North Island Main Trunk

The North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) is the main railway line in the North Island of New Zealand, connecting the capital city Wellington with the country's largest city, Auckland. The line is 682 kilometres (424 mi) long and passes through Paraparaumu, Palmerston North, Taihape, National Park, Taumarunui, Te Kuiti, Hamilton, and Pukekohe.

North Island Main Trunk
Map of the North Island Main Trunk
Overview
Type	Heavy rail
System	New Zealand railway network
Status	Open
Locale	North Island, New Zealand
Termini	Wellington Auckland Britomart Transport Centre
Services	Northern Explorer
Operation
Opened	14 August 1908 (railheads meet) 6 November 1908 (official opening) 14 February 1909 (line completed)
Owner	KiwiRail
Operator(s)	KiwiRail (freight) KiwiRail Scenic Journeys (long-distance passenger) Transdev Wellington (Wellington–Waikanae) Transdev Auckland (Pukekohe–Auckland)
Character	Main line
Rolling stock	EF class electric locomotives (Te Rapa – Palmerston North)
Technical
Line length	681 km (423 mi)
Number of tracks	Triple track Wellington–Wairarapa Line junction double track Wairarapa Line junction–Pukerua Bay, Paekakariki–Waikanae, Hamilton–Te Kauwhata, Amokura–Auckland remainder single track
Track gauge	1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
Electrification	1600 V DC overhead Wellington–Waikanae 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead Palmerston North–Te Rapa, Papakura–Britomart
Operating speed	110 km/h (68 mph) maximum
Highest elevation	832 metres (2,730 ft)
Route map km 681.0 Britomart Transport Centre Newmarket Line Quay Park Junction The Strand Station formerly Auckland railway station Ports of Auckland Auckland Eastern Line North Auckland Line Westfield Junction Westfield Freight Yard Auckland Eastern & Southern Lines 662.2 Middlemore Auckland Eastern & Southern Lines Manukau Branch Auckland Southern Line 646.9 Papakura Mission Bush Branch & Glenbrook Vintage Railway 628.7 Pukekohe End of Auckland suburban services Glen Afton Branch Huntly Waikato River bridge Ngaruawahia Glen Massey Branch Te Rapa 542.3 Hamilton East Coast Main Trunk Te Awamutu 494.4 Otorohanga 475.7 Te Kuiti Waiteti viaduct 36m Stratford–Okahukura Line (mothballed) 397.8 Taumarunui Whanganui River bridge Raurimu Raurimu Spiral 346.8 National Park Makatote viaduct 79m Manganui viaduct Mangaturuturu viaduct Taonui viaduct Hapuawhenua viaduct 51m Raetihi Branch 317.1 Ohakune Whangaehu River site of Tangiwai disaster Waiouru Taihape former tunnels 10e & 10f North Rangitikei Viaduct 81m former tunnels 10b/10c/10d Kawhatau Viaduct 73m Mangaweka Viaduct South Rangitikei Viaduct 78m former tunnel 10a Mangaweka deviation Makohine viaduct 73m 180.3 Marton–New Plymouth Line Marton Rangitikei River bridge 153.0 Feilding Palmerston North–Gisborne Line 136.2 Palmerston North Foxton Branch Milson deviation Manawatu River Wellington–Manawatu Line Shannon 90.3 Levin Otaki End of Wellington suburban services Waikanae 48.3 Paraparaumu Kapiti Line 17.7 Porirua Kapiti Line former NIMT via Johnsonville Tawa Flat deviation Hutt Valley Line (Wairarapa Line) Interislander Ferry Terminal Wellington Distant Junction Wellington freight terminal Johnsonville Line 0.0 Wellington

Most of the NIMT is single track with frequent passing loops, built to the New Zealand rail gauge of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in). The line is double track between Wellington and Waikanae (except for a 3.3 km (2.1 mi) single-track section through the tunnels, between North Junction, which is 35.3 km (21.9 mi) from Wellington and South Junction, which is 32 km (20 mi) from Wellington, on the Pukerua Bay to Paekakariki section),[1] between Hamilton and Te Kauwhata (except for the single-track Waikato River Bridge at Ngāruawāhia), and between Meremere and Auckland Britomart. Around 460 kilometres (290 mi) (approximately 65%) of the line is electrified in three separate sections: one section at 1600 V DC between Wellington and Waikanae, and two sections at 25 kV AC: 412 km (256 mi) between Palmerston North and Te Rapa (Hamilton) and 34 km (21 mi) between Papakura and Auckland Britomart.

The first section of what became the NIMT opened in 1873 in Auckland. Construction at the Wellington end began in 1885. The line was completed in 1908 and was fully operational by 1909. It is credited for having been an economic lifeline for the young nation, and for having opened up the centre of the North Island to European settlement and investment.[2] In the early days, a passenger journey between Wellington and Auckland could take more than 20 hours; today, the Northern Explorer takes approximately 11 hours.[3]

The NIMT has been described as an "engineering miracle",[4] with numerous engineering feats such as viaducts, tunnels and a spiral built to overcome large elevation differences with grades suitable for steam engines.

History

Construction

Auckland to Te Awamutu

Auckland's first railway was the 13 km (8.1 mi) line between Point Britomart and Onehunga via Penrose, opened in 1873. [5] It was built by Brogdens.[6] The section from Penrose to Onehunga is now called the Onehunga Branch. The line was later continued south from Penrose into the Waikato. Possibly to support the Invasion of the Waikato, a 3.5 mi (5.6 km) tramway was built from Maungatawhiri to Meremere in 1864,[7] though turning of the first sod of the Auckland and Drury Railway took place in 1865, a year after the last major battle.[8] This line reached Mercer by 20 May 1875, with 29 km (18 mi) from Ngāruawāhia being constructed by the Volunteer Engineer Militia and opened on 13 August 1877. It was extended to Frankton by December 1877, and to Te Awamutu in 1880. An economic downturn stalled construction for the next five years, and Te Awamutu remained the railhead. There were also negotiations with local Māori, and the King Country was not accessible to Europeans until 1883.[9]

Wellington to Marton

The Wellington-Longburn (near Palmerston North) section was constructed between 1881 and 1886 by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company (WMR). The company was acquired by the New Zealand Railways Department in 1908.

Central North Island

In 1882 the Whitaker Ministry passed the North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Act, to expedite construction of the North Island Main Trunk south of Te Awamutu by authorising the overseas borrowing of a million pounds (probably in London) for the work.[10] From Te Awamutu, it was proposed that the line be built via Taupo or via Taumarunui, the eventual route. Four options were considered before the Minister of Public Works decided on the present route in 1884, but, when it was realised just how difficult that route was, further surveys considered two other options in 1888.[11]

Construction of the final central section began on 15 April 1885, when paramount chief Wahanui of Ngāti Maniapoto turned the first sod outside Te Awamutu.[9] It was 23 years before the two lines met, as the central section was difficult to survey and construct. The crossing of the North Island Volcanic Plateau with deep ravines required nine viaducts and the world-famous Raurimu Spiral.

