Nemocón

Nemocón is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Central Savanna Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. Nemocón, famous for its salt mine, was an important village in the Muisca Confederation, the country in the central Colombian Andes before the arrival of the Spanish. The municipality is situated in the northern part of the Bogotá savanna, part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense with its urban centre at an altitude of 2,585 metres (8,481 ft) and 65 kilometres (40 mi) from the capital Bogotá. Nemocón is the northeasternmost municipality of the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá and the Bogotá River originates close to Nemocón. The median temperature of Nemocón is 12.8 °C. The municipality borders Tausa in the north, Suesca in the east, Gachancipá and Zipaquirá in the south and in the west the rivers Checua and Neusa and the municipality of Cogua.[1]

Nemocón
Street in Nemocón
Flag
Location of the town and municipality of Nemocón in the Cundinamarca Department
Nemocón
Location in Colombia
Coordinates: 5°3′19″N 74°1′17″W
Country Colombia
DepartamentoCundinamarca
ProvinceCentral Savanna Province
Founded26 July 1600
Founded byLuis Henríquez
Government
 • MayorJulián Alfredo Rodríguez Montaño
(2020-2023)
Area
 • City98.1 km2 (37.9 sq mi)
 • Urban
0.61 km2 (0.24 sq mi)
Elevation
2,585 m (8,481 ft)
Population
 (2015)
 • City13,488
 • Density140/km2 (360/sq mi)
 • Urban
5,684
Demonym(s)Nemoconense
Time zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time)
Area code(s)+1
WebsiteOfficial website

Etymology

Nemocón is derived from Enemocón and means "The cry or sadness of the warrior" in the Chibcha language.[1] Another etymology is that the town is named after zipa Nemequene.[2]

History

Prehistory

Archaeological evidence surfaced by Gonzalo Correal Urrego in 1979 and Ana María Groot in 1992 has shown that Nemocón was inhabited early in the history of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. One of the oldest evidence of human settlement; lithic scraper tools,[3] bone tools and the remains of food of the hunter-gatherers (deer, foxes, jaguars and rodents) has been dated at 7640 BP.[4] The inhabitants of the area lived under rock shelters, similar to Tequendama.[5]

Herrera Period

Checua
Main article: Checua

The archaeological site Checua, at 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north from the urban centre of Nemocón, provided evidence carbon dated at around 6500 BCE. First researcher of Checua is female anthropologist and archaeologist Ana María Groot.[6] In later years other archaeological sites have been found.[7] Rock art has been discovered at various sites in Nemocón, among others at the border with Suesca.[8][9]

This lithic period, part of the Andean preceramic, predates the Herrera Period of which archaeological evidence has been found by Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff in 1975, 1976 and the 1980s.[10] Remains of deer, guinea pigs, rabbits, pecaris, howler monkeys and armadillos have been discovered in Nemocón and formed an important part of the diet of the people.[11][12][13] Ceramics of Nemocón date to the 4th century BC and showed that Nemocón in those ages was already important in the extraction of salt.[14] Excavations in Nemocón also have revealed the use of needles.[11]

Muisca

The Herrera Period was followed by the culturally advanced civilisation of the Muisca, organised in their loose Muisca Confederation. The Muisca Period typically commenced in 800 AD and the people were named Pueblo de la Sal; "Salt People" because of their trading in the product.[15][16] Ceramics of this period found in Nemocón originated from farther away on the Altiplano and ceramics of Nemocón and Zipaquirá found elsewhere on the Bogotá savanna are related to the salt trade.[17][18] Of the central Colombian indigenous peoples, only the Lache and U'wa were the other miners of salt. The Muisca exploited halite in various locations in their territories, among others in Nemocón, Zipaquirá, Sesquilé, Tausa, Gámeza, and Guachetá. Nemocón was a market town where the salt was traded.[19] A smaller salt mine was located in Sopó.[20] Early evidence of salt extraction dates back to the end of the first millennium BC.[21]

