NHL on CBS

The NHL on CBS is the branding used for broadcasts of National Hockey League (NHL) games produced by CBS Sports, the sports division of the CBS television network in the United States, for three separate periods from 1957 to 1960, 1967 to 1972 and 1979 to 1980. With the original 1957 game telecasts, CBS became the first American television network to broadcast NHL games.

NHL on CBS
Genre	NHL hockey telecasts
Directed by	Bob Dailey[1] Sandy Grossman John McDonough, Jr. (associate director) Stuart S. Meyer (technical director)
Presented by	Bud Palmer Fred Cusick Brian McFarlane Jim Gordon Stu Nahan Dan Kelly Bill Mazer Phil Esposito Harry Howell Dick Stockton Tim Ryan Lou Nanne
Country of origin	United States
Original language(s)	English
No. of seasons	4 (1956–1960 version) 6 (1967–1972 version) 2 (1979–1980 version) 12 (total)
Production
Producer(s)	Bill Creasy Charles H. Milton III[2]
Production location(s)	Various NHL venues
Cinematography	George Graffeo Harold Hoffman Bob Jamieson Sig Meyers
Camera setup	Multi-camera
Running time	180 minutes or until game ended
Production company(s)	CBS Sports
Release
Original network	CBS
Picture format	480i (SDTV) 1080i (HDTV)
Original release	January 5, 1957 (1957-01-05)–1960 (1960)* December 30, 1967 (1967-12-30)–May 11, 1972 (1972-05-11)* February 10, 1979 (1979-02-10)–May 24, 1980 (1980-05-24)
Chronology
Related shows	CBS Sports Spectacular
External links
Website

History

1956–1960 version

CBS first broadcast National Hockey League games for four seasons from 1956–57[3][4] to 1959–60. CBS aired games on Saturday afternoons[5][6][7][8][9][10] with Bud Palmer[11][12] served as the play-by-play announcer[13] while Fred Cusick did color commentary as well as interviews for the first three seasons. In 1959–60, Cusick moved over to play-by-play while Brian McFarlane came in to do the color commentary and interviews. The pregame and intermission interviews were done on the ice, with the interviewer on skates. No playoff games were televised during this period, and all broadcasts took place in one of the four American arenas[14] at the time.

As previously mentioned, CBS covered the 1956–57 season on Saturday afternoons, starting on January 5 (with the New York Rangers defeating the Chicago Black Hawks at Madison Square Garden, 6-1[15]).[16][17] For the next three years, the network continued airing games [18][19] on Saturday afternoons starting on November 2, 1957, October 18, 1958 and January 9, 1960.[20]

According to the 1991 book Net Worth: Exploding the Myths of Pro Hockey, during the 1956-57 season, CBS broadcast ten games that were popular with viewers. The four American franchises[21] at the time (the Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks,[22] Detroit Red Wings and New York Rangers[23][24]) each received US$100,000. However, the players themselves, received absolutely no money from the television deal.[25] One CBS employee said, "We got a call from a girl in Cincinnati who wanted to start a women's hockey league. We referred her to NHL president Clarence Campbell, who told her hockey was too rough for gals."

Furthermore, according to Sports Illustrated,[26] the NHL dropped CBS because the NHL owners did not want the fledgling Players' Association to gain a financial cut of the TV deal. This was despite the fact that CBS was at least at one point, getting better ratings than NBC's NBA package from around the same period, especially in cities that had NHL, minor-league, or major college hockey teams.

In 1963–64, CBS offered to broadcast a NHL Game of the Week on Saturdays during the National Football League season. By the winter, CBS would move the Game of the Week to Sundays in the same time slot. Ultimately, the NHL rejected the idea, saying it would cause too many scheduling and travel problems. The league was especially worried about a game from Montreal or Toronto being played on a Saturday afternoon (and not on Saturday night to accommodate CBC Television), and teams having to play an early afternoon game on Sunday after playing a game the previous night.

