostly in Village of Fort Plain.[2][13]

The creek has an average slope of 1.5% throughout its entire length. The upper creek has a slope of 3% from the source to the Hamlet of Starkville, the from there downstream has a slope of .8%.[13]

Hydrology

Discharge
Graph from lower USGS stream gauge showing rise in discharge during February 2017

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) maintains a few stream gauges along the Otsquago Creek. The lower one, in operation since 1993 is located .8 miles (1.3 km) upstream from the mouth in the Village of Fort Plain.[14]

The lower station had a maximum discharge of 24,600 cubic feet (700 m3) per second and a gauge height of 17.52 feet (5.34 m) on during the flood of June 28, 2013. It had minimum discharge of .6 cubic feet (0.017 m3) per second on November 30, 1964.[14]

Flooding

Flooding has occurred numerous times on most of the creek, with major damage in the hamlets of Van Hornesville, Starkville and Hallsville, and in the Village of Fort Plain. Flooding is caused in part due to large amounts of coarse sediment being carried downstream from the upper creek during large floods are deposited further downstream and clog bridges. From the mouth to roughly 1,000 feet (300 m) upstream can be effected by backwater flooding from the Mohawk River.[2][15][16]

New York Army National Guard clearing debris and widening the creek in Fort Plain after the major flood of June 2013.

According to FEMA on September 22, 1938, October 2, 1945, October 17, 1955 and March 11, 1976 there were major floods along the creek. On March 5, 1979, an ice jamming caused the Mohawk River and Otsquago Creek to overflow and caused extensive damage in the Village of Fort Plain. Floodwaters were reported to be four feet deep in the on River Street and Hancock Street in the village. The flooding receded after the washout of the aqueduct on the creek by State Route 5S. Another severe storm caused catastrophic flooding along the Otsquago Creek between June 26 and June 29, 2006. Then in mid to late June 2013, severe flooding was experienced along the entire creek. The flood of 2013 flooded downtown Fort Plain and extended all the way up the creek to Van Hornesville. A culvert was damaged on Chyle Road and the Owen D. Young Central School was damaged in Van Hornesville. Part of State Route 80 between Van Hornesville and Starkville was entirely washed out. Large amounts of sediment were also carried downstream and deposited which caused flooding to be worse. One fatality was reported in this storm.[17][15][18][19] In February 2017, 625 residents were told to evacuate as the flood warning siren was activated because of quickly rising waters. After a short time residents were told it was safe to go home. No major damage occurred during this flood, only a few trees and wires were knocked down and minor stream bank erosion occurred.[20][16]

Fishing

Fish species present in the creek are brook trout, brown trout and rainbow trout. In 2019 there were 270 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm) brown trout released into the creek in the Town of Minden, and 350 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm) brown trout and 1000 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm) rainbow trout in the Town of Stark.[21][22][23][24]

Conservation and management

In 2015, Dominion energy proposed to expand the compressor station at Brookmans Corners, located near the banks of the creek. Concerns were brought up about the pollution that would be caused, at an estimated 96,683 tons of greenhouse gas emissions would be put into the air every year. These concerns are compounded by Otsquago Creek and the particular topography of the Otsquago valley that limits the dispersion of emissions.

The Robert B. Woodruff Outdoor Learning Center was built and opened in the summer of 1984 and consists of 50 acres (0.078 sq mi) within the Otsquago gorge. It is located at the site of an 18th century trail, which became the road between Fort Plain and Cooperstown in the 19th century. After the trails were built in 1984, it provided better access to the numerous waterfalls in the gorge as well as the limestone caves.

The Young family partnered with Otsego Land Trust to conserve about 147 acres (0.230 sq mi) bordering the creek by Van Hornesville, to preotect the village's water supply. Another 40 acres (0.063 sq mi) was later donated as well to further protect the community's water supply.

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See also

References
  1. "Otsquago Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  2. "emergency transportation infrastructure recovery water basin assessment and flood hazard mitigation alternatives otsquago creek - New York State Water Resources Institute". wri.cals.cornell.edu. wri.cals.cornell.edu. May 21, 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  3. "USGS 0134900105 OTSQUAGO CREEK AT MOUTH AT FORT PLAIN NY". National Water Information System. United States Geological Survey. 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  4. "Otsquago Creek". nygenweb.net. nygenweb.net. 1999. Retrieved 18 April 2017. data
  5. knox, charles (1980). "Mohawk Turnpike Book". nygenweb.net. nygenweb.net. Retrieved 18 April 2017. data
  6. "The Town of Stark". herkimer.nygenweb.net. herkimer.nygenweb.net. February 11, 1905. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  7. "Otsquago State Forest". dec.ny.gov. dec.ny.gov. 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  8. "three rivers". threerivershms.com. threerivershms.com. 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  9. "Chapter 6: Chief Castles and Towns of the Mohawks". schenectadyhistory.org. schenectadyhistory.org. 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  10. "Chapter 7: Mohawk Indian Sites about Fort Plain, by Douglas Ayres, Jr". schenectadyhistory.org. schenectadyhistory.org. 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  11. Bulletin, Volume 7, Issues 32-34. University of the State of New York. February 1900. p. 182. Retrieved 6 June 2019 – via Internet Archive. data
  12. "The Story of Old Fort Plain and the Middle Mohawk Valley". threerivershms.com. threerivershms.com. 1915. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  13. "Mohawk/Canajoharie Creek Watershed - New York State Department of Environmental Conservation". dec.ny.gov. dec.ny.gov. 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  14. "USGS 01349000 OTSQUAGO CREEK AT FORT PLAIN NY". waterdata.usgs.gov. waterdata.usgs.gov. May 21, 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019. data
  15. "FLOOD: Water level set record in Fort Plain flooding". dailygazette.com. dailygazette.com. July 3, 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  16. "STORM CAUSES OTSQUAGO CREEK TO RISE, STATE OF EMERGENCY DECLARED". recordernews.com. recordernews.com. February 27, 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  17. "Mohawk Valley Flooding". dailygazette.com. dailygazette.com. June 28, 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  18. "Piecing it all back together". www.timesunion.com. www.timesunion.com. August 18, 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  19. "Friday June 28, 2013 Severe Mohawk Valley Flash Flood Event (Fort Plain)". slapointewx.com. slapointewx.com. June 28, 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  20. "Residents in Fort Plain let back into their homes after flooding". www.news10.com. www.news10.com. February 25, 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2019. data
  21. "Spring 2019 Trout Stocking for Montgomery County". www.dec.ny.gov. www.dec.ny.gov. 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019. data
  22. "Trout Fishing in Region 6". www.dec.ny.gov. www.dec.ny.gov. 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019. data
  23. "DEC to stock trout statewide". dailygazette.com. dailygazette.com. March 26, 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2019. data
  24. "Spring 2019 Trout Stocking for Herkimer County". www.dec.ny.gov. www.dec.ny.gov. 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019. data
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