Richard Seddon’s Liberal Government pledged in 1903 that the whole route would be open in 1908. In 1904 the railheads were still 146 km apart, and contracts for three massive viaducts (Makatote, Hapuawhenua and Taonui) were not let until 1905. The government committed 2500 workmen, and in 1907 the Minister of Public Works William Hall-Jones instigated a night shift (under kerosene lamps).[12] By the beginning of 1908, there was a 39 km (24 mi) gap between Erua and Ohakune, with a connecting horse-drawn coach service. From Ohakune south to Waiouru, the Public Works Department operated the train, as this section of 27 km (17 mi) had not yet been handed over to the Railways Department.

Opening

The gap was closed on 7 August 1908 for the first through passenger train, the 11-car Parliamentary Special carrying the Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward and other parliamentarians north to see the American Great White Fleet at Auckland.[2] But much of the new section was temporary, with some cuttings north of Taonui having vertical batters and some unballasted sections of track. Ward drove the last spike on 6 November 1908, and the 'Last Spike' monument is at Manganui-o-te-Ao 39°16.44′S 175°23.37′E, near Pokaka. A two-day NIMT service started on 9 November, with an overnight stop at Ohakune.

On 14 February 1909, the first NIMT express left Auckland for Wellington, an overnight trip scheduled to take 19 hours 15 minutes, with a sleeping car, day cars with reclining seats, and postal/parcels vans. The dining car went on the north express from Wellington to Ohakune, then transferred to the southbound express, so avoiding the heavy gradients of the central section.

Upgrades and Deviations

The rails and signalling have been upgraded over the years, and many sections of the line have been deviated: The original 1870s Vogel Era track had rails of 40 lb/yd (19.9 kg/m), some were iron not steel; later rails were 53 lb/yd (26.3 kg/m); and from 1901 70 lb/yd (34.8 kg/m), e.g. between Taumarunui and Taihape for the heavy X-class locos used on the central mountainous section from 1908. Some 10 bridges between Frankton and Taumarunui had to be strengthened, and in 1914 there was still 129 km (80 mi) of 53 lb/yd rail to be replaced. In the 1930s 85 lb/yd (42.2 kg/m) was adopted, then 91 lb/yd (45.1 kg/m), and from 1974 100 lb/yd (50 kg/m).[13]

Signalling on the single-track sections (most of the line) was controlled by Tyer's Electric Train Tablet No 7 system; with each of the stations for the 94 tablet sections staffed by three tablet porters each working a 56-hour week for continuous coverage; hence each station required at least four houses for the stationmaster and three porters. Pierre noticed that with CTC station buildings and even platforms had been removed as there were no longer any staffed stations between Ohakune and National Park. The Train Control system introduced from 1928 to 1932 supplemented the tablet system by operators at the four sections (Auckland, Frankton, Te Kuiti, Ohakune, Marton and Wellington) to expedite operation of trains over several tablet sections; the 1925 Fay-Raven report urged its adoption because of the fitful progress of mixed trains, with locomotives often kept waiting. From 1938 to 1966 Centralised Traffic Control (C.T.C) gradually replaced the Tablet system on the NIMT.[14] In 1957 when the installation of CTC over the remaining 354 km commenced, it was estimated that using CTC over the 330 km Taumarunui to Otaki section with control centres at Ohakune (shifted to Taumarunui in 1977), Taihape and Palmerston North would replace 74 men in traffic working duties. The last section converted was Piriaka-Owhango.[15]

In 1913, the maximum speed limit on the NIMT was raised to 45 mph (72 km/h), reducing the journey time by 1 hour 25 minutes Auckland-Wellington or to 17 hours and between 30 and 45 minutes.[16] Under T. Ronayne, the Railways Department general manager from 1895 to 1913,[17] the section south to Parnell was duplicated and improvements made to the worst gradients and tight curves between Auckland and Mercer. Under his successor E. H. Hiley the second Parnell Tunnel with two tracks and an easier gradient was completed in 1915–1916. On the Kakariki bank between Halcombe and Marton a deviation reduced the 1 in 53 grade to 1 in 70.[18] A 1914 Act authorised spending on the Westfield Deviation, new stations at Auckland and Wellington, track doubling (Penrose-Papakura, Ohinewai-Huntly, Horotiu-Frankton, Newmarket-New Lynn), and grade easements from Penrose to Te Kuiti,[19] but the war delayed most of these works for over a decade.

In 1927, automatic colour-light signalling was installed from Otahuhu to Mercer.[20] In 1930 the signalling was extended 34 mi 72 ch (56.2 km) to Frankton and the 6 mi 55 ch (10.8 km) from there to Horotiu was doubled. The 3 mi 54 ch (5.9 km) north to Ngāruawāhia was doubled from 5 December 1937,[21] followed by 9 mi 12 ch (14.7 km) Ngāruawāhia to Huntly on 4 December 1938[22] and Huntly to Ohinewai and Papakura to Paerata in December 1939.[23] By then, wartime shortages delayed further double-tracking.[24] Pokeno to Mercer was doubled from 11 November 1951, Pukekohe to Pokeno 21 November 1954, Mercer to Amokura 1 July 1956 and Ohinewai to Te Kauwhata 14 December 1958. The 13 km (8.1 mi) between Amokura and Te Kauwhata remain single track, as does Ngāruawāhia bridge.[25]

Approaching Auckland CBD through the eastern suburbs on the Westfield deviation to the North Island Main Trunk.

In 1930, the Westfield Deviation was opened, creating a new eastern route from Auckland to Westfield via Glen Innes and Hobsons Bay, running into the new Auckland railway station and providing better access to the Port of Auckland.[26] The original section between Auckland and Westfield via Newmarket later ceased to be part of the NIMT: Auckland to Newmarket became the Auckland-Newmarket Line, and Newmarket to Westfield became part of the North Auckland Line (NAL) which runs between Whangarei and Westfield.[26]

In the late 1930s, bridges replaced level crossings at Ohinewai, Taupiri and Hopuhopu.[27]

In the 1930s, the Wellington end was deviated from Wellington to Tawa Flat by the Tawa Flat deviation, including two long tunnels. The deviation is the centre two tracks, with the Wairarapa Line's Ngauranga station in the background, alongside State Highway 1.

The double track Tawa Flat deviation opened to goods trains on 22 July 1935 and to passenger trains on 19 June 1937, bypassing the original single track WMR line between Wellington and Tawa. With a pair of tunnels under the Wellington hills, the deviation alleviated issues with more and heavier freight traffic on the steep and twisting original route where long sections at 1 in 60 gradient required banker engines. The Wellington to Johnsonville section of the original line was retained as the Johnsonville Line and the Johnsonville to Tawa section closed.

The sections from Plimmerton to South Junction, north of Pukerua Bay and Muri, and North Junction to Paekakariki were duplicated in 1940. From 24 July 1940 electrification at 1500 V DC of the southern section of the NIMT from Wellington to Paekakariki was completed. The Tawa Flat deviation has a long tunnel (Tawa No 2) not suitable for steam operation because of excessive smoke (although steam trains were temporarily operated in the new deviation from 1935). A Centralised Train Control (CTC) system was installed in 1940, so that new signal boxes were not required and five stations between Tawa and Pukerua Bay no longer had to be continually staffed for Tablet operation; see Kapiti Line. Electrification eliminated the need to relieve the steep (1 in 57) gradients from Plimmerton to the Pukerua Bay summit by a deviation to the east and allowed more frequent suburban passenger trains (and allowed suburban electric multiple units to run on this section from September 1949).

EW1805 hauling DC 4611 near Paekakariki on the electrified Wellington section. This section of the North Island Main Trunk was electrified in 1940.

