OpenStack

OpenStack is a free open standard cloud computing platform, mostly deployed as infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) in both public and private clouds where virtual servers and other resources are made available to users.[2] The software platform consists of interrelated components that control diverse, multi-vendor hardware pools of processing, storage, and networking resources throughout a data center. Users either manage it through a web-based dashboard, through command-line tools, or through RESTful web services.

Not to be confused with OpenShift.
OpenStack
Initial release21 October 2010 (2010-10-21)
Stable release
Ussuri[1] / 13 May 2020 (2020-05-13)
Repositoryopendev.org/openstack
Written inPython
Operating systemCross-platform
TypeCloud computing
LicenseApache License 2.0
Websitewww.openstack.org

OpenStack began in 2010 as a joint project of Rackspace Hosting and NASA. As of 2012, it was managed by the OpenStack Foundation, a non-profit corporate entity established in September 2012[3] to promote OpenStack software and its community.[4] More than 500 companies have joined the project.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

History
NASA's Nebula platform

In July 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-software initiative known as OpenStack.[16][17] The mission statement was "to produce the ubiquitous Open Source Cloud Computing platform that will meet the needs of public and private clouds regardless of size, by being simple to implement and massively scalable".[18]

The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offer cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. The community's first official release, code-named Austin, appeared three months later on 21 October 2010 (2010-10-21),[19] with plans to release regular updates of the software every few months. The early code came from NASA's Nebula platform as well as from Rackspace's Cloud Files platform. The original cloud architecture was designed by the NASA Ames Web Manager, Megan A. Eskey,[20] and was a 2009 open source architecture called OpenNASA v2.0.[21] The cloud stack and open stack modules were merged and released as open source by the NASA Nebula[22] team in concert with Rackspace.

In 2011, developers of the Ubuntu Linux distribution adopted OpenStack[23] with an unsupported technology preview of the OpenStack "Bexar" release for Ubuntu 11.04 "Natty Narwhal".[24] Ubuntu's sponsor Canonical then introduced full support for OpenStack clouds, starting with OpenStack's Cactus release.

OpenStack became available in Debian Sid from the Openstack "Cactus" release in 2011, and the first release of Debian including OpenStack was Debian 7.0 (code name "Wheezy"), including OpenStack 2012.1 (code name: "Essex").[25][26]

In October 2011, SUSE announced the public preview of the industry's first fully configured OpenStack powered appliance based on the "Diablo" OpenStack release.[27] In August 2012, SUSE announced its commercially supported enterprise OpenStack distribution based on the "Essex" release.[28]

In November 2012, The UK's Government Digital Service (GDS) launched Inside Government[29] based on the OpenNASA v2.0 Government as a Platform (GaaP) model.

Lew Tucker, VP & CTO, Cloud Computing of Cisco in 2012

In 2012, Red Hat announced a preview of their OpenStack distribution,[30] beginning with the "Essex" release. After another preview release, Red Hat introduced commercial support for OpenStack with the "Grizzly" release, in July 2013.[31]

The OpenStack organization has grown rapidly and is supported by more than 540 companies.[32]

In 2012 NASA withdrew from OpenStack as an active contributor, and instead made the strategic decision to use Amazon Web Services for cloud-based services.[33] In July 2013, NASA released an internal audit citing lack of technical progress and other factors as the agency's primary reason for dropping out as an active developer of the project and instead focus on the use of public clouds.[34] This report is contradicted in part by remarks made by Ames Research Center CIO, Ray O'Brien.[35]

In December 2013, Oracle announced it had joined OpenStack as a Sponsor and planned to bring OpenStack to Oracle Solaris, Oracle Linux, and many of its products.[36] It followed by announcing Oracle OpenStack distributions for Oracle Solaris[37][38] and for Oracle Linux using Icehouse on 24 September 2014.[39]

In May 2014, HP announced HP Helion and released a preview of HP Helion OpenStack Community, beginning with the IceHouse release. HP has operated HP Helion Public Cloud on OpenStack since 2012.[40]

At the 2014 Interop and Tech Field Day, software-defined networking was demonstrated by Avaya using Shortest path bridging and OpenStack as an automated campus, extending automation from the data center to the end device, removing manual provisioning from service delivery.[41][42]

As of March 2015, NASA still makes use of OpenStack private cloud[43] and has RFPs out for OpenStack public cloud support.[44]

Historical names

Several OpenStack projects changed names due to trademark issues.