1956–57

Date	Teams
1/5/57[27]	Chicago (1) at New York (4)
1/12/57	New York (5) at Detroit (4)
1/19/57	Detroit at Chicago
1/26/57	New York (5) at Boston (3)
2/2/57	New York (4) at Detroit (5)
2/9/57	Montreal at Boston
2/16/57	Boston (5) at Chicago (6)
2/23/57	Detroit at Chicago
3/2/57	New York (3) at Boston (2)
3/9/57	Detroit (2) at Boston (4)

1957–58

Date	Teams
11/2/57[28]	Boston (0) at New York (5)
11/9/57	New York (0) at Chicago (5)
11/16/57	Detroit at Chicago
11/23/57	Montreal at Boston
11/30/57	Detroit (3) at New York (1)
12/7/57	Chicago (2) at Boston (2)
12/14/57	New York (4) at Detroit (4)
12/21/57	Detroit at Chicago
1/4/58	Boston (7) at New York (4)
1/11/58	Chicago at Detroit
1/18/58	New York (3) at Chicago (2)
1/25/58	Detroit (3) at Boston (5)
2/1/58	Chicago (2) at New York (3)
2/8/58	New York (5) at Detroit (2)
2/15/58	Montreal at Boston
2/22/58	Boston (1) at Detroit (6)
3/1/58	Boston (3) at Chicago (2)
3/8/58	Detroit at Chicago
3/15/58	New York (4) at Boston (0)
3/22/58	Chicago at Detroit

1958–59

Date	Teams
10/18/58	Detroit at Chicago
10/25/58	Chicago at New York
11/1/58	Detroit at Boston
11/8/58	Chicago at Detroit
11/15/58	Montreal at Chicago
11/22/58	Detroit at Boston
11/29/58	Boston at New York
12/6/58	Detroit at Chicago
1/3/59	Boston at Detroit
1/10/59	Detroit at New York
1/17/59	New York at Chicago
1/24/59	Chicago at Detroit
1/31/59	Chicago at Boston
2/7/59	Chicago at New York
2/14/59	Montreal at Boston
2/21/59	Chicago at Detroit
2/28/59	Boston at Chicago
3/7/59	New York at Chicago
3/14/59	Detroit at Boston
3/21/59	New York at Detroit

The Toronto Maple Leafs did not appear on the schedule because the team played at home every Saturday night during the season.

1967–1972 version

Coverage

For six seasons, from 1966–67[29][30][31][32] through 1971–72,[33][34] CBS aired a game each week[35][36] between mid-January until early-mid May in each of those seasons, mainly on a Sunday afternoon,[37] including playoffs.[38] Each American based franchise was paid US$100,000 annually for the first two years of the initial contract and $150,000 for the third.[39] From 1968–69[40][41][42][43] through 1971–72, the intermission studio was called "CBS Control," just like with its NFL coverage.

Due to prior programming commitments, CBS did not broadcast regular season games during the 1966-67 season, so that portion of the package was subleased to RKO General, which syndicated eight regular-season games to some cities, including the four U.S. cities that then had NHL clubs and the six U.S. cities that would gain new teams in the 1967 expansion. During the 1967 playoffs,[44] CBS was scheduled to broadcast the April 8 game between the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens. However, an AFTRA strike forced cancellation of the telecast. The strike itself ultimately ended two days later.

CBS started its weekly 1967–68 coverage[45] with the opening game (the Philadelphia Flyers vs. Los Angeles Kings) at The Forum in Inglewood, California on December 30.[46] Then after two more Saturday afternoons, CBS switched to covering Sunday afternoon games beginning on January 28 for the next 10 weeks.[47] On March 10, 1968, CBS broadcast a game at Chicago Stadium between Toronto and Chicago.[48] In a precursor to the "Heidi fiasco" on NBC a few months later, CBS by the last minute or so, decided that the game was over and went to a children's movie called The Goalkeeper Also Lives on Our Street.

Due to another strike by AFTRA (which resulted in the cancellation of a New York Rangers-Montreal broadcast), CBS started its playoff coverage with a CBC tape of the previous night's Boston-Montreal game. On April 13, CBS started its three-week-long weekend afternoon Stanley Cup coverage. The last game of the series was St. Louis-Montreal on May 11. For the playoffs, Jim Gordon worked play-by-play and Stu Nahan worked color commentary and intermission interviews. During the regular season, Gordon and Nahan[49] alternated roles each week. For instance, Gordon worked play-by-play on December 30 while Nahan worked play-by-play the next week.