The difficult section down the Paekakariki Escarpment from Pukerua Bay to Paekakariki with five tunnels between South and North Junctions remains single track. Duplication from Tawa to Porirua opened on 15 December 1957, from Porirua to Paremata on 7 November 1960, and Paremata to Plimmerton on 16 October 1961. The section between Porirua and Plimmerton was straightened in conjunction with the duplication by reclaiming land along the eastern shore of Porirua Harbour.[28]

Between 1964 and 1966, a deviation away from the centre of Palmerston North via the Milson deviation on the edge of the city.

In 1967, the floors of the tunnels on the former WMR section between Paekakariki and Pukerua Bay were lowered to enable the DA class locomotives to travel all the way to Wellington.

Between 1973 and 1981, the major Mangaweka deviation in the central section between Mangaweka and Utiku was built, with three viaducts, all over 70m tall, crossing the Rangitikei and Kawhatau rivers.[29]

The central section from Te Rapa near Hamilton to Palmerston North was electrified at 25 kV AC between 1984 and 1988 as part of the Think Big government energy program. Some tunnels were opened out or bypassed by deviations while in others clearances were increased, and curves eased. The section between Ohakune and Horopito was realigned with three viaducts replaced to handle higher loads and speeds. The most notable bridge replaced was the curved metal viaduct at Hapuawhenua by a modern concrete structure, though the original has been restored as a tourist attraction.

In 2009–10, the 1.5 km section of line between Wellington Junction and Distant Junction was rebuilt from double track to triple track, to ease peak-time congestion.

In February 2011, duplication between Paekakariki and Waikanae was completed as part of the upgrade and expansion of the Wellington suburban network; see Kapiti Line for more information.

In 2012–13, four bridges near Rangiriri between Auckland and Hamilton were replaced. The bridges were all over 100 years old with steel spans and timber piers, and were replaced by modern low-maintenance concrete ballast deck bridges. Bridges 479, 480, 481 & 482 were replaced, with lengths of 40 metres (131 ft 3 in), 40 metres (131 ft 3 in), 30 metres (98 ft 5 in) and 18 metres (59 ft 1 in) respectively.[30]

The construction of the Peka Peka to Otaki section of the Kapiti Expressway required 1.3 km of the NIMT immediately north of Otaki station to be realigned. Construction began in 2017, and trains were switched onto the new alignment over the 2019 Easter long weekend (19–22 April).[31][32]

A DL class locomotive hauling a freight train at Papakura, south of Auckland. Freight is an important revenue earner for the North Island Main Trunk.

In the Auckland area, a third main line between Wiri and Westfield (or Papakura) is under action;[33] this will allow freight (or other) trains to bypass stationary passenger trains.[34]

Electrification

Main article: Railway electrification in New Zealand

The electrification of the North Island Main Trunk was completed in 1988.

There are three independent sections of the NIMT which are electrified: Auckland's urban network and the central section (25 kV AC) from Palmerston North – Te Rapa (north of Hamilton) at (25 kV AC). Wellington's urban network is electrified at (1500 V DC); as formerly used in other sections of the New Zealand network. In Wellington the operating voltage has been increased to 1700 V DC since the full introduction of the Matangi EMU, to increase the power available.

Electrification of the NIMT was mooted by electrical engineer Evan Parry in the first volume of the New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology in November 1918. In light of a national coal shortage following World War I, Parry argued that the network was under great strain due to ever-increasing volumes of freight, and the use of steam traction was partly to blame. Parry also noted that there was great potential for cheap hydro-electricity generation in the central North Island to power electrification.

The first part of the NIMT to be electrified was the Wellington–Paekakariki section via the Tawa Flat deviation that was completed on 24 July 1940. This was largely to prevent smoke nuisance in the 4.3 km No. 2 tunnel, and to provide for banking on the Paekakariki to Pukerua Bay section. Electric traction in this section is now used only by Transdev Wellington for Metlink suburban passenger services on the Kapiti Line, and was extended to Paraparaumu on 7 May 1983 and Waikanae on 20 February 2011. Funded by the Greater Wellington Regional Council, the extension to Waikanae coincided with the delivery of new FP class Matangi electric multiple units.[35]

Following the Second World War railway services suffered due to skill and coal shortages. Skilled staff sought employment opportunities elsewhere in the economy. From 1948 to 1951 the General Manager of the Railways Department, Francis William Aickin, advocated electrification of the entire line, despite protests from his engineering staff. Aickin had previously been Staff Superintendent and Chief Legal Advisor to the Department and considered using diesel locomotives for trains on the NIMT to be too expensive. He turned his attention to electrification, mainly because he saw that it could relieve the coal situation and prevent high expenditure on imported fuels.

He commissioned a study into electrification, which concluded that a low-frequency AC system could be cheaper than 1500 V DC, the system in use in Wellington. Aickin sent a technical mission of four senior officers overseas in March 1949 and travelled overseas himself to negotiate a tentative contract with a British construction company. The Chief Mechanical Engineer and Chief Accountant specified and costed the system and Aickin was able to complete a substantial report justifying the NIMT electrification and submit it to the Government.

Officers from New Zealand Treasury and the Ministry of Works and two experts from Sweden (Thelander and Edenius) commented on the proposal and in December 1950 the Government granted approval in principle and agreed to appoint Thelander as a consultant. However, Aickin fell out with the then National Government and retired as General Manager in July 1951. With the change in regime, the electrification proposal disappeared.

A key assumption of Aickin's report was that traffic on the NIMT would grow by 50% from 1948 to 1961. Since a diesel-electric locomotive is a travelling power station, the savings through electrification compared to diesel could be regarded as the difference between the cost of buying bulk electrical energy generated substantially from New Zealand resources and the cost of generating electricity in a small plant using imported diesel fuel.

The Royal Commission on Railways created following Aickin's tenure rejected the report's findings. Aickin's successor, H.C. Lusty, revised the tentative contract with English Electric to specify D^F class diesel-electric locomotives. They were later found to be unreliable, and only ten were supplied. 42 D^G class locomotives were supplied instead for secondary lines. For main lines including the NIMT, the General Motors G12 export models were ordered, becoming the D^A class.

The 411 km (255 mi) section between Palmerston North and Hamilton was electrified at 25 kV 50 Hz AC, opened on 24 June 1988[36] as one of the Muldoon National Government's "Think Big" energy development projects. An overall cost in excess of $100 million had been projected, with some 40% being for the locomotives, but the final cost was about $250 million. The economics of the project was greatly undermined by the fall of the price of oil in the 1980s and the deregulation of land transport, which removed the long-distance monopoly NZR held when the cost-benefit report was written.

EF30163 hauling The Overlander on the 25 kV AC electrified section in 2003.

The electrification of the section, which had its genesis in a study group set up in June 1974 to report on measures to be taken to cope with increasing rail traffic volumes, received approval in 1980. This led to a technical study carried out with assistance from the Japanese Railway Technical Research Institute. The report stated that track capacity would be increased by electrification because such traction is faster and able to move more freight at once. The report stated, for example, that whereas a diesel locomotive could haul 720-tonne trains at 27 km/h (17 mph) up the Raurimu Spiral, an electric locomotive could haul 1100/1200-tonne trains at 45 km/h (28 mph), cutting 3–5 hours off journey times. Less fuel would be needed and employing regenerative braking in electric locomotives lowers the fuel consumption further.