  • Neutron was formerly known as Quantum.[45]
  • Sahara used to be called Savanna.[46]
  • Designate was previously known as Moniker.[47]
  • Trove was formerly known as RedDwarf.[48]
  • Zaqar was formerly known as Marconi.[49][50]

Release history
Release name Release date Included Component code names[51]
Austin 21 October 2010[52][53] Nova, Swift
Bexar 3 February 2011[54] Nova, Glance, Swift
Cactus 15 April 2011[55] Nova, Glance, Swift
Diablo 22 September 2011[56] Nova, Glance, Swift
Essex 5 April 2012[57] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone
Folsom 27 September 2012[58] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Quantum, Cinder
Grizzly 4 April 2013[59] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Quantum, Cinder
Havana 17 October 2013[60] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer
Icehouse 17 April 2014[61] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove
Juno 16 October 2014[62] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara
Kilo 30 April 2015[63] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic
Liberty 16 October 2015[64] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight
Mitaka 7 April 2016[65] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum
Newton 6 October 2016[66] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher
Ocata 22 February 2017[67] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher
Pike 30 August 2017[68] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher
Queens 28 February 2018[69] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-powervm, karbor, octavia, storlets, tricircle, zun
Rocky 30 August 2018[70] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-powervm, karbor, octavia, storlets, tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari, Qinling (40 services)
Stein 10 April 2019[71] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-powervm, karbor, octavia, storlets, tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari, Qinling, monasca-events-api, placement (44 services)
Train 16 October 2019[72] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-powervm, karbor, octavia, storlets, tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari, Qinling, monasca-events-api, placement (44 services)
Ussuri 13 May 2020[73] Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer, Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, karbor, octavia, storlets, tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari, Qinling, monasca-events-api, placement, adjutant (44 services)

OpenStack development

The OpenStack community collaborates around a six-month, time-based release cycle with frequent development milestones.[74]

During the planning phase of each release, the community would gather for an OpenStack Design Summit to facilitate developer working sessions and to assemble plans.[75] These Design Summits would coincide with the OpenStack Summit conference.

Starting with the Pike development cycle the design meetup activity has been separated out into a separate Project Teams Gathering (PTG) event.[76] This was done to avoid the developer distractions caused by presentations and customer meetings that were happening at the OpenStack Summit and to allow the design discussions to happen ahead of the start of the next cycle.

Recent OpenStack Summits have taken place in Shanghai on 4-6 November 2019,[77] Denver on 29 April-1 May 2019,[78] Berlin on 13-19 November 2018,[79] Vancouver on 21-25 May 2018,[80] Sydney on 6-8 November 2017,[81] Boston on 8-11 May 2017,[82] Austin on 25–29 April 2016,[83] and Barcelona on 25–28 October 2016.[84] Earlier OpenStack Summits have taken place also in Tokyo in October 2015,[85] Vancouver in May 2015,[86] and Paris in November 2014.[87] The summit in May 2014 in Atlanta drew 4,500 attendees — a 50% increase from the Hong Kong summit six months earlier.[88][89]

Components
OpenStack main services

OpenStack has a modular architecture with various code names for its components.[51]

Compute (Nova)

Nova is the OpenStack project that provides a way to provision compute instances (aka virtual servers). Nova supports creating virtual machines, baremetal servers (through the use of ironic), and has limited support for system containers. Nova runs as a set of daemons on top of existing Linux servers to provide that service.[90] [91]

Nova is written in Python. It uses many external Python libraries such as Eventlet (concurrent networking library), Kombu (AMQP messaging framework), and SQLAlchemy (SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper).[92] Nova is designed to be horizontally scalable. Rather than switching to larger servers, you procure more servers and simply install identically configured services.[93]

Due to its widespread integration into enterprise-level infrastructures, monitoring OpenStack performance in general, and Nova performance in particular, scaling has become an increasingly important issue. Monitoring end-to-end performance requires tracking metrics from Nova, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Swift and other services, in addition to monitoring RabbitMQ which is used by OpenStack services for message passing.[94][95] All these services generate their own log files, which, especially in enterprise-level infrastructures, also should be monitored.[96]

Networking (Neutron)

Neutron is an OpenStack project to provide “network connectivity as a service” between interface devices (e.g., vNICs) managed by other OpenStack services (e.g., nova). It implements the OpenStack Networking API.[97]

It manages all networking facets for the Virtual Networking Infrastructure (VNI) and the access layer aspects of the Physical Networking Infrastructure (PNI) in the OpenStack environment. OpenStack Networking enables projects to create advanced virtual network topologies which may include services such as a firewall, and a virtual private network (VPN).[98]

Neutron allows dedicated static IP addresses or DHCP. It also allows Floating IP addresses to let traffic be dynamically rerouted.

