National Theatre Munich

The National Theatre (German: Nationaltheater) on Max-Joseph-Platz in Munich, Germany, is a historic opera house, home of the Bavarian State Opera, Bavarian State Orchestra and the Bavarian State Ballet.

National Theatre, Munich
Königsbau of the Munich Residenz (left) and National Theatre (right), photographed by Joseph Albert (1860)
National Theatre, around 1900
Aerial view showing location of National Theatre in relation to the Residenz, 2007

Building

First theatre – 1818 to 1823

The first theatre was commissioned in 1810 by King Maximilian I of Bavaria because the nearby Cuvilliés Theatre had too little space. It was designed by Karl von Fischer, with the 1782 Odéon in Paris as architectural precedent.[1] Construction began on 26 October 1811 but was interrupted in 1813 by financing problems.[2] In 1817 a fire occurred in the unfinished building.

The new theatre finally opened on 12 October 1818 with a performance of Die Weihe by Ferdinand Fränzl, but was soon destroyed by another fire on 14 January 1823;[2] the stage décor caught fire during a performance of Die beyden Füchse by Étienne Méhul and the fire could not be put out because the water supply was frozen.[3][4] Coincidentally the Paris Odéon itself burnt down in 1818.

Second theatre – 1825 to 1943

Designed by Leo von Klenze, the second theatre incorporated Neo-Grec features in its portico and triangular pediment and an entrance supported by Corinthian columns. In 1925 it was modified to create an enlarged stage area with updated equipment. The building was gutted in an air raid on the night of 3 October 1943.[2]

Third theatre – 1963 to present

The third and present theatre (1963) recreates Karl von Fischer's original neo-classical design, though on a slightly larger, 2,100-seat scale.[1] The magnificent royal box is the centre of the interior rondel, decorated with two large caryatids. The new stage covers 2,500 square metres (3,000 sq yd), and is thus the world's third largest, after the Opéra Bastille in Paris and the Grand Theatre, Warsaw.[1]

Through the consistent use of wood as a building material, the auditorium has excellent acoustics. Architect Gerhard Moritz Graubner closely preserved the original look of the foyer and main staircase.[5] It opened on 21 November 1963 with an invitation-only performance of Die Frau ohne Schatten under the baton of Joseph Keilberth.[6] Two nights later came the first public performance, of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, again under Keilberth.[6]

Interior of the National Theatre

Music

During its early years, the National Theatre saw the premières of a significant number of operas, including many by German composers. These included Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde (1865), Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1868), Das Rheingold (1869) and Die Walküre (1870), after which Wagner chose to build the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth and held further premières of his works there.

During the latter part of the 19th century, it was Richard Strauss who would make his mark on the theatre in the city in which he was born in 1864. After accepting the position of conductor for a short time, Strauss returned to the theatre to become principal conductor from 1894 to 1898. In the pre-War period, his Friedenstag (1938) and Capriccio were premièred in Munich. In the post-War period, the house has seen significant productions and many world premieres.

World premieres
The list refers only to those premières of the Bavarian State Opera staged in the National Theatre. The Bavarian State Opera had additional premieres also in other theatres. The Bayerisches Staatsballett had also premieres in the National Theatre.
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References
  1. Schönbauer, Sina (15 June 2016). "Die Bayerische Staatsoper ist die drittgrößte Bühne Europas". Focus (in German). Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  2. "History of the Bayerische Staatsoper". Munich. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  3. Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, Band 25. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. 1823. p. 79.
  4. Görl, Wolfgang (1 April 2016). "Auch Bier kann den Brand löschen". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Munich. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  5. Abendroth, Walter (23 February 1956). "Wie soll das neue Nationaltheater aussehen?". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  6. Abendroth, Walter (29 November 1963). "272 Scheinwerfer im Nationaltheater". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg. Retrieved 8 September 2017.

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