Electrification's advantages were reflected in the economic evaluation in the report, which showed a rate of return of 18%. Sensitivity analysis showed that this high rate of return gave the project robustness against lower traffic volumes than expected (the return remained positive even if traffic fell), against significant increases in construction cost, and against lower than expected rises in the diesel fuel price.

Part of the project included replacing the copper wire communications system with a new fibre optic communications cable (due to interference caused by AC power with the DC copper wire system) between Wellington and Auckland. In 1994 New Zealand Rail Limited sold the cable to Clear Communications for telephone traffic, leasing part of it back for signalling.[37]

Proposals to electrify the Auckland suburban rail network dated back to the 1960s,[38] they mainly coincided with proposals to electrify the NIMT in its entirety. In 2005 the central government decided to implement a proposal[39] to electrify the urban network at 25 kV AC, the same system as on the central NIMT.[40] This included 35.7 km (22.2 mi) of the NIMT itself, from Britomart to just south of Papakura. Work on electrification of the Auckland network began in 2010. The first revenue electric services using AM class EMUs commenced on 28 April 2014 between Britomart and Onehunga on the Onehunga Line.[41] The electrification project on the Auckland network, including the Auckland-Papakura section of the NIMT, was completed in July 2015, with all suburban services being electric. A diesel shuttle service runs on the non-electrified Pukekohe-Papakura section.[42]

The future

The completion of Auckland's electrification leaves a gap of 87.1 km (54.1 mi) to the central NIMT electrification at Te Rapa, north of Hamilton. Electrification may be extended south as the Auckland suburban system expands, but this will depend on further government funding. In February 2008 former Auckland Regional Council Chairman Mike Lee suggested the initial electrification might be extended to Pukekohe, leaving a 60 kilometres (37 mi) gap to Te Rapa.[43] In 2012, in response to public submissions, the board of Auckland Transport decided to include an investigation into electrifying to Pukekohe to its 10-year programme.[44] ATAP, Auckland's 2018–2028 plan provides for Pukekohe electrification, a third line from Westfield to Wiri and further new electric trains.[45] In 2020 the government announced funding for electrification from Papakura to Pukekohe.[46]

A paper written in 2008 for then railway infrastructure owner ONTRACK investigated the possibility of electrifying the remaining Papakura-Te Rapa gap between the Auckland urban system's terminus at Papakura on the NIMT and the central NIMT system, along with electrification of the East Coast Main Trunk to Tauranga.[47] The report put the total cost of electrification at $860 million, with $433 million for the Papakura-Te Rapa section.[47] It concluded that money would be better spent on grade and curvature easements, removing speed restrictions and increasing the length of passing loops.[47]

In Wellington, there is an 80.8 km (50.2 mi) gap from Waikanae to the central NIMT electrification at Palmerston North. Since the extension of electrification to Waikanae in February 2012, there have been calls for the electrification to be extended by 15 km (9.3 mi) to Otaki.[48] If this happens, there will be a 66 km (41 mi) gap. As the two electrification systems are different, multi-current locomotives or multiple units would be required for through electric working, should that gap be ever closed, unless one electric system is converted to be consistent with the other.

On 21 December 2016, KiwiRail announced their plan to withdraw from service, over a two-year period, the EF class electric locomotives (the only electric rolling stock working the central electrified section) without replacing them.[49] The reasons given for the decision included the fact that the EFs are now close to their end of life (approximately 30 years old) and suffer from frequent breakdowns (on average every 30,000 kilometres (19,000 mi) which is well below the expected breakdown-free service interval of 50,000 kilometres (31,000 mi)) and that having to change from a diesel locomotive to an electric one and back again at each end of the electrified section is labour-intensive, time-consuming and adds to costs. KiwiRail did not intend to de-electrify the section but would maintain it so that electric rolling stock could be reintroduced in the future.

On 30 October 2018, the Government announced that it is retaining the EF class electric locomotives, to help meet its long term emissions goals and boost the economy. The 15 remaining EF class locomotives will be refurbished by KiwiRail and will continue to run between Hamilton and Palmerston North.[50]

Electrification status

Section	Length	Traction	Percentage of total
Wellington to Waikanae	57 km	DC	8.4%
Waikanae to Palmerston North	81 km	none	11.9%
Palmerston North to Hamilton (Te Rapa)	404 km	AC	59.2%
Hamilton (Te Rapa) to Pukekohe	79 km	none	11.6%
Pukekohe to Papakura	26 km	future AC	3.8%
Papakura to Britomart	35 km	AC	5.1%

Electrification totals

Electrified	496 km	73%
Electrified (future committed)	26 km	4%
No traction	160 km	23%

Centennial

On 6 August 2008, at 9am, a train (which included 100-year-old carriage AA1013, restored by the Mainline Steam Trust) departed Wellington in a re-enactment of 7 August 1908 Parliamentary Special carrying the Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward to Auckland,[51] stopping overnight at Taihape and Taumarunui before continuing to Auckland. Tickets were by invitation only.

A series of stamps was issued to commemorate the centennial, see Stamps:

• 50c – Last Spike Ceremony Manganui-o-te-ao – a photo of actual event[52]
• $1.00 – Taumarunui, 1958 – steam locomotive KA 947 pulling into the old railway station.
• $1.50 – Makatote Viaduct, 1963.[53]
• $2.00 – Raurimu Spiral, 1964.
• $2.50 – The Overlander, Hapuawhenua Viaduct, 2003.

Infrastructure

The NIMT has been described as an "engineering miracle", with numerous engineering feats especially along the Rangitikei River and on the North Island Volcanic Plateau. This included the building of the famous Raurimu Spiral to allow trains to ascend the steep grade from the Whanganui River valley to the North Island Volcanic Plateau.

The NIMT includes 352 bridges and 14 tunnels.[3] The major viaducts include three (North Rangitikei, South Rangitikei and Kawhatau) opened in 1981 for the Mangaweka deviation. Five viaducts are over 70 metres (230 ft) high. There are smaller viaducts at Taonui north of Ohakune,[54] and Manganui-o-te-Ao and Mangaturutura.[55]

The heights and lengths of the main viaducts are:[56]

Name	Height	Length	Opened	Remarks
North Rangitikei	81 m or 266 ft	160 m or 525 ft	1981	on Mangaweka deviation
Makatote	79 m or 259 ft	262 m or 860 ft	1908
South Rangitikei	78 m or 256 ft	315 m or 1,033 ft	1981	on Mangaweka deviation
Kawhatau	73 m or 240 ft	160 m or 525 ft	1981	on Mangaweka deviation
Makohine	73 m or 240 ft	229 m or 751 ft	1902
Toi Toi	58 m or 190 ft	66 m or 217 ft	1904
Hapuawhenua	45 m or 148 ft	284 m or 932 ft	1908	replaced 1987 [57]
Hapuawhenua	51 m or 167 ft	414 m or 1,358 ft	1987
Waiteti	36 m or 118 ft	127 m or 417 ft	1889	or Waitete, 130 m or 427 ft long [58]
Mangaweka	48 m or 157 ft	288 m or 945 ft	1903	superseded by Mangaweka deviation in 1981 [54]

Rolling stock

Due to its high volume and high value of traffic to NZR and the steep grades in the central section, the NIMT has seen the use of the most powerful locomotives in New Zealand.

