Month

A month is a unit of time, used with calendars, which is approximately as long as a natural period related to the motion of the Moon; month and Moon are cognates. The traditional concept arose with the cycle of Moon phases; such months (lunations) are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days. From excavated tally sticks, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon's phases as early as the Paleolithic age. Synodic months, based on the Moon's orbital period with respect to the Earth-Sun line, are still the basis of many calendars today, and are used to divide the year.

Types of months in astronomy

Main article: Lunar month

The following types of months are mainly of significance in astronomy, most of them (but not the distinction between sidereal and tropical months) first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy.

1. The sidereal month is defined as the Moon's orbital period in a non-rotating frame of reference (which on average is equal to its rotation period in the same frame). It is about 27.32166 days (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.6 seconds). It is closely equal to the time it takes the Moon to pass twice a "fixed" star (different stars give different results because all have a very small proper motion and are not really fixed in position).
2. A synodic month is the most familiar lunar cycle, defined as the time interval between two consecutive occurrences of a particular phase (such as new moon or full moon) as seen by an observer on Earth. The mean length of the synodic month is 29.53059 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 2.8 seconds). Due to the eccentricity of the lunar orbit around Earth (and to a lesser degree, the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun), the length of a synodic month can vary by up to seven hours.
3. The tropical month is the average time for the Moon to pass twice through the same equinox point of the sky. It is 27.32158 days, very slightly shorter than the sidereal month (27.32166) days, because of precession of the equinoxes.
4. An anomalistic month is the average time the Moon takes to go from perigee to perigee—the point in the Moon's orbit when it is closest to Earth. An anomalistic month is about 27.55455 days on average.
5. The draconic month, draconitic month, or nodal month is the period in which the Moon returns to the same node of its orbit; the nodes are the two points where the Moon's orbit crosses the plane of the Earth's orbit. Its duration is about 27.21222 days on average.

A synodic month is longer than a sidereal month because the Earth-Moon system is orbiting the Sun in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth. The Sun moves eastward with respect to the stars (as does the Moon) and it takes about 2.2 days longer for the Moon to return to the same apparent position with respect to the Sun.

An anomalistic month is longer than a sidereal month because the perigee moves in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth, one revolution in nine years. Therefore, the Moon takes a little longer to return to perigee than to return to the same star.

A draconic month is shorter than a sidereal month because the nodes move in the opposite direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth, one revolution in 18.6 years. Therefore, the Moon returns to the same node slightly earlier than it returns to the same star.

Calendrical consequences

Further information: lunar calendar and lunisolar calendar

At the simplest level, most well-known lunar calendars are based on the initial approximation that 2 lunations last 59 days: a 30-day full month followed by a 29-day hollow month—but this is only roughly accurate, and eventually needs correction by using larger cycles, or the equivalent of leap days. Additionally, the synodic month does not fit easily into the year, which makes accurate, rule-based lunisolar calendars complicated. The most common solution to this problem is the Metonic cycle, which takes advantage of the fact that 235 lunations are approximately 19 tropical years (which add up to not quite 6,940 days). However, a Metonic calendar will drift against the seasons by about one day every 200 years. Metonic calendars include the calendar used in the Antikythera Mechanism about 2,000 years ago, and the Hebrew calendar.

The complexity required in an accurate lunisolar calendar may explain why solar calendars (which have months which no longer relate to the phase of the Moon, but are based only on the motion of the Sun relative to the equinoxes and solstices) have generally replaced lunar calendars for civil use in most societies.

Months in various calendars

Beginning of the lunar month

The Hellenic calendars, the Hebrew Lunisolar calendar and the Islamic Lunar calendar started the month with the first appearance of the thin crescent of the new moon.

However, the motion of the Moon in its orbit is very complicated and its period is not constant. The date and time of this actual observation depends on the exact geographical longitude as well as latitude, atmospheric conditions, the visual acuity of the observers, etc. Therefore, the beginning and lengths of months defined by observation cannot be accurately predicted.

While some like the Jewish Karaites still rely on actual moon observations, most people use the Gregorian solar calendar.

