Mushir

Mushir (Arabic: مشير‎) is an Arab word meaning "counsellor" or "advisor". It is related to the word shura, meaning consultation or "taking counsel".

Military ranks of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman ranks	Western equivalents
Officers
Müşir مشير	Field marshal
Birinci Ferik (Serdar) فريق أول	General
Ferik فريق	Lieutenant general
Mirliva أمير لواء	Major general
Miralay أمير آلاي	Brigadier
Kaymakam قائم مقام	Colonel
Binbaşı بكباشي	Lieutenant colonel
Kolağası (Sağ Kolağası / Sol Kolağası) قول أغاسي	Major
Yüzbaşı يوزباشي	Captain
Mülâzım-ı Evvel ملازم أول	First lieutenant
Mülâzım-ı Sani ملازم ثاني	Second lieutenant
Non-commissioned officers
Çavuş شاويش	Sergeant
Onbaşı أونباشي	Corporal
Soldiers
Nefer نفر	Private

Military ranks of Egypt
Turco-Egyptian ranks (until 1958)	Modern Egyptian ranks	Western equivalents
Officers
Mushir مشير		General of the army/ Field Marshal
Sirdar سردار	Fariq awwal فريق أول	Colonel General
Fariq فريق		Lieutenant General
Liwa لواء		Major General
Amiralay أمير آلاي	Amid عميد	Brigadier
Qaimaqam قائم مقام	Aqid عقيد	Colonel
Bimbashi بكباشي	Muqaddam مقدم	Lieutenant Colonel
Sagh صاغ	Raid رائد	Major
Yuzbashi يوزباشي	Naqib نقيب	Captain
Mulazim awwal ملازم أول		First Lieutenant
Mulazim thani ملازم ثاني	Mulazim ملازم	Second Lieutenant
Non-commissioned officers
Shawish شاويش	Raqib رقيب	Sergeant
Ombashi أومباشي	Arif عريف	Corporal
Soldiers
Askari عسكري	Jundi جندي	Private

As an official title, it historically indicates a personal advisor to the ruler. In this use it is roughly comparable to the European titles of State Counsellor and counsellor of state.

In a military context, mushir became associated with the idea of the ruler's personal counsellor or advisor on military matters, and as such became the highest rank in Arab countries and the Ottoman Empire. It is used as the highest rank in most armed forces of the Middle East and North Africa, for armies, navies, and air forces. It is therefore equivalent to the ranks of Field Marshal and Admiral of the Fleet.

Iraq

In Iraq under the rule of Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi navy maintained a fleet admiral rank known as Mushir. A Mushir was the most senior of all naval officers and the rank was rarely bestowed. The sleeve insignia was the same as a British Admiral of the Fleet.

The rank of Mushir in Iraq is known as "Muhib" and is used in all official and unofficial addresses. Saddam Hussein as commander-in-chief of the armed forces was an honorary "staff muhib" (مهيب ركن) in the Iraqi army, and the uniform which he typically wore was that of a staff muhib. He was the only muhib in the Iraqi army, for the minister of defence and the chief of staff held the rank of Fariq awal rukun (فريق اول ركن), or "staff general". (Hussein never actually served in the Iraqi Army but commanded as ruler of Iraq.) After Hussein's fall in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the rank of Mushir became obsolete in the new Iraqi military.

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, the rank of Mushir is typically held ceremonially by the Saudi Royal Family, and translated as "First class Field Marshal".

List of Egyptian Field Marshals

Kingdom of Egypt

• HH Abbas I Hilmi Pasha (1813–1854)
• HH Ibrahim Pasha (1789–1848)
• Yahya Mansur Yeghen (1837–1913)
• Horatio Herbert Kitchener (1850–1916)
• 20 December 1914 - HH Sultan Hussein Kamel (1853–1917)
• HM King Fuad I (1868–1936)
• 'Aziz 'Ali al-Misri (1879–1965)
• HM King Farouk (1920–1965)
• 1949 - HM King Abdullah I of Jordan (1882–1951)
• 26 July 1952 - HM King Fuad II (b. 1952)
• 21 February 1955 - HM King Hussein of Jordan (1935–1999)

Republic of Egypt

• Abdel Hakim Amer (1919–1967) - Active Duty
• Ahmad Ismail Ali (1917–1974) - Active Duty
• Abdel Ghani Elgamasy (1921–2003) - Active Duty
• Fouad Mohamed Abou Zikry (1923–1983) - Honorary
• Mohammed Aly Fahmy (1920–1999) - Honorary
• Ahmed Badawi (1927–1981) - Posthumously
• Abd al-Halim Abu Ghazala (1930–2008) - Active Duty
• Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (b. 1935) - Active Duty
• Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (b. 1954) - Active Duty

See also

• List of field marshals of the Ottoman Empire