When the NIMT opened in 1909, the powerful 4-8-2 X class was introduced to handle heavy traffic over the mountainous central North Island section. Three G class Garratt-type locomotives were introduced in 1928, but these were not as effective as anticipated. In 1932 the 4-8-4 K class was introduced, and later improved in 1939 with the K^A class.

The introduction of the D^F class in 1954 began the end of the steam era, and in 1955 with the introduction of the D^A class locomotive, major withdrawals of steam locomotives began. 1972 saw the introduction of D^X class locomotives and the Silver Fern railcars; the latter remaining in service between Auckland and Wellington until 1991.

With electrification and the introduction of the EF class electric locomotives in the late 1980s, the DX class was mainly reassigned to other areas of the network, including hauling coal on the Midland Line in the South Island. Since then services between Te Rapa and Palmerston North have been worked mainly by the electrics, although some services are still diesel-operated, such as those originating from or terminating on other lines, or originating from within the central section, like the paper pulp freight trains from Karioi.

As of May 2020, regular rolling stock on the NIMT include:

Class	Image	Type	Cars per set	Number	Operator	Routes	Built
FP/FT Matangi		EMU	2	83	Transdev Wellington	Wellington suburban services between Wellington and Waikanae	2010–12, 2015–16
AM		EMU	3	57	Transdev Auckland	Auckland suburban services on Eastern and Southern Lines	2012–15
ADL/ADC		DMU	2	10	Transdev Auckland	Auckland passenger services between Papakura and the town of Pukekohe	1982–85
S		carriage	8	8 (one set)	KiwiRail	Capital Connection services between Wellington and Palmerston North	1971–75
AK		carriage	6	6 (one set)	KiwiRail Scenic Journeys	Northern Explorer services between Wellington and Auckland Strand Station	2011–12

• DC class – all sections
• DFT class – all sections
• DL class – all sections
• DX class – all sections
• EF class – Palmerston North to Te Rapa

Connecting lines

Line Name	Date Opened	Date Closed	NIMT Junction	Terminus	Length	Notes
Newmarket Line	24 December 1873	Open	Quay Park Junction	Newmarket Junction	2.5 km	Formerly Auckland-Onehunga line 1873–1877, Auckland-Waikato line 1877–1908, NIMT 1908–1974.
North Auckland Line	20 May 1875	Open	Westfield Junction	Otiria Junction	280 km	Formerly formed part of the NIMT in conjunction with what is now the Newmarket Line.
Manukau Branch	15 April 2012	Open	Wiri Junction	Manukau	2.5 km
Mission Bush Branch	10 December 1917	Open	Paerata Junction	Mission Bush	17 km	Formerly Waiuku Branch. Glenbrook Vintage Railway uses the 8 km Glenbrook-Waiuku section.
Kimihia Branch		21 October 2015[59]	Huntly North	Kimihia Mine	2.75 km
Rotowaro Branch	20 December 1915	Open	Huntly	Rotowaro	8.5 km	Formerly Glen Afton Branch (14 km long). Bush Tramway Club uses the 2 km section Pukemiro to Glen Afton.
Waipa Railway and Coal Co. line	1 March 1914	19 May 1958	Ngāruawāhia	Wilton Collieries	10.5 km	Private line. Operated by NZR from 12 August 1935 to closure.
East Coast Main Trunk	20 October 1879	Open	Frankton Junction	Kawerau	180 km	Formerly Thames Branch (1879–1928). Line reduced in length by Kaimai Deviation, 1978. Former length 230 km.
Stratford–Okahukura Line	4 September 1933	Mothballed 2009	Okahukura Junction	Stratford	144 km	Leased to Forgotten World Adventures Ltd.
Raetihi Branch	18 December 1917	1 January 1968	Ohakune Junction	Raetihi	13 km
Marton–New Plymouth Line	4 February 1878	Open	Marton Junction	Breakwater (New Plymouth)	212 km
Taonui Branch	17 November 1879	14 August 1895	Taonui	Colyton	3.5 km
Palmerston North–Gisborne Line	9 March 1891	Open	Roslyn Junction	Gisborne	391 km	Napier-Gisborne section mothballed 2012. Gisborne City Railway use Gisborne-Muriwai section (16 km)
Foxton Branch	April 1873	18 July 1959	Longburn Junction	Foxton	31 km	Part of Foxton-New Plymouth Railway until 1908
Wairarapa Line	14 April 1874	Open	Distant Junction (Wellington)	Woodville	170 km	Reduced in length by closure of Rimutaka Incline (1955) from 182 km.
Johnsonville Branch	24 September 1885	Open	Wellington Junction	Johnsonville	10 km	Built by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company. 6 km Johnsonville-Tawa section closed 19 June 1937.
Te Aro Branch	27 March 1893	23 April 1917	Wellington (Lambton)	Te Aro	1.77 km

Notable connecting tramways and other lines

Junction Station	Date Opened	Date Closed	Owner	Notes
Drury	1862	unknown	Drury Coal Company	Horse tramway
Kellyville			Public Works Department	Construction of Pokeno to Paeroa line, not completed beyond Mangatawhiri.
Ngāruawāhia	1 March 1914	19 May 1958	Waipa Railway and Coal Co.	10 km private railway.
Otorohonga		1921	Rangitoto Colliery Co.	6 km horse tram
Mangapehi		1944	Ellis and Bernand	Steam-powered bush tramway
Waione Siding		1950	Marton Sash and Door Co	Steam-powered bush tramway
Ongarue		1956	Ellis and Bernand	Extensive steam-powered bush tramway (now part of a cycle trail)
Taringamotu	1910	1960s	Taringamotu Tramway	Steam-powered bush tramway
Manunui		1944	Ellis and Bernand	Extensive steam-powered bush tramway
Oio		1935	King Speirs and Co	Steam-powered bush tramway
Mansons Siding			Manson and Clark	Steam-powered bush tramway
Raurimu		1935	King Speirs and Co	Steam-powered bush tramway
Raurimu	1935	1957	Raurimu Sawmilling Co	Steam-powered bush tramway
Pokaka	1930	1957	Pokaka Timber Co	Steam-powered bush tramway
Horopito			Horopito Sawmills Ltd	Highest railway in New Zealand, summit at 923.5 metres above sea level.
Longburn	27 October 1886	7 December 1908	Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company	Private line, purchased by NZR and incorporated into NIMT

Passenger services

Long-distance

From opening, there have been regular passenger services between Wellington and Auckland. The daily "Express" left earlier in the evening, followed by the "Limited", which had fewer stops for passengers.

Between 1963 and 1968, daytime trains were called the Scenic Daylight. In 1968, a Drewery RM class articulated 88-seater railcar was refurbished and repainted in a distinctive blue-and-white scheme that led to it being nicknamed the Blue Streak. It initially operated an unsuccessful service between Hamilton and Auckland in early 1968, and was transferred to the Auckland-Wellington run on 23 September 1968. Note that all self-propelled passenger railcar classes in New Zealand are generically classed 'RM'.

A DC initially hauled what was then named the Overlander long-distance passenger train between Auckland and Wellington.

In 1971 NZR introduced the Silver Star, a luxury sleeper train. The service was not economically viable, and was withdrawn in 1979. Much more successful was the Silver Fern, a daytime railcar service, introduced in 1972 to replace the "Blue Streak". This service was withdrawn in 1991 and replaced by The Overlander.