Users can use software-defined networking (SDN) technologies like OpenFlow to support multi-tenancy and scale. OpenStack networking can deploy and manage additional network services—such as intrusion detection systems (IDS), load balancing, firewalls, and virtual private networks (VPN).[99]

Block storage (Cinder)

Cinder is the OpenStack Block Storage service for providing volumes to Nova virtual machines, Ironic bare metal hosts, containers and more. Some of the goals of Cinder are to be/have:

  • Component based architecture: Quickly add new behaviors
  • Highly available: Scale to very serious workloads
  • Fault-Tolerant: Isolated processes avoid cascading failures
  • Recoverable: Failures should be easy to diagnose, debug, and rectify
  • Open Standards: Be a reference implementation for a community-driven api[100]

Cinder volumes provide persistent storage to guest virtual machines - known as instances, that are managed by OpenStack Compute software. Cinder can also be used independent of other OpenStack services as stand-alone software-defined storage. The block storage system manages the creation,replication, snapshot management, attaching and detaching of the block devices to servers.[101]

Identity (Keystone)

Keystone is an OpenStack service that provides API client authentication, service discovery, and distributed multi-tenant authorization by implementing OpenStack's Identity API.[102] It is the common authentication system across the cloud operating system. Keystone can integrate with directory services like LDAP. It supports standard username and password credentials, token-based systems and AWS-style (i.e. Amazon Web Services) logins. The OpenStack keystone service catalog allows API clients to dynamically discover and navigate to cloud services.[103] [104]

Image (Glance)

The Image service (glance) project provides a service where users can upload and discover data assets that are meant to be used with other services. This currently includes images and metadata definitions.[105]

Images

Glance image services include discovering, registering, and retrieving virtual machine (VM) images. Glance has a RESTful API that allows querying of VM image metadata as well as retrieval of the actual image. VM images made available through Glance can be stored in a variety of locations from simple filesystems to object-storage systems like the OpenStack Swift project.[106]

Metadata Definitions

Glance hosts a metadefs catalog. This provides the OpenStack community with a way to programmatically determine various metadata key names and valid values that can be applied to OpenStack resources.[107]

Object storage (Swift)

Swift is a distributed, eventually consistent object/blob store. The OpenStack Object Store project, known as Swift, offers cloud storage software so that you can store and retrieve lots of data with a simple API. It's built for scale and optimized for durability, availability, and concurrency across the entire data set. Swift is ideal for storing unstructured data that can grow without bound. [108]

In August 2009, Rackspace started the development of the precursor to OpenStack Object Storage, as a complete replacement for the Cloud Files product. The initial development team consisted of nine developers.[109] SwiftStack, an object storage software company, is currently the leading developer for Swift with significant contributions from Intel, Red Hat, NTT, HP, IBM, and more.[110]

Dashboard (Horizon)

Horizon is the canonical implementation of OpenStack's Dashboard, which provides a web based user interface to OpenStack services including Nova, Swift, Keystone, etc.[111] Horizon ships with three central dashboards, a “User Dashboard”, a “System Dashboard”, and a “Settings” dashboard. Between these three they cover the core OpenStack applications and deliver on Core Support. The Horizon application also ships with a set of API abstractions for the core OpenStack projects in order to provide a consistent, stable set of reusable methods for developers. Using these abstractions, developers working on Horizon don't need to be intimately familiar with the APIs of each OpenStack project.[112]

Orchestration (Heat)

Heat is a service to orchestrate multiple composite cloud applications using templates, through both an OpenStack-native REST API and a CloudFormation-compatible Query API.[113]

Workflow (Mistral)

Mistral is a service that manages workflows. User typically writes a workflow using workflow language based on YAML and uploads the workflow definition to Mistral via its REST API. Then user can start this workflow manually via the same API or configure a trigger to start the workflow on some event.[114]

Telemetry (Ceilometer)

OpenStack Telemetry (Ceilometer) provides a Single Point Of Contact for billing systems, providing all the counters they need to establish customer billing, across all current and future OpenStack components. The delivery of counters is traceable and auditable, the counters must be easily extensible to support new projects, and agents doing data collections should be independent of the overall system.

