Oligomer

In chemistry and biochemistry, an oligomer (/əˈlɪɡəmər/ (listen) is a molecule that consists of a few similar or identical repeating units which could be derived, actually or conceptually, from copies of a smaller molecule, its monomer. [1][2][3] The name is composed from Greek elements oligo-, "a few" and -mer, "parts". An adjective form is oligomeric.[3]

The 15-crown-5 crown ether, a cyclic oligomer, and its monomer, ethylene oxide.

The oligomer concept contrasted to that of a polymer which is usually understood to have a large number of units, possibly thousands or millions. However, there is no sharp distinction between these two concepts. One proposed criterion is whether the molecule's properties vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of the units.[3]

An oligomer with a specific number of units is referred to by the Greek prefix denoting that number with the ending -mer: thus dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer refer to molecules with two, three, four, and five units, respectively. The units of an oligomer may be arranged in a linear chain (as in melam, a dimer of melamine), a closed ring (as in trioxane, a cyclic trimer of formaldehyde), or more complex structure (as in tellurium tetrabromide, a tetramer of TiBr
4 with a cube-like core). If the units are identical, one has a homo-oligomer; otherwise one may use hetero-oligomer. An example of a homo-oligomeric protein is collagen, which is composed of three identical protein chains.

A tetrapeptide, a hetero-oligomer of the amino acids valine (green), glycine (black), serine (black), and alanine (blue). The units were joined by condensation of the carboxylic acid group –C(=O)OH of one monomer with the amine group H
2N− of the next one.

Some biologically important oligomers consist of macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids; for instance, hemoglobin is a protein tetramer. An oligomer of amino acids is called an oligopeptide or just a peptide. An oligosaccharide is an oligomer of monosaccharides (simple sugars). An oligonucleotide is a short single-stranded fragment of nucleic acid such as DNA or RNA, or similar fragments of analogs of nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid or Morpholinos.

A pentamer unit of the major capsid protein VP1. Each monomer is in a different color.

The units of an oligomer may be connected by covalent bonds, which may result from bond rearrangement or condensation reactions, or by weaker forces such as hydrogen bonds. The term multimer (/ˈmʌltɪmər/) is used in biochemistry for oligomers of proteins that are not covalently bound. The major capsid protein VP1 that comprises the shell of the polio virus is a self-assembling multimer of 72 pentamers held together by local electric charges.

Many oils are oligomeric, such as liquid paraffin. Plasticizers are oligomeric esters widely used to soften thermoplastics such as PVC. They may be made from monomers by linking them together, or by separation from the higher fractions of crude oil. Polybutene is an oligomeric oil used to make putty.

Oligomerization is a chemical process that converts monomers to macromolecular complexes through a finite degree of polymerization. [3] Telomerization is an oligomerization carried out under conditions that result in chain transfer, limiting the size of the oligomers.[4][3] (This concept is not to be confused with the formation of a telomere, a region of highly repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome.)

Green oil

In the oil and gas industry, green oil refers to oligomers formed in all C2, C3, and C4 hydrogenation reactors of ethylene plants and other petrochemical production facilities; it is a mixture of C4 to C20 unsaturated and reactive components with about 90% aliphatic dienes and 10% of alkanes plus alkenes.[5] Different heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts are operative in producing green oils via the oligomerization of alkenes[6]

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See also

References
  1. "Oligomer". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  2. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "oligomer molecule". doi:10.1351/goldbook.O04286
  3. Jenkins, A. D.; Kratochvíl, P.; Stepto, R. F. T.; Suter, U. W. (1996). "Glossary of basic terms in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 68 (12): 2287–2311. doi:10.1351/pac199668122287.Quote: Oligomer molecule: A molecule of intermediate relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of lower relative molecular mass.
  4. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "telomerization". doi:10.1351/goldbook.T06260
  5. "Chemicals & Polymers". www.pall.com.
  6. Ghashghaee, Mohammad (2018). "Heterogeneous catalysts for gas-phase conversion of ethylene to higher olefins". Rev. Chem. Eng. 34 (5): 595–655. doi:10.1515/revce-2017-0003.
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