Pingelapese, a language from Micronesia, also uses a lunar calendar. There are 12 months associated with their calendar. The moon first appears in March, they name this month Kahlek. This system has been used for hundreds of years and throughout many generations. This calendar is cyclical and relies on the position and shape of the moon.[1]

Julian and Gregorian calendars

The Gregorian calendar, like the Julian calendar before it, has twelve months:

Chronology	Alphabetic	Days
1	January	31 days
2	February	28 days, 29 in leap years
3	March	31 days
4	April	30 days
5	May	31 days
6	June	30 days
7	July	31 days
8	August	31 days
9	September	30 days
10	October	31 days
11	November	30 days
12	December	31 days

On top of the knuckles (yellow): 31 days
Between the knuckles (blue): 30 days
February (red) has 28 or 29 days.

The white keys of the musical keyboard correlate to months with 31 days. ('F' correlates to January.)

The mean month length of the Gregorian calendar is 30.436875 days.

Months existing in the Roman calendar in the past include:

• the mensis intercalaris, an occasional month after February to realign the calendar.
• Quintilis, renamed to July in honour of Julius Caesar.
• Sextilis, renamed to August in honour of Augustus.

The famous mnemonic Thirty days hath September is a common way of teaching the lengths of the months in the English-speaking world. Any five consecutive months (not including February) contain 153 days. The knuckles of the four fingers of one's hand and the spaces between them can be used to remember the lengths of the months. By making a fist, each month will be listed as one proceeds across the hand. All months landing on a knuckle are 31 days long and those landing between them are not. When the knuckle of the index finger is reached (July), go back to the first knuckle (or over to the first knuckle on the other fist, held next to the first) and continue with August. This physical mnemonic has been taught to primary school students for many decades.[2][3]

This cyclical pattern of month lengths matches the musical keyboard alternation of white and black keys (with the note 'F' correlating to the month of January).

Calends, nones, and ides

The ides occur on the thirteenth day in eight of the months, but in March, May, July, and October, they occur on the fifteenth. The nones always occur 8 days (one Roman week) before the ides, i.e., on the fifth or the seventh. The calends are always the first day of the month, and before Julius Caesar's reform fell sixteen days (two Roman weeks) after the ides (except the ides of February and the intercalary month).

Relations between dates, weekdays, and months in the Gregorian calendar

Within a month, the following dates fall on the same weekday:

• 01, 08, 15, 22, and 29 (e.g., in January 2019, all these dates fell on a Tuesday)
• 02, 09, 16, 23, and 30 (e.g., in January 2019, all these dates fell on a Wednesday)
• 03, 10, 17, 24, and 31 (e.g., in January 2019, all these dates fell on a Thursday)
• 04, 11, 18, and 25 (e.g., in January 2019, all these dates fell on a Friday)
• 05, 12, 19, and 26 (e.g., in January 2019, all these dates fell on a Saturday)
• 06, 13, 20, and 27 (e.g., in January 2019, all these dates fell on a Sunday)
• 07, 14, 21, and 28 (e.g., in January 2019, all these dates fell on a Monday)

Some months have the same date/weekday structure.

In a non-leap year:

• January/October (e.g., in 2019, they began/begin on a Tuesday)
• February/March/November (e.g., in 2019, they began/begin on a Friday)
• April/July (e.g., in 2019, they began/begin on a Monday)
• September/December (e.g., in 2019, they begin on a Sunday)
• January 1 and December 31 fall on the same weekday (e.g. in 2019 on a Tuesday)

In a leap year:

• February/August (e.g. in 2020, they begin on a Saturday)
• March/November (e.g., in 2020, they begin on a Sunday)
• January/April/July (e.g., in 2020, they begin on a Wednesday)
• September/December (e.g., in 2020, they begin on a Tuesday)
• February 29 (the leap day) falls on the same weekday like February 1, 08, 15, 22, and August 1 (see above; e.g. in 2020 on a Saturday)

Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar has 12 or 13 months.