In 1968–69,[50][51] CBS broadcast 13 regular season afternoon games and five Stanley Cup playoff games.[52][53] Dan Kelly did play-by-play while Bill Mazer did color commentary and intermission interviews.[54][55]

In 1970, Pat Summerall and then Boston Bruins' television announcer Don Earle did a short post-game segment from inside the team's dressing room at the end of CBS' coverage of the fourth (and what turned out to be the final game) of the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals. WSBK-TV, which was the Bruins' television flagship at the time, simulcast the CBS coverage and did a longer post-game locker-room segment after CBS' coverage ended. After Bobby Orr scored the championship-winning goal after just 40 seconds, so the story went, Summerall turned to Bobby's father, Doug Orr (who was reportedly, too nervous to go back to his seat from the Bruins' dressing room for the start of overtime) and yelled over the crowd in the stands above "Mr. Orr, your son has scored and Boston has won the Stanley Cup!" Doug Orr is said to have told Summerall, "I know Boston scored, but we didn't see it! What makes you think my son scored?" Summerall supposedly replied, "Because they wouldn't be yelling this loudly if Esposito had scored!"

On January 31, 1971, CBS was scheduled to carry a game between the Boston Bruins and St. Louis Blues, a rematch of the 1970 Finals. The game was to begin at 2 p.m. Eastern Time, but NASA announced that the Apollo 14 lunar-landing mission would be launched that afternoon at 3:23 p.m. Eastern Time. CBS decided to air the first period of the game live, then switch to news coverage once the first period ended (at approximately 2:30 p.m. Eastern Time). At about 4:30 p.m. Eastern Time, after the launch coverage was due to end, CBS would show the second and third periods of the game on tape delay. But the launch was delayed for over a half-hour, and after the launch took place, CBS had no time to show the rest of the game on tape. The theme music that CBS employed during this period bore similarities to the song "Sounds"[56] by Hot Butter.

Weekend afternoon playoff games were shown by the network; the same pattern continued through the 1971–72 season. CBS did manage to televise the 1971 Stanley Cup Finals clincher on a Tuesday night and the 1972 Stanley Cup Finals clincher[57] on a Thursday night. In 1971, CBS was not scheduled to broadcast Game 7 of the Stanley Cup Finals, but showed the prime time contest (the first ever occurrence of a NHL game being nationally televised in prime time in the United States) between the Montreal Canadiens and Chicago Black Hawks after fans reportedly swamped switchboards at network headquarters in New York City asking that the seventh game be televised. Ironically, the game was not telecast by CBS' Chicago owned-and-operated station WBBM-TV, nor on CBS affiliates in most of Illinois, and parts of Indiana, Wisconsin and Iowa, due to Blackhawks' owner Arthur M. Wirtz policy of not telecasting home games. While Dan Kelly once again handled all of the play-by-play work, Jim Gordon replaced Bill Mazer[58] in 1970–71. For the CBS' Stanley Cup Finals coverage during this period, a third voice was added to the booth (Phil Esposito in 1971 and Harry Howell in 1972).

One trivial note however, on January 23, 1972, Jim Gordon was not in Boston for the Buffalo-Boston game. Therefore, Dick Stockton filled-in and did the game with Dan Kelly. Stockton, although doing some work for The NFL on CBS, was also at the time a sports anchor for WBZ-TV in Boston, which ironically was at the time an NBC affiliate (WBZ-TV switched from NBC to CBS on January 2, 1995, after its parent company Westinghouse invested in and later purchased CBS, making WBZ an owned-and-operated station of the network in September 1995 which it has remained as since).

During the 1972 Stanley Cup Finals between the Boston Bruins and New York Rangers, CBS took a rather calculated risk in not televising the Game 5 match on May 9 (CBS aired regular programming, including the original Hawaii Five-O in that time period on that Tuesday night). This was despite the fact that Game 5 was a potential clincher with the Bruins up three games to one on the Rangers. CBS ultimately lucked out (since the Rangers won Game 5 3-2), and televised the clincher (Game 6) on Thursday night, May 11.

After CBS lost the American television rights to NBC following the 1971-72 season (CBS was paying less than $2 million a year and NBC jumped to $5.3 million[59]), the network covered the inaugural season of the World Hockey Association.[60] The WHA's TV deal[61] permitted it to sell week‐night games to other networks (CBS meanwhile, would show games on Sunday afternoons in addition the all-star game and playoffs[62]). In addition, the WHA also sold a $3‐million package to Canada. On January 7, 1973, CBS aired its first WHA game between the Minnesota Fighting Saints and Winnipeg Jets live from the new St. Paul Civic Center with Ron Oakes, Gerry Cheevers and Dick Stockton announcing.