Database (Trove)

Trove is a database-as-a-service provisioning relational and a non-relational database engine.[115]

Elastic map reduce (Sahara)

Sahara is a component to easily and rapidly provision Hadoop clusters. Users will specify several parameters like the Hadoop version number, the cluster topology type, node flavor details (defining disk space, CPU and RAM settings), and others. After a user provides all of the parameters, Sahara deploys the cluster in a few minutes. Sahara also provides means to scale a preexisting Hadoop cluster by adding and removing worker nodes on demand.[116][117]

Bare metal (Ironic)

Ironic is an OpenStack project that provisions bare metal machines instead of virtual machines. It was initially forked from the Nova Baremetal driver and has evolved into a separate project. It is best thought of as a bare-metal hypervisor API and a set of plugins that interact with the bare-metal hypervisors. By default, it will use PXE and IPMI in concert to provision and turn on and off machines, but Ironic supports and can be extended with vendor-specific plugins to implement additional functionality.[118][119]

Messaging (Zaqar)

Zaqar is a multi-tenant cloud messaging service for Web developers. The service features a fully RESTful API, which developers can use to send messages between various components of their SaaS and mobile applications by using a variety of communication patterns. Underlying this API is an efficient messaging engine designed with scalability and security in mind. Other OpenStack components can integrate with Zaqar to surface events to end users and to communicate with guest agents that run in the "over-cloud" layer.

Shared file system (Manila)

OpenStack Shared File System (Manila) provides an open API to manage shares in a vendor agnostic framework. Standard primitives include ability to create, delete, and give/deny access to a share and can be used standalone or in a variety of different network environments. Commercial storage appliances from EMC, NetApp, HP, IBM, Oracle, Quobyte, INFINIDAT and Hitachi Data Systems are supported as well as filesystem technologies such as Red Hat GlusterFS[120] or Ceph.

DNS (Designate)

Designate is a multi-tenant REST API for managing DNS. This component provides DNS as a Service and is compatible with many backend technologies, including PowerDNS and BIND. It doesn't provide a DNS service as such as its purpose is to interface with existing DNS servers to manage DNS zones on a per tenant basis.[121]

Search (Searchlight)

Searchlight provides advanced and consistent search capabilities across various OpenStack cloud services. It accomplishes this by offloading user search queries from other OpenStack API servers by indexing their data into ElasticSearch.[122] Searchlight is being integrated into Horizon[123] and also provides a Command-line interface.[124]

Key manager (Barbican)

Barbican is a REST API designed for the secure storage, provisioning and management of secrets. It is aimed at being useful for all environments, including large ephemeral Clouds.[125]

Container orchestration (Magnum)

Magnum is an OpenStack API service developed by the OpenStack Containers Team making container orchestration engines such as Docker Swarm, Kubernetes, and Apache Mesos available as first class resources in OpenStack. Magnum uses Heat to orchestrate an OS image which contains Docker and Kubernetes and runs that image in either virtual machines or bare metal in a cluster configuration.[126]

Root Cause Analysis (Vitrage)

Vitrage is the OpenStack RCA (Root Cause Analysis) service for organizing, analyzing and expanding OpenStack alarms & events, yielding insights regarding the root cause of problems and deducing their existence before they are directly detected.[127]

Rule-based alarm actions (Aodh)

This alarming service enables the ability to trigger actions based on defined rules against metric or event data collected by Ceilometer or Gnocchi.[128]

Compatibility with other cloud APIs

OpenStack does not strive for compatibility with other clouds' APIs.[129] However, there is some amount of compatibility driven by various members of the OpenStack community for whom such things are important.

