Morecambe Bay

Morecambe Bay is a large estuary in northwest England, just to the south of the Lake District National Park. It is the largest expanse of intertidal mudflats and sand in the United Kingdom, covering a total area of 310 km2 (120 sq mi). In 1974, the second largest gas field in the UK was discovered 25 miles (40 km) west of Blackpool, with original reserves of over 7 trillion cubic feet (tcf) (200 billion cubic metres). At its peak, 15% of Britain's gas supply came from the bay but production is now in decline. It is also one of the homes of the high brown fritillary butterfly.

Designations
Official nameMorecambe Bay
Designated4 October 1996
Reference no.863[1]

Natural features
A panorama of most of Morecambe Bay looking from East (bottom of photo) to West (top of photo). Barrow-in-Furness and Walney Island can be seen in the upper part of the photo and Lancaster and Morecambe are visible in the lower left-hand corner of the photo.

The rivers Leven, Kent, Keer, Lune and Wyre drain into the Bay, with their various estuaries making a number of peninsulas within the bay. Much of the land around the bay is reclaimed, forming salt marshes used in agriculture. Morecambe Bay is also an important wildlife site, with abundant birdlife and varied marine habitats, and there is a bird observatory at Walney Island. The bay has rich cockle beds, which have been fished by locals for generations.

There are seven main islands in the bay, all to the north; Walney, Barrow, Sheep, Piel, Chapel, Foulney and Roa. Walney is substantially larger than the others, with its southern tip marking the north-western corner of the Bay. Sheep, Piel, Chapel and Foulney Islands are tidal and can be walked to at low tide with appropriate care. Local guidance should be sought if walking to Chapel or Piel islands as fast tides and quicksand can be extremely dangerous. Roa Island is linked to the mainland by a causeway, while Barrow Island has been connected to the mainland as part of the docks system at Barrow-in-Furness.[2]

History
Map of the northern part of Morecambe Bay

The extensive sandflats are the remains of a vast sandur or outwash plain established by meltwaters as the last ice age waned. Sea-level was still some 3m below present day levels at the start of the Holocene some 11,000 years ago.[3][4]

The Greek geographer and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy (died c170 AD) referred in his writings to Morikambe eischusis as a location on Britain's west coast, lying between the Ribble and the Solway. Sixteenth century scholar William Camden identified the locality as being near Silloth, hence the similar name of that bay but the eighteenth century antiquarian John Horsley who translated Ptolemy into English in 1732 favoured it being the bay on the then Lancashire/Cumberland border. In 1771 historian John Whitaker took up this latter suggestion[5] and the name appeared on maps subsequently. The first recorded to do so being one associated with Father Thomas West's Antiquities of Furness of 1774. Camden believed the name originated with two words meaning crooked sea whilst West offered up white/beautiful haven though current thought is that it refers to a curve of the sea.[6]

Morecambe Bay from Ulverston

There have been royally appointed local guides (holding the post of Queen's Guide to the Sands) for crossing the bay for centuries. This difficulty of crossing the bay added to the isolation of the land to its north which, due to the presence of the mountains of the Lake District, could only be reached by crossing these sands or by ferry, until the Furness Railway was built in 1857. This skirts the edge of the bay, crossing the various estuaries. The London-Glasgow railway also briefly runs alongside the bay - the only place where the West Coast Main Line actually runs alongside the coast.

The bay is notorious for its quicksand and fast moving tides. On the night of 5 February 2004, at least 21 Chinese immigrant cockle pickers drowned after being cut off by the tides.[7][8]

Morecambe Bay is also home to several of the UK's offshore wind farms: West of Duddon Sands, Burbo Bank, Walney, Barrow, and Ormonde.

Population

Around 320,000 people live along the coastline of Morecambe Bay,[9] with the largest town being Barrow-in-Furness to the west. Morecambe was once a popular seaside holiday destination, whilst Barrow still relies on the seas for a large percentage of its economy in ship and submarine construction.

Town County Population
Barrow-in-Furness Cumbria 56,700
Morecambe Lancashire 34,800
Ulverston Cumbria 11,200
Heysham Lancashire 8,500
Grange-Over-Sands Cumbria 4,000

Natural gas
Rampside Gas Terminal
Morecambe Bay at low tide from Hest Bank, looking towards Grange-over-Sands
See also: Rampside Gas Terminal

The bay has Britain's second-largest natural gas field,[10] in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone with a seal of Mercia Mudstone[11] and a Carboniferous source.[10] The South Morecambe Field, covering an area of 32 square miles (83 km2), was discovered in 1974 and the first gas came ashore in 1985.[12] The North Morecambe Field, found in 1976, 8 miles (13 km) to the north, is 11 square miles (28 km2) and started production in 1994.[12] Both are operated by Centrica Energy.[12] They are 25 miles (40 km) west of Blackpool in 30 metres of water;[12] the top of the gas reservoir is at a depth of just 900 metres (3,000 ft), necessitating slant drilling for the first time in European waters.[11] The combined gas reserves on discovery were estimated at 179 billion cubic metres (6.45 trillion cubic feet (tcf)).[12] A further 0.65tcf is recognised in the satellite fields of Bains, Calder (Rivers), Dalton, Millom East and Millom West, and a number of smaller fields have been identified.[12]