In relation to the 1967 NHL expansion

CBS' second go-around with the NHL came at just about the time when the NHL's Original Six franchises were to be joined by the league's first expansion class of 1967–68.[63] Although the San Francisco Bay Area was not considered a particularly good hockey market, the terms of a new television agreement with a U.S. network (ultimately CBS) called for two of the expansion teams to be located in California. Hence, the California Seals and Los Angeles Kings joined the National Hockey League in an attempt to get a better TV deal, given that two large West Coast television markets would have NHL clubs (the Seals were renamed the Oakland Seals during their first season and then were rechristened the California Golden Seals when purchased by Charlie O. Finley in 1970–71).[64] CBS was hoping that they would grow with the NHL by persuading them to go coast-to-coast (Montreal to Los Angeles) in a similar fashion for which they had grown with the National Football League (beginning in 1956).

Memorable moments

Perhaps, the most memorable moment came on Mother's Day of 1969–70 (May 10), when Bobby Orr's[65] winning goal in overtime of Game 4 of the Stanley Cup Finals gave his Boston Bruins their first Stanley Cup Championship since 1941, as they swept the St. Louis Blues at the old Boston Garden. Immediately upon scoring, Orr was sent flying by St. Louis defenceman Noel Picard. The "flight" was captured by a news photographer and is one of the iconic images in the history of sports. In 1999, that goal was voted the greatest moment in NHL history by a panel of sportswriters who cover the league's clubs on a regular basis.

The most commonly seen video clip of Bobby Orr's "flight" is the American version of the broadcast on CBS as called by Dan Kelly. This archival clip can be considered a rarity, since about 98% of the time, any surviving kinescopes or videotapes of the actual telecasts of hockey games from this era usually emanate from CBC's coverage. According to Dick Irvin Jr.'s book My 26 Stanley Cups (Irvin was in the CBC booth with Danny Gallivan during the 1970 Stanley Cup Finals), he was always curious why even the CBC typically uses the CBS replay of the Bobby Orr goal (with Dan Kelly's commentary) instead of Gallivan's call. The explanation that Irvin received was that the CBC's master tape of the game (along with others) was thrown away in order to clear shelf space at the network.

The clip exists because WSBK-TV in Boston, then an independent station, was the television flagship of the Boston Bruins. WSBK had a weekly program during the season showing highlights of the previous week's games. WSBK got permission from CBS to simulcast the game and to tape the network's telecast and use highlights from that it for the next week's show. WSBK decided to show the entire (however brief) overtime session in the final 1969-70 edition (aired on May 17, 1970) of Bruins Highlights, as well as in Boston Bruins: World Champions, an hour-long documentary featuring highlights of the team's 1969-70 season and Stanley Cup win. Coincidentally, WSBK is now owned by CBS, run as a sister station to WBZ-TV (formerly owned by Westinghouse Broadcasting as an NBC affiliate).

On May 24, 1980, in Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Finals between the New York Islanders and Philadelphia Flyers, Bobby Nystrom scored the game winner at 7:11 of overtime on national television throughout the United States to secure the first Stanley Cup in Islanders' history. Nystrom was part of the first NHL team (1979-80 New York Islanders) to win a Stanley Cup with Europeans on its roster.[66]

Ratings

The highest-rated Stanley Cup Finals games in NHL on CBS history are the following:[67]

Rank	Date	Teams	Game	Viewership
1.	May 18, 1971 (prime time)	Chicago-Montréal	Game 7	12.41 million
2.	May 11, 1972 (prime time)	Boston-New York Rangers	Game 6	10.93 million
3.	April 30, 1972 (Sunday afternoon)	Boston-New York Rangers	Game 1	8.51 million
4.	May 7, 1972 (Sunday afternoon)	Boston-New York Rangers	Game 4	8.26 million