Governance

OpenStack is governed by a non-profit foundation and its board of directors, a technical committee, and a user committee. The board of directors is made up of eight members from each of the eight platinum sponsors, eight members from the 24 defined maximum allowed Gold sponsors, and eight members elected by the Foundation individual members.[132]

Appliances

An OpenStack Appliance[133] is the name given to software that can support the OpenStack cloud computing platform on either physical devices such as servers or virtual machines or a combination of the two. Typically a software appliance[134] is a set of software capabilities that can function without an operating system. Thus, they must contain enough of the essential underlying operating system components to work. Therefore, a strict definition might be: an application that is designed to offer OpenStack capability without the necessity of an underlying operating system. However, applying this strict definition may not be helpful, as there is not really a clear distinction between an appliance and a distribution.[135] It could be argued that the term appliance is something of a misnomer because OpenStack itself is referred to as a cloud operating system[136] so using the term OpenStack appliance could be a misnomer if one is being pedantic.

If we look at the range of Appliances and Distributions one could make the distinction that distributions are those toolsets which attempt to provide a wide coverage of the OpenStack project scope, whereas an Appliance will have a more narrow focus, concentrating on fewer projects. Vendors have been heavily involved in OpenStack since its inception, and have since developed and are marketing a wide range of appliances, applications and distributions.

Vendors

A large number of vendors offer OpenStack solutions, meaning that an organization wishing to deploy the technology has a complex task in selecting the vendor offer that best matches its business requirements.[137] Barb Darrow offered this overview in Fortune on 27 May 2015,[138] pointing out that there may be some consolidation in the market that will clarify those decisions.

There are other aspects that users need to consider, for example, the real costs involved.[139] Some vendors will make an offer which encompasses most of the OpenStack projects; others will only offer certain components. Other considerations include the extent of proprietary code used to manage a lack of maturity in an OpenStack component, and to what extent that encourages vendor lock-in.[140][141]

The most authoritative information on vendor products is at the OpenStack Foundation website.[142]

Challenges to implementation

OpenStack is a complex entity, and adopters face a range of challenges when trying to implement OpenStack in an organisation. For many organisations trying to implement their own projects, a key issue is the lack of skills available.[143] In an article on The New Stack, Atul JHA identifies five challenges any organization wishing to deploy OpenStack will face.[144]

Installation challenges

OpenStack is a suite of projects rather than a single product, and because each of the various applications needs to be configured to suit the user's requirements, installation is complex and requires a range of complementary skill-sets[145] for an optimum set-up. One obvious solution would be to take a complete vendor supplied package containing hardware and software, although due diligence is essential.[146]

Documentation

This is more a function of the nature of documentation with open source products than OpenStack per se, but with more than 25 projects, managing document quality is always going to be challenging.[147]

Upgrading OpenStack

One of the main objectives of using cloud type infrastructure is that it offers its users not only high reliability but also high availability,[148] something that public cloud suppliers will offer in Service Level Agreements.[149]

Due to OpenStack's multi-project development approach, the complexity involved in synchronising the different projects during an upgrade implementation may mean that downtime is unavoidable.[150]

Long term support

It's quite common for a business to keep using an earlier release of software for some time after it has been upgraded. The reasons for this are pretty obvious and referred to above. However, there is little incentive for developers in an open source project to provide support for superseded code. In addition, OpenStack itself has formally discontinued support for some old releases.[151]

Given the above challenges the most appropriate route for an organization wishing to implement OpenStack would be to go with a vendor, and source an OpenStack appliance or distribution.        

Users

OpenStack has a wide variety of users, from a number of different sectors.[152] Notable users include:

Deployment models

As the OpenStack project has matured, vendors have pioneered multiple ways for customers to deploy OpenStack:

OpenStack-based Public Cloud
A vendor provides a public cloud computing system based on the OpenStack project.
On-premises distribution
In this model, a customer downloads and installs an OpenStack distribution in their internal network. See Distributions.
Hosted OpenStack Private Cloud
A vendor hosts an OpenStack-based private cloud: including the underlying hardware and the OpenStack software.
OpenStack-as-a-Service
A vendor hosts OpenStack management software (without any hardware) as a service. Customers sign up for the service and pair it with their internal servers, storage and networks to get a fully operational private cloud.
Appliance based OpenStack
Nebula was a vendor that sold appliances that could be plugged into a network which spawned an OpenStack deployment.

Distributions
gollark: The computer explodes.
gollark: You... you reboot... to clear the screen?
gollark: Yeees, which those probably do.
gollark: Who cares.
gollark: Er... USB/Serial adapter, or hook up the serial cables over the GPIO stuff somehow... then I think `screen` or PuTTY can act as a terminal on that?

See also

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