1. Nisan, 30 days ניסן
2. Iyar, 30 days אייר
3. Sivan, 30 days סיון
4. Tammuz, 29 days תמוז
5. Av, 30 days אב
6. Elul, 29 days אלול
7. Tishri, 30 days תשרי
8. Marcheshvan, 29/30 days מַרְחֶשְׁוָן
9. Kislev, 30/29 days כסלו
10. Tevet, 29 days טבת
11. Shevat, 30 days שבט
12. Adar 1, 30 days, intercalary month אדר א
13. Adar 2, 29 days אדר ב

Adar 1 is only added 7 times in 19 years. In ordinary years, Adar 2 is simply called Adar.

Islamic calendar

There are also twelve months in the Islamic calendar. They are named as follows:

1. Muharram (Restricted/sacred) محرّم
2. Safar (Empty/Yellow) صفر
3. Rabī' al-Awwal/Rabi' I (First Spring) ربيع الأول
4. Rabī' ath-Thānī/Rabi' al-Aakhir/Rabi' II (Second spring or Last spring) ربيع الآخر أو ربيع الثاني
5. Jumada al-Awwal/Jumaada I (First Freeze) جمادى الأول
6. Jumada ath-Thānī or Jumādā al-Thānī/Jumādā II (Second Freeze or Last Freeze) جمادى الآخر أو جمادى الثاني
7. Rajab (To Respect) رجب
8. Sha'bān (To Spread and Distribute) شعبان
9. Ramadān (Parched Thirst) رمضان
10. Shawwāl (To Be Light and Vigorous) شوّال
11. Dhu al-Qi'dah (The Master of Truce) ذو القعدة
12. Dhu al-Hijjah (The Possessor of Hajj) ذو الحجة

See Islamic calendar for more information on the Islamic calendar.

Arabic calendar

Gregorian month		Arabic month
January	يناير	كانون الثاني	Kanun Al-Thani
February	فبراير	شباط	Shebat
March	مارس	اذار	Adhar
April	ابريل	نيسان	Nisan
May	مايو	أيّار	Ayyar
June	يونيو	حزيران	Ḩazayran
July	يوليو	تمّوز	Tammuz
August	أغسطس	اَب	ʕAb
September	سبتمبر	أيلول	Aylul
October	أكتوبر	تشرين الأول	Tishrin Al-Awwal
November	نوفمبر	تشرين الثاني	Tishrin Al-Thani
December	ديسمبر	كانون الأول	Kanun Al-Awwal

Hindu calendar

The Hindu calendar has various systems of naming the months. The months in the lunar calendar are:

	Sanskrit name	Tamil name	Telugu name	Nepali name
1	Caitra (चैत्र)	Chitirai (சித்திரை)	Chaithramu (చైత్రము)	Chaitra (चैत्र/चैत)
2	Vaiśākha (वैशाख)	Vaikasi (வைகாசி)	Vaisaakhamu (వైశాఖము)	Baisakh (बैशाख)
3	Jyeṣṭha (ज्येष्ठ)	Aani (ஆனி)	Jyeshttamu (జ్యేష్ఠము)	Jesth (जेष्ठ/जेठ)
4	Ashadha (आषाढ)	Aadi (ஆடி)	Aashaadhamu (ఆషాఢము)	Aasad (आषाढ/असार)
5	Śrāvaṇa (श्रावण)	Aavani (ஆவணி)	Sraavanamu (శ్రావణము)	Srawan (श्रावण/साउन)
6	Bhadrapada (भाद्रपद)	Purratasi (புரட்டாசி)	Bhaadhrapadamu (భాద్రపదము)	Bhadau (भाद्र|भदौ)
7	Āśvina (अश्विन)	Aiypasi (ஐப்பசி)	Aasveeyujamu (ఆశ్వయుజము)	Asoj (आश्विन/असोज)
8	Kārtika (कार्तिक)	Kaarthigai (கார்த்திகை)	Kaarthikamu (కార్తీకము)	Kartik (कार्तिक)
9	Mārgaśīrṣa (मार्गशीर्ष)	Maargazhi (மார்கழி)	Maargaseershamu (మార్గశిరము)	Mangsir (मार्ग/मंसिर)
10	Pauṣa (पौष)	Thai (தை)	Pushyamu (పుష్యము)	Push (पौष/पुष/पूस)
11	Māgha (माघ)	Maasi (மாசி)	Maaghamu (మాఘము)	Magh (माघ)
12	Phālguna (फाल्गुन)	Panguni (பங்குனி)	Phaalgunamu (ఫాల్గుణము)	Falgun (फाल्गुन/फागुन)

These are also the names used in the Indian national calendar for the newly redefined months. Purushottam Maas or Adhik Maas (translit. adhika = 'extra', māsa = 'month') is an extra month in the Hindu calendar that is inserted to keep the lunar and solar calendars aligned. "Purushottam" is an epithet of Vishnu, to whom the month is dedicated.