Stanley Cup playoffs commentating crews

Year	Round	Teams	Games	Play-by-play	Color commentary	Studio host
1967	Semifinals	Chicago-Toronto	Game 5	Jim Gordon	Stu Nahan
1968	Quarterfinals	Montréal-Boston	Game 2 (taped from 4/6, joined-in-progress; CBC tape)	Danny Gallivan	Dick Irvin Jr.	Ward Cornell
		New York Rangers-Chicago	Game 4	Jim Gordon	Stu Nahan
	Semifinals	Minnesota-St. Louis	Game 1	Jim Gordon	Stu Nahan
		Montréal-Chicago	Game 5	Jim Gordon	Stu Nahan
1969	Quarterfinals	St. Louis-Philadelphia	Game 4	Dan Kelly	Bill Mazer
	Semifinals	Montréal-Boston	Games 2, 4	Dan Kelly	Bill Mazer
1970	Quarterfinals	St. Louis-Minnesota	Game 4	Dan Kelly	Bill Mazer
	Semifinals	Chicago-Boston	Games 1, 4[68][69]	Dan Kelly	Jim Gordon
1971	Quarterfinals	Chicago-Philadelphia	Game 4	Dan Kelly	Jim Gordon
		Boston-Montréal	Game 7[70]	Dan Kelly	Jim Gordon
	Semifinals	Chicago-New York Rangers	Games 4, 7	Dan Kelly	Jim Gordon
1972	Quarterfinals	Minnesota-St. Louis[71]	Games 4, 7	Dan Kelly	Jim Gordon
	Semifinals	Boston-St. Louis	Game 3	Dan Kelly	Jim Gordon

Stanley Cup Finals commentating crews

Year	Teams	Games	Play-by-play	Color commentary	Studio host
1967	Montréal-Toronto	Games 2, 5	Stu Nahan	Jim Gordon
1968	St. Louis-Montréal	Games 1, 4	Stu Nahan	Jim Gordon
1969	Montréal-St. Louis	Games 1, 4	Dan Kelly	Bill Mazer
1970	St. Louis-Boston	Games 1,[72] 4	Dan Kelly	Bill Mazer
1971	Chicago-Montréal	Games 3, 6–7[73]	Dan Kelly	Jim Gordon and Phil Esposito	Jim Gordon
1972	Boston-New York Rangers	Games 1, 4,[74] 6	Dan Kelly	Jim Gordon and Harry Howell	Jim Gordon

As part of The CBS Sports Spectacular (1976, 1979–1980)

Super Series '76

On January 4, 1976, CBS decided to televise the Soviet Wings/Buffalo Sabres Super Series game[75] nationally. They likely did not expect very many viewers (with the exception of those in and near Buffalo and "rink rats" elsewhere) to watch as the game went head to head with the AFC Championship Game on NBC. The game also had to be over by 3:30 p.m. EST so that CBS is ready to broadcast the pregame for the NFC Championship Game. So to save two minutes, they cut "O Canada"[76] much to the dismay of those attending at Buffalo Memorial Auditorium.

The game did extend past 3:30 p.m. Eastern time, so CBS ended the telecast seconds after the final buzzer went off, allowing CBS to air as much of an abbreviated NFL Today pregame show prior to the NFC Championship game as possible.

1979 Challenge Cup

1978–79's Challenge Cup replaced the All-Star Game. It was a best of three series between the NHL All-Stars against the Soviet Union national squad. In the United States, Game 2,[77] which was held on a Saturday afternoon, was shown on CBS[78] as part of CBS Sports Spectacular.[79] The network refused to expand CBS Sports Spectacular to carry the game in full so instead, the show came on during the second intermission,[80] showed taped highlights of the first two periods, and then showed the final period live. The lead-in to Sports Spectacular was The World's Strongest Man. The then-CBS affiliate in Boston, the old WNAC-TV, broadcast a local college hockey game that led into Sports Spectacular.

The network, the show and their sponsors had a problem with the rink board advertising[81] that the NHL sold at Madison Square Garden, and refused to allow them to be shown on television. As a result, CBS viewers were unable to see the far boards above the yellow kickplate, and could only see players' skates when the play moved to that side of the ice. Games 1 and 3 were shown on the NHL Network,[82][83] where the advertising was no problem.

Dan Kelly and Lou Nanne were the commentators while Dick Stockton served as the host.