In conjunction with the introduction of the carriage train Overlander service, the Silver Fern railcars were redeployed to start new services between Tauranga and Auckland – Kaimai Express, and Auckland and Rotorua – Geyserland Express, in 1991. In 2000 a new commuter service called the Waikato Connection was introduced between Hamilton and Auckland and ran in conjunction with the services to Tauranga and Rotorua until all three services were cancelled in 2001. In 2019 a new commuter service between Hamilton and Auckland was proposed, to be named through a public competition. The Covid-19 pandemic of 2020 has delayed progress of this proposal.

On 25 July 2006, Toll (Toll Holdings/Toll NZ) announced that the Overlander would cease at the end of September 2006, but on 28 September 2006, the train's continuation on a limited timetable was announced.[60] It ran daily during the summer months and thrice-weekly for the balance of the year.

In 2012, KiwiRail announced the Overlander would be replaced by the Northern Explorer, with modern New Zealand-built AK class carriages to provide a premium tourist train on a quicker timetable with fewer stops. It commenced on Monday 25 June 2012, and consists of one train running from Auckland-to-Wellington on Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and Wellington-to-Auckland on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays. It has fewer stops than the Overlander, stopping only at Papakura, Hamilton, Otorohanga, National Park, Ohakune, Palmerston North and Paraparaumu. Along with the other tourist rail services—the Coastal Pacific and TranzAlpine (both in the South Island), and the Interislander rail-ferry services across Cook Strait, the Northern Explorer is operated by The Great Journeys of New Zealand, a division of KiwiRail.

The Capital Connection commuter train operates between Palmerston North and Wellington.

Both KiwiRail and private enthusiast operators such as the Railway Enthusiasts Society, Mainline Steam and Steam Incorporated operate charter trains.

Auckland suburban

The northern terminus of the NIMT, Britomart Transport Centre.

Main articles: Public transport in Auckland and Auckland railway electrification

Suburban trains run on the NIMT at regular intervals as follows:

Eastern Line (Manukau to Britomart via Glen Innes) trains run on the NIMT between Puhinui and Britomart.

Southern Line (Papakura to Britomart via Otahuhu and Newmarket) trains run on the NIMT from Papakura to Westfield Junction. They then run on the North Auckland Line to Newmarket, and the Newmarket Line to the vicinity of Quay Park, where they rejoin the NIMT only for the short section (about 500 metres) into Britomart. A diesel train shuttle service runs on the NIMT between Pukekohe and Papakura.

Onehunga Line and Western Line trains use the NIMT only for the short section (about 500 metres) from the vicinity of Quay Park into Britomart.

Wellington suburban

The southern terminus of the North Island Main Trunk, Wellington railway station, and busiest station in the Wellington suburban network.

Wellington's Metlink suburban network, operated by Transdev Wellington, includes the southern portion of the NIMT between Wellington and Waikanae as the Kapiti Line.

Stations

[61][62]

