Orotic acid

Orotic acid is a pyrimidinedione and a carboxylic acid. Historically it was believed to be part of the vitamin B complex and was called vitamin B₁₃, but it is now known that it is not a vitamin.

Orotic acid

Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
ATC code	none
Identifiers
IUPAC name 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
CAS Number	65-86-1^Y
PubChem CID	967
IUPHAR/BPS	4690
DrugBank	DB02262^N
ChemSpider	942^N
UNII	61H4T033E5
KEGG	C00295^N
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0025814
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.563
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C5H4N2O4
Molar mass	156.097 g·mol^−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES O=C(O)\C1=C\C(=O)NC(=O)N1
InChI InChI=1S/C5H4N2O4/c8-3-1-2(4(9)10)6-5(11)7-3/h1H,(H,9,10)(H2,6,7,8,11)^N Key:PXQPEWDEAKTCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N^N
^NY (what is this?)  (verify)

The compound is manufactured in the body via a mitochondrial enzyme, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase[1] or a cytoplasmic enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis pathway. It is sometimes used as a mineral carrier in some dietary supplements (to increase their bioavailability), most commonly for lithium orotate.

Synthesis

Dihydroorotate is synthesized to orotic acid by the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, where it later combines with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) to form orotidine-5'-monophosphate (OMP). A distinguishing characteristic of pyrimidine synthesis is that the pyrimidine ring is fully synthesized before being attached to the ribose sugar, whereas purine synthesis happens by building the base directly on the sugar.[2]

Pathology

A buildup of orotic acid can lead to orotic aciduria and acidemia. It may be a symptom of an increased ammonia load due to a metabolic disorder, such as a urea cycle disorder.

In ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency, an X-linked inherited and the most common urea cycle disorder, excess carbamoyl phosphate is converted into orotic acid. This leads to an increased serum ammonia level, increased serum and urinary orotic acid levels and a decreased serum blood urea nitrogen level. This also leads to an increased urinary orotic acid excretion, because the orotic acid is not being properly utilized and must be eliminated. The hyperammonemia depletes alpha-ketoglutarate leading to the inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) decreasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.

Orotic aciduria is a cause of megaloblastic anaemia.

See also

• Magnesium orotate
• Pyrimidine biosynthesis

References

1. Rawls J, Knecht W, Diekert K, Lill R, Löffler M (April 2000). "Requirements for the mitochondrial import and localization of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase". European Journal of Biochemistry. 267 (7): 2079–87. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01213.x. PMID 10727948.
2. Harvey D, Ferrier D, eds. (2008). Biochemistry (PDF) (5th ed.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. p. 302.

Further reading

• Greenbaum SB (1954). "Potential Metabolic Antagonists of Orotic Acid: 6-Uracilsulfonamide and 6-Uracil Methyl Sulfone". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (23): 6052–6054. doi:10.1021/ja01652a056.

External links

• Orotic+Acid at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)