1980 Stanley Cup Finals

CBS only aired one other NHL game following Game 2 of the 1979 Challenge Cup. That would take place on May 24, 1980, with Game 6[84] of the Stanley Cup Finals between the Philadelphia Flyers and the New York Islanders.[85][86] CBS was mainly influenced by the United States men's Olympic hockey team's surprise gold medal victory (dubbed "The Miracle on Ice") in Lake Placid several months prior.[87] CBS agreed to pay $37 million to broadcast the sixth game. In return, the NHL happily moved[88] the starting time from prime time to the afternoon.[89] The Saturday afternoon game was the first full American network telecast of an NHL game since Game 5 of the 1975 Stanley Cup Finals aired on NBC. As previously mentioned, when CBS broadcast Game 2 of the 1979 Challenge Cup, it was only seen on CBS for the third period.

Game 6 was won in overtime by the host Islanders,[90] which captured the first of their four consecutive Stanley Cups. By this time, Dan Kelly[91] was joined by former NHL on NBC commentator, Tim Ryan.[92] Kelly did play-by-play for the first and third periods as well as overtime.[93] Meanwhile, Tim Ryan did play-by-play only for the second period. Minnesota North Stars general manager Lou Nanne[94] was the color commentator throughout the game.

Game 6 pulled a 4.4 rating on CBS.[95] After the game ended, except for its owned-and-operated stations in New York City and Philadelphia, CBS discontinued the telecast and went to a previously-scheduled golf telecast.[96] New York and Philadelphia viewers saw a post-game show before the network joined the very end of the golf broadcast. Given that the game went into overtime, CBS cut away from hockey during the intermission between the end of regulation and the start of overtime to present ten minutes of live golf coverage, with the golf announcers repeatedly mentioning that the network would return to hockey in time for the start of sudden-death.

As previously mentioned, Game 6 of the 1980 Stanley Cup Finals turned out to be the last NHL game (to date) to be televised on CBS. It was also the last NHL game on American network television until NBC televised the 1990 All-Star Game.[97][98][99]

Year	Teams	Games	Play-by-play	Color commentary
1980	Philadelphia-New York Islanders	Game 6	Dan Kelly (1st and 3rd periods and OT) Tim Ryan (2nd period)	Lou Nanne

Failed 1994–95 bid

After Fox outbid CBS for the rights to the package of National Football League games it had held for decades (and losing Major League Baseball after the league opted to launch its ill-fated The Baseball Network effort), CBS entered the bidding to regain the National Hockey League rights beginning in the 1994–95 season, only to again be outbid by Fox, which agreed to pay US$155 million for the five-year broadcast contract.[100]

Incidentally, during the 1990s, CBS had the American broadcast television rights to the Winter Olympics (1992, 1994 and 1998). The network used Mike Emrick[101] (1992 and 1994) and Sean McDonough (1998) on play-by-play for the ice hockey coverage, John Davidson (all three Olympics) and Mike Eruzione (1992 and 1998) on color commentary, and Darren Pang as the ice-level reporter (1998).

In 2010, CBS Sports president Sean McManus said regarding the prospects of the NHL returning to CBS in the foreseeable future[102] "It's a great property, but with our commitment to golf and college basketball, there just isn't room on our schedule." As a result, CBS did not place a bid for the broadcast rights when negotiations went underway prior to the pending 2011 expiration of NBCUniversal's contract with the league, being the only major network not to place a bid. The Comcast-owned networks (NBC and Versus, now NBCSN) renewed their existing deals through 2021.

National Hockey League coverage on CBS' owned-and-operated television stations

Main articles: CBS Television Stations, Owned-and-operated television stations in the United States, and Historical NHL over-the-air television broadcasters

Team	Stations	Years
New York Rangers	WCBW 2 (later WCBS-TV)	1946-1948
Pittsburgh Penguins	KDKA-TV 2	1990-1997

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External links

• Official website
• NHL on CBS on IMDb
• The NHL TV Set, Part 2: Two Network Split, Because the Baseball Network Worked So Well
  • The Suitor Tutor, Part 3: All The Rest

Preceded by None	NHL network broadcast partner in the United States 1956 - 1960	Succeeded by None
Preceded by NBC	NHL network broadcast partner in the United States 1966 - 1972	Succeeded by NBC
Preceded by NHL Network	NHL network broadcast partner in the United States (with Hughes) 1980	Succeeded by NBC (1990)