Station	Distance from Wellington	Height above sea level (m)	Opened	Closed	Notes
Wellington	0 km	2.4m	1937	Open	Replaced NZR's Lambton and WMR's Thorndon stations, which closed upon completion.
Lambton	0 km	2.4m	1884	1937	Slightly north of current Wellington station.
Pipitea	0.75 km	2.4m	1874	1884	Original Wellington station, on Pipitea Quay.
Thorndon	0.75 km	2.4m	1886	1937	Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company, near of Pipitea station
Kaiwharawhara	2.44 km	2.4m	1874	2013	Kaiwarra until 1951.
Takapu Road	11.78 km	41m	1937	Open
Redwood	13.16 km	26.5m	1963	Open
Tawa	13.58 km	25.6m	1937	Open	Tawa Flat (closed 1937) was 12 metres above Redwood station on adjacent hillside.
Linden	14.85 km	17.7m	1940	Open
Kenepuru	16.16 km	15m	1940	Open
Porirua	17.8 km	3.6m	1885	Open
Paremata	21.7 km	2.7m	1885	Open
Mana	23.04 km	3m	1949	Open	Dolly Varden until 1960.
Plimmerton	24.4 km	5.8m	1885	Open
Pukerua Bay	30.1 km	80m	1885	Open
Muri	31.15 km	77m	1952	2011
Paekakariki	38.84 km	7m	1886	Open
Wainui	40.85 km	9m	1886	1900
Paraparaumu	48.28 km	13.7m	1886	Open
Otaihanga	51.5 km	21m	1886	1902
Waikanae	55.31 km	31m	1886	Open
Hadfield	60 km	39m	1886	1906
Te Horo	64.77 km	19.2m	1886	1965
Hautere	67.6 km	15.2m	1886	1900
Otaki	70.28 km	14.6m	1886	Open
Manakau	79.3 km	30.5m	1886	1982	Known as "Manukau" until 1905.
Ohau	84.95 km	30.7m	1886	1982
Levin	90.3 km	36.5m	1886	Open	Known as "Weraroa" 1886–1894.
Queen Street	91.37 km	36.5m	1956	1977
Levin	91.5 km	36.5m	1886	1894
Koputaroa	99.23 km	8.5m	1886	1986	Kereru until 1906.
Shannon	106.57 km	12.2m	1886	Open
Makerua	111.84 km	7.62m	1886	1966
Tokomaru	118.35 km	17.7m	1885	1982	crossing loop retained
Linton	124.19 km	18.3m	1885	1972
Longburn	129.69 km	19.8m	1873	1886
Awapuni	132 km	24.7m	1876	1965
Palmerston North	135.76 km	30m	1873	1965
Palmerston North	136.03 km	28m	1963	Open
Terrace End	138.51 km	38.1m	1876	1964
Bunnythorpe	144.47 km	55.2m	1876	1985
Taonui	148.62 km	61.9m	1876	1963
Aorangi	150.66 km	70.7m	1876	1965
Feilding	152.98 km	72.2m	1876	2012	except for groups of 10+[63]
Makino Road	156.26 km	103m	1878	1960
Maewa	158.34 km	107m	1878	1962
Halcombe	165.76 km	118m	1878	1983
Kakariki	171.12 km	70m	1879	1982
Greatford	175.67 km	104.5m	1875	1983
Marton	180.25 km	140.8m	1878	2012	except for groups of 10+[63]
Cliff Road	183.58 km	159.7m	1888	1966
Overton	188.85 km	155m	1888	1958
Porewa	190.53 km	165m	1888	1982	service siding retained
Rata	195.46 km	194m	1888	1975
Silverhope	199.31 km	224m	1888	1966
Hunterville	205.33 km	267m	1888	1986
Kaikarangi	210.18 km	284m	1888	1964
Mangaonoho	216.04 km	257m	1893	1966
Ohingaiti	222.14 km	279m	1902	1975
Mangaweka	231.04 km	326.7m	1902	1982
Utiku	243.69 km	371m	1904	1986
Ohotu	247.08 km	395.6m	1904	1959
Winiata	249.02 km	415m	1905	1972	was siding
Taihape	251.85 km	442m	1904	2012	except for groups of 10+[63]
Mataroa	260.88 km	530m	1907	1986	photo of opening day
Ngaurukehu	270.25 km	640m	1908	before 1993
Turangarere	274.5 km	702m	1912	1972
Hihitahi	278.2 km	741m	1908	1982	Turangarere until 1912. "Hihitahi" is a sound-based local Maori word for "locomotive".
Waiouru	290.3 km	813.8m	1908	2005	at 814m, highest railway station in New Zealand.
Tangiwai	299.49 km	699.5m	1909	1986	Nearest station to the Tangiwai disaster, 24 December 1953.
Karioi	306.94 km	630.3m	1909	1984
Rangataua	312.79 km	670m	1909	1986	1910s photo of station
Ohakune	317.09 km	618.4m	1908	open	Ohakune Junction in working timetables 1917–1968.
Horopito	326.91 km	752m	1909	1978	Used as location for Smash Palace movie, 1981
Pokaka	332.57 km	811m	1909	1986	1924 photo of station
Erua	340.13 km	742.5m	1908	1986	1920s photo of station
National Park	346.83 km	806.8m	1908	open	Waimarino until 1949.
Raurimu	358.31 km	589m	1906	1978	Pukerimu 1906-1908
Oio	366.25 km	520m	1908	1972	Known to WW2 American servicemen as "Zero-10". Shortest station name in New Zealand, with Ava & Tui .
Owhango	371.89 km	456.6m	1908	1985	first closed 1983, then briefly reopened
Kakahi	382 km	266m	1908	1978
Piriaka	387.15 km	230m	1908	1987
Manunui	391.9 km	190.5m	1908	1986
Matapuna	394.8 km	180m	1908	1987
Taumarunui	397.75 km	171m	1903	2012	except for groups of 10+[63]
Taringamotu	402 km	172.5m	1903	1971
Okahukura	408.54	178.3m	1903	closed	Okahukura Junction in working timetables 1933–2010.
Te Koura	412.75 km	182m	1909	1975
Ongarue	420.68 km	192.6m	1903	1986
Waione Siding	426.86 km	208m	1921	1950
Waimiha	434.39 km	232m	1903	1983
Poro-O-Tarao	444.05 km	339.2m	1901	1979
Mangapehi	449.47 km	285.3m	1901	1984	Known as "Mangapeehi" station 1901–1920.
Kopaki	454.35 km	265m	1901	1982	Paratikana until 1920.
Puketutu	461.83 km	206m	1889	1977	briefly open in 1889, then Mokau until 1912.
Waiteti	470.07 km	135m	1889	closed
Te Kuiti	475.66 km	54m	1887	2012	except for groups of 10+[63]
Te Kumi	478.56 km	49.6m	1887	1968
Hangatiki	485.2 km	39.9m	1887	1982
Otorohanga	494.41 km	37m	1887	2012	Reopened summer 2012
Kiokio	498.45 km	35.4m	1887	1973
Te Kawa	506.88 km	47.8m	1887	1982
Te Mawhai	513 km	35.6m	1887	1958	Te Puhi until 1900
Te Awamutu	517.02 km	50m	1880	2005
Ngaroto	519.92 km	56m	1880	1954
Lake Road	522.26 km	54m	1880	1940
Ohaupo	527.16 km	52m	1880	1982
Rukuhia	533.59 km	55m	1880	1970
Hamilton	542.52 km	37.5m	1877	Open	Previously Hamilton Junction and Frankton Junction.
Te Rapa Racecourse	547.50 km	33.2m	1920	1980
Te Rapa	549.25 km	33m	1877	1970	Not to be confused with Te Rapa Marshalling Yards (547 km from Wellington). To be reopened as Rotokauri in 2020 for Te Huia train.
Horotiu	553.65 km	23.7m	1877	c1975	Pukete until 23 June 1907.[64] Moved from 77 mi (124 km) to 76 mi (122 km) from Auckland in 1880[65]
Ngaruawahia	559.16 km	20.7m	1877	c1968	Newcastle until 1878.[66]
Taupiri	566.56 km	13.7m	1877	c1968
Huntly	573.87 km	14m	1877	1998	To be reopened in 2020 for Te Huia train.
Kimihia	578.45 km	14m	1877	1939
Ohinewai	582.04 km	10m	1877	c1968
Rangiriri	588.11	9m	1877	1957
Te Kauwhata	591.62 km	12.2m	1877	1984
Whangamarino	598.34 km	6.7m	1877	1978
Amokura	604.53 km	7m	1877	1980
Mercer	609.16 km	6.4m	1877	1986
Pokeno	613.96 km	24m	1877	c1968
Whangarata	617.90 km	59.7m	1877	c1968	a flag station[67]
Tuakau	621.41 km	37m	1875	1986	rebuilt 1910[68]
Buckland	625.6 km	58m	1875	1969
Pukekohe	628.86 km	60.65m	1875	open
Paerata	633.29 km	45.1m	1875	1980	Paerata Junction from 1917.
Runciman	638.37 km	8m	1875	1918
Drury	640 km	9m	1875	1980
Opaheke	642.9 km	14.5m	1875	1955	Hunua 1877–1939.
Papakura	647.02 km	19.2m	1875	Open
Tironui	648.95 km	15.5m	1904	1980
Takanini	650.64 km	15.2m	1875	Open
Te Mahia	652.24 km	14.9m	1904	Open
Manurewa	653.1 km	17m	1875	Open
Homai	655.7 km	30.78m	1904	Open
Wiri	657.6 km	22.25m	1913	2005
Puhinui	658.92 km	19.8m	1904	Open
Papatoitoi	659.63 km	18.9m	1875	1904
Papatoetoe	660.42 km	18m	1904	Open
Middlemore	662.28 km	8.8m	1904	Open
Mangere	663.02 km	10.66m	1904	2011
Otahuhu	664.15 km	9.44m	1875	Open
Westfield	665.5 km	7.6m	1904	2017
Sylvia Park	667.09 km	7.6m	1931	Open	Relocated 1 km further north, 2007.
Panmure	669.93 km	17.7m	1931	Open	Relocated 200m north, 2007.
Tamaki	671.28 km	23.5m	1930	1980
Glen Innes	672.64 km	22m	1930	Open
Purewa	675.4 km	18m	1930	1955
Meadowbank	676.26 km	12m	1954	Open
Orakei	677.44 km	4.5m	1930	Open
The Strand	680.76 km	2.7m	1930	Open	Was platform 7 of the 1930–2003 Auckland station. Terminus for the Northern Explorer long-distance service and steam and other excursion services.
Britomart Transport Centre	682 km	4m below sea level	2003	Open	Terminus for Auckland suburban electric services only.