The gas is landed at three terminals at Westfield Point in Barrow-in-Furness, collectively referred to as the Rampside Gas Terminal.[12] The South Morecambe Central Processing Complex is connected via a 36-inch pipeline to the South Morecambe terminal.[12] North Morecambe gas has a different composition so the unmanned Drilling and Production Platform is linked by a separate 36" wet sealine to the North Morecambe Terminal, where it is stripped of water, CO2 and nitrogen.[12] The Rivers Terminal has a dedicated pipeline for sour gas from the Calder field, which must be stripped of hydrogen sulphide before processing by the North Morecambe Terminal.[12] The hydrogen sulphide is converted to sulphuric acid which is sold for industrial use. In 1991 a 229 MW CCGT power plant was opened near the terminals, on the site of the former coal-fired Roosecote Power Station. There is a support base at Heysham Port and personnel are typically moved by helicopter from Blackpool International Airport.[12] Five rig workers and the two pilots of a Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin were lost when it crashed in sight of the platform on 27 December 2006.[13]

At peak production 15% of UK supply came from the two main fields.[12] As of 2006 Centrica reckoned there was about 1.2tcf of economic gas remaining in them, and they planned to operate the fields for another 10–15 years.[12] In June 2011 they announced the South Morecambe field would be suspended as a result of tax increases in the 2011 Budget which meant South Morecambe would be paying a rate of 81% tax; North Morecambe and Rivers would continue in production[14] as they are taxed at 62%.[15] Production resumed from the South Morecambe field in July 2011.[16]

Bridge proposal
The Donghai Bridge in Shanghai, China has a similar structure to the proposed Morecambe Bay Bridge.

Discussions as to whether to build a road bridge over the bay have been ongoing for decades, particularly in the more isolated north of the bay. The most recent suggestion was of a "green bridge", flanked by wind turbines and using tidal power to mitigate the environmental damage of its construction.[17] The bridge would be 12 miles (19 km) long making it the longest bridge in Europe and creating over 10,000 high paid jobs. It would stretch from Heysham to Barrow-in-Furness, at the bay's mouth. The bridge would cut journey times from the M6 to Barrow from nearly 2 hours, to just 22 minutes, with 80% less fuel consumption. Feasibility studies are ongoing, though over two years since this version of the bridge was proposed, little progress has been made. In the 2005 general election, Timothy Bell polled just 1.1% of the votes in the Barrow and Furness constituency for the Build Duddon and Morecambe Bay Bridges Party.

Abandoned car in Morecambe Bay, 400 metres (1,300 ft) from the shore

A lease has been granted for developing two wind turbine sites in the bay, one at Walney Island and the other at Cleveleys. Together these will have around 50 turbines.

The project's backers, Bridge Across the Bay Ltd., have compared the proposed bridge's importance to that of the Øresundsbron (the Øresund Bridge) near Copenhagen and the Angel of the North. It is thought planning could be granted by 2018, with work starting the following year, at a cost of £8 billion.[18][19]

Cultural reference

The poetical illustration, Lancaster, by Letitia Elizabeth Landon relates a tragic incident on the dangerous sands in the neighbourhood, which must be those of Morecambe Bay.

Further reading
  • A brief article on the Morecambe Bay tidal crossing appeared in 2005: Cawley, David [2005]: Time & Tide: Morecambe Bay, hidden europe magazine, 4 (Sept 2005), pp. 40–44.
gollark: *But* some single humans could... probably break civilization.
gollark: Not entirely, no.
gollark: As technology improves this will probably get even more problematic as individual humans get able to throw around more energy to do things.
gollark: > A human gone rogue can be stopped easily enoughI mean, a hundred years ago, a rogue human might have had a gun or something, and could maybe shoot a few people before they were stopped. Nowadays, humans have somewhat easier access to chemical stuff and can probably get away with making bombs or whatever, while some control advanced weapons systems, and theoretically Trump and others have access to nukes.Also, I think on-demand commercial DNA printing is a thing now and with a few decades more development and some biology knowledge you could probably print smallpox or something?
gollark: You probably want to be able to improvise and stuff for emergencies, like in The Martian, and obviously need to be good at repair, but mostly those don't happen much.

References
  1. "Morecambe Bay". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  2. "No Boat Required – Exploring Tidal Islands", Peter Caton, 2011, Troubador Publishing, ISBN 978-1848767-010
  3. https://www.arnsidesilverdaleaonb.org.uk/uploads/2016/03/mp_specialqualitiesreport.pdf
  4. Johnson, Richard Hugh (1985). The Geomorphology of North-west England (First ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0719017904.
  5. Eilert Ekwall, Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names, Oxford University Press.
  6. "Where does the name Morecambe Bay come from?".
  7. Channel 4 documentary-drama 'Ghosts'
  8. "Coroner records unlawful killing verdict on Morecambe Bay cockler (From The Westmorland Gazette)". Thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-11-07.
  9. "Check Browser Settings". statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  10. "Oil and Gas from the Western Basins". United Kingdom Offshore Oil and Gas Industry Association. 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28.
  11. Stuart, I. A.; Cowan, G. (1 January 1991), "The South Morecambe Field, Blocks 110/2a, 110/3a, 110/8a, UK East Irish Sea", Memoirs of the Geological Society, London, 14: 527–541, doi:10.1144/GSL.MEM.1991.014.01.66, S2CID 140723122
  12. "Hydrocarbon Resources Limited Morecambe Bay Environmental Statement 2006" (PDF). Department for Energy and Climate Change. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-17.
  13. "Six dead in rig helicopter crash". BBC News. 28 December 2006.
  14. "Centrica mothballs Morecambe Bay gas field". Lancaster Guardian. 2 June 2011.
  15. Wachman, Richard (1 May 2011). "Centrica threatens to shut down Morecambe Bay gas field". The Guardian.
  16. "Centrica restarts mothballed Morecambe Bay gas field". www.thevisitor.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  17. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-05-10. Retrieved 2016-02-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. "nwemail.co.uk". Archived from the original on 2007-12-12.
  19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cumbria/3723779.stm news.bbc.co.uk

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