The Muisca women extracted the salt from a brine in large pots.[22][23][24] According to chronicler Juan de Santa Gertrudis, used the mineral to dry and preserve their fish and meat.[16]

Colonial period

During the Spanish colonial period, the salt was exploited by hand labour of the surviving Muisca.[25]

Modern Nemocón was founded on July 26, 1600 by Luis Henríquez.[1] As of 1614, wheat was successfully cultivated in Nemocón.[26]

Nemocón today

In modern times the extraction of salt continued and the economical activity of the town has expanded to the cultivation of flowers and the extraction of kaolin.[1]

Tourism

Famous for its salt mine and museum, Nemocón is a touristic village and linked by train from Bogotá. The salt mine is the second-largest of Colombia, after the Salt Cathedral in neighbouring Zipaquirá. Sunday is market day in Nemocón.[1]

Ferias
  • Festival del floricultor
  • September: Festival de Danzas
  • December: Festival del macramé and Christmas lighting

Born in Nemocón
  • Ricardo Moros Urbina, Painter s.XIX. Founder Colombian History Academy.
  • Miguel Gutiérrez Nieto, Bogotá´s National Prefect and Major under Mosquera's presidency, S. XIX
  • Eustacio Sanz de Santamaría, Foreign Affairs Secretary under Holguín's presidency. Diplomatic and writer
  • Felipa Molina Morales and Antonio de Luna, Commoners revolution indigenous leaders.
  • Luis Antonio Orjuela Quintero, Historian,. academic, educator.
  • Manuel Medardo Espinosa, romantic poet.
  • Julio Rubiano, former professional cyclist

Trivia
  • Remains of a mastodont have been found in Nemocón[27]
  • Scenes of the movie The 33 were filmed in the salt mine of Nemocón[27]
Panorama of the central square of Nemocón
  • Central square of Nemocón
  • House in Nemocón
  • Rural Nemocón
  • Greenhouses in rural Nemocón
  • Statue of Nemequene in Nemocón
  • Entrance of the salt mine of Nemocón
  • Salt mine
  • Salt mine
  • Salt mine
  • Salt mine
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gollark: Capital Letters Directly Imply Correctness And/Or Goodness, As They Say.
gollark: You can't overthrow God, they've been dead since 1996.
gollark: Of course. You are unlikely to implode.
gollark: https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/426116061415342080/925432567417696396/Screenshot_20211224-143635_YouTube.jpg

See also

References
  1. (in Spanish) Official website Nemocón Archived 2015-05-20 at Archive.today
  2. Espejo Olaya, 1999, p.1121
  3. Schrimpff, 1985, p.103
  4. (in Spanish) Colombia prehispánica - V. La Altiplanicie Cundiboyacense
  5. Correal Urrego, 1990b, p.71
  6. Groot, 1992, p.8
  7. (in Spanish) Periodos de los Sitios Arqueológicos
  8. (in Spanish) Caracterización de los sitios arqueológicos
  9. (in Spanish) Murales rupestres policromos en la Sabana de Bogotá
  10. Correal Urrego, 1990a, p.12
  11. Schrimpff, 1985, p.116
  12. Rivera Pérez, 2013, p.74
  13. Cooke, 1998, p.187
  14. (in Spanish) Ocupaciones humanas en el Altiplano Cundiboyacense - la Etapa Cerámica vista desde Zipaquirá
  15. Daza, 2013, p.21
  16. Daza, 2013, p.22
  17. De Paepe & Schrimpff, 1990, p.102
  18. Argüello García, 2015, p.43
  19. Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p.35
  20. Schrimpff, 1985, p.114
  21. Schrimpff, 1985, p.117
  22. Zerda, 1882, p.131
  23. Zerda, 1882, p.133
  24. Zerda, 1882, p.140
  25. Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p.36
  26. Restrepo Manrique, 2012, p.62
  27. (in Spanish) El mastodonte de Nemocón

Bibliography

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