Record runs

Record runs from Auckland to Wellington were the 1960 Moohan Rocket (train) of 11 hours 34 minutes in 1960, and the Standard railcar time of 9 hours 26 minutes (running time 8 hours 42 minutes) in 1967.[69]

See also

• List of Auckland railway stations
• List of Wellington railway stations
• Hamilton-Auckland commuter rail proposals
• North Island Main Trunk (1995) - film

References

1. "Western Corridor Transportation Study" (PDF). GWRC. 2005. p. 13.
2. Dearnaley, Mathew (9 August 2008). "Steel backbone an economic lifeline". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
3. Wright, Danielle (28 June 2011). "Auckland to Wellington: It's the journey that counts". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
4. "New Zealand Railway Lines in Prose and Verse – NZETC". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz.
5. photo of first train
6. "Railway Contracts entered into between The Governor of New Zealand and Messrs. Brogden and Sons". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
7. "MAUNGATAWHIRI AND MEREMERE TRAMWAY. (Daily Southern Cross, 1864-07-05)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
8. "TURNING THE FIRST SOD OF THE AUCKLAND AND DRURY RAILWAY (Daily Southern Cross, 1865-02-17)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
9. "New Zealand Railways Magazine - Volume 9, Issue 11 - The Main Trunk Railway". New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. 1 February 1935. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
10. "North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Act, 1882". New Zealand Law online. 1882.
11. Merrifield, Rob (2009). "A Centennial Review of the North Island Main Trunk Railway – Geology of the West-Central North Island and its Influence on Transport Development" (PDF). 3rd Australasian Engineering Heritage Conference.
12. Hutchins 2019, pp. 31,32.
13. Pierre 1981, pp. 204-207. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierre1981 (help)
14. Pierre 1981, pp. 214-228. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierre1981 (help)
15. Heine 2000, pp. 147,148. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHeine2000 (help)
16. Pierre 1981, p. 118. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierre1981 (help)
17. "Mr. T. Ronayne". The Dominion – archived at Papers Past – paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 10 November 1913. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
18. Pierre 1981, p. 138,146. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierre1981 (help)
19. "Railways Improvement Authorization Act, 1914" (PDF).
20. "LOCAL AND GENERAL NEWS. (New Zealand Herald, 1927-01-14)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
21. "Parliamentary Papers | Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1938 Session I – RAILWAYS STATEMENT (BY THE MINISTER OF RAILWAYS, HON. D. G. SULLIVAN)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
22. "LINE DUPLICATED. (Auckland Star, 1938-10-11)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
23. "Parliamentary Papers | Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1940 Session I – RAILWAYS STATEMENT (BY THE MINISTER OF RAILWAYS, HON. D. G. SULLIVAN)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
24. "Parliamentary Papers | Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1941 Session I – RAILWAYS STATEMENT (BY THE MINISTER OF RAILWAYS, HON. R. SEMPLE)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
25. Yonge 1985, p. 4.
26. Yonge 1985, p. 3.
27. "Level Crossings". New Zealand Herald. 1938. p. 15. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
28. Yonge 1985, p. 16.
29. Yonge 1985, p. 9.
30. "NIMT bridge replacement project". KiwiRail. 29 June 2014.
31. "The bridges of Ōtaki: expressway work winds through the Kāpiti Coast". Stuff.
32. "Express CONNECT – May 2019". New Zealand Transport Agency.
33. "Wiri to Westfield – The Case for Investment" (PDF). KiwiRail. December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
34. "Jacinda Ardern outlines Labour's light rail plan for Auckland". Stuff. 6 August 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
35. "KiwiRail – Wellington Projects". 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
36. Tom McGavin (Autumn 1988). "North Island Main Trunk Electrified". New Zealand Railway Observer. New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. 45 (1): 49. ISSN 0028-8624.
37. "September 1994 decisions". Campaign Against Foreign Control of Aotearoa.
38. Churchman & Hurst 2001, p. 30.
39. "$1b Auckland rail upgrade powers ahead". The New Zealand Herald. 21 May 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
40. "ARTA". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
41. "Electric trains". Auckland Transport. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
42. "Auckland trains go electric". Radio New Zealand News. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
43. Dearnaley, Mathew (6 June 2008). "Electric train lines may reach Hamilton". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
44. Mathew Dearnaley (22 May 2012). "Push for electric to Pukekohe". NZ Herald.
45. "Auckland Transport Alignment Project" (PDF). Auckland Council. April 2018.
46. Jane Paterson (29 January 2020). "Govt's $12b infrastructure spend: Rail, roads and DHBs the big winners". Retrieved 29 January 2020.
47. "EXTENSION OF ELECTRIFICATION – Benefits and Costs – Report to ONTRACK". Murray King and Francis Small Consulting. 2008.
48. Nigel Wilson. "Raumati Station Now". Retrieved 23 February 2011.
49. "KiwiRail announces fleet decision on North Island line". 21 December 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
50. "Wellington.scoop.co.nz » Electric locomotives to be retained on the main trunk line".
51. "Unique rail carriage on track for re-enactment". Wairarapa Times-Age. 28 February 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
52. "Stamp Issue Celebrates Main Trunk Line Centenary". New Zealand Post Stamp issue. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
53. Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Makatote viaduct". www.teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
54. Pierre 1981, p. 56. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierre1981 (help)
55. Pierre 1981, p. 70. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierre1981 (help)
56. Sinclair 1987, p. 148.
57. Pierre 1981, p. 82. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierre1981 (help)
58. Pierre 1981, p. 33. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierre1981 (help)
59. "Coal mining stops at Huntly East". NZ Railway Observer. December 2015.
60. "Overlander to continue running". The New Zealand Herald. 28 September 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
61. New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas (First ed.). Quail Map Co. 1965. pp. 3 & 4.
62. Pierre 1981, p. 289–290. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPierre1981 (help)
63. KiwiRail list of stations
64. Scoble, Juliet (2010). "Names & Opening & Closing Dates of Railway Stations in New Zealand 1863 to 2010" (PDF). Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand.
65. "STATEMENT BY THE MINISTER FOR PUBLIC WORKS, THE HON. RICHARD OLIVER, FRIDAY, 6th AUGUST, 1880". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
66. "CHANGE OF NAME. (Wananga, 1878-11-23)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
67. "Waikato District Council: Built Heritage Assessment 2014 – with Whangarata map extract showing 1912 widening". Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
68. "Waikato District Council: Tuakau Structure Plan Built Heritage Assessment 2014 – with photo". Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
69. McGavin 1989, p. 14. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcGavin1989 (help)

Bibliography

• Bill Pierre (1981). North Island Main Trunk: An Illustrated History. A.H. & A.W. Reed. ISBN 0-589-01316-5.
• Churchman, Geoffrey B; Hurst, Tony (2001) [1990, 1991]. The Railways of New Zealand: A Journey through History (Second ed.). Transpress New Zealand. ISBN 0-908876-20-3.
• Hutchins, Graham (2019). Going by Train: the Complete New Zealand Railway Story. Dunedin: Exisle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-77559-355-3.
• Leitch, David; Scott, Brian (1998). Exploring New Zealand's Ghost Railways. Grantham House. ISBN 1-86934-048-5.
• Tom McGavin (Autumn 1989). "Recalling the Standard Railcars". New Zealand Railway Observer. New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. 46 (1). ISSN 0028-8624.
• Sinclair, Roy (1987). Rail: The Great New Zealand Adventure. Wellington: Grantham House. ISBN 1-86934-013-2.
• Yonge, John (1985). New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas (Third ed.). Quail Map Company. ISBN 090060932X.

Gallery

• 
  Makohine Viaduct 1930s
• 
  EW & DC locos near Paekakariki 2005
• 
  EF locomotive in "Bumble Bee" livery 2006
• 
  EF locomotive at Palmerston North 2007
• 
  KA loco at NIMT centenary 2008
• 
  Freight train north of Fielding 2010

External links

• New Zealand Geographic - Riding the Long Steel Road - article on the NIMT
• A history of the NIMT & Overlander, with video & sound clips
• NZ Engineering Heritage NIMT page
• The Romance of the Rail by James Cowan c1928
• Maori station names on the NIMT