The names in the solar calendar are just the names of the zodiac sign in which the sun travels. They are

1. Mesha
2. Vrishabha
3. Mithuna
4. Kataka
5. Simha
6. Kanyaa
7. Tulaa
8. Vrishcika
9. Dhanus
10. Makara
11. Kumbha
12. Miina

Bahá'í calendar

The Bahá'í calendar is the calendar used by the Bahá'í Faith. It is a solar calendar with regular years of 365 days, and leap years of 366 days. Years are composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days), plus an extra period of "Intercalary Days" (4 in regular and 5 in leap years).[4] The months are named after the attributes of God. Days of the year begin and end at sundown.[4]

Iranian calendar (Persian calendar)

The Iranian / Persian calendar, currently used in Iran and Afghanistan, also has 12 months. The Persian names are included in the parentheses. It begins on the northern Spring equinox.

1. Farvardin (31 days, فروردین)
2. Ordibehesht (31 days, اردیبهشت)
3. Khordad (31 days, خرداد)
4. Tir (31 days, تیر)
5. Mordad (31 days, مرداد)
6. Shahrivar (31 days, شهریور)
7. Mehr (30 days, مهر)
8. Aban (30 days, آبان)
9. Azar (30 days, آذر)
10. Dey (30 days, دی)
11. Bahman (30 days, بهمن)
12. Esfand (29 days- 30 days in leap year, اسفند)

Reformed Bengali calendar

The Bangla calendar, used in Bangladesh, follows solar months and it has six seasons. The months and seasons in the calendar are:

No.	Name (Bengali)	Name (Sylheti)	Name (Rohingya)	Season	Days	Julian months
1	Boishakh (বৈশাখ)	Boishakh	Boicák	Grishmo (গ্রীষ্ম)	31	14 April – May
2	Joishtho (জ্যৈষ্ঠ)	Zoit	Zeth	Grishmo (গ্রীষ্ম)	31	May – June
3	Asharh (আষাঢ়)	Aaŗ	Acár	Borsha (বর্ষা)	31	June – July
4	Shrabon (শ্রাবণ)	Haon	Cón	Borsha (বর্ষা)	31	July – August
5	Bhadro (ভাদ্র)	Bhado	Bádo	Shorot (শরৎ)	31	August – September
6	Aashin (আশ্বিন)	Ashin	Acín	Shorot (শরৎ)	30	September – October
7	Kartik (কার্তিক)	Khati	Hati	Hemonto(হেমন্ত)	30	October – November
8	Ogrohayon (অগ্রহায়ণ)	Aghon	Óon	Hemonto(হেমন্ত)	30	November – December
9	Poush (পৌষ)	Phush	Fuc	Sheet (শীত)	30	December – January
10	Magh (মাঘ)	Magh (মাঘ)	Mak	Sheet (শীত)	30	January – February
11	Falgun (ফাল্গুন)	Fagun	Fóon	Boshonto (বসন্ত)	30 (31 in leap years)	February – March
12	Choitro (চৈত্র)	Soit	Soit	Boshonto (বসন্ত)	30	March – April

Nanakshahi calendar

The months in the Nanakshahi calendar are:[5]

No.	Name	Punjabi	Days	Julian months
1	Chet	ਚੇਤ	31	14 March – 13 April
2	Vaisakh	ਵੈਸਾਖ	31	14 April – 14 May
3	Jeth	ਜੇਠ	31	15 May – 14 June
4	Harh	ਹਾੜ	31	15 June – 15 July
5	Sawan	ਸਾਵਣ	31	16 July – 15 August
6	Bhadon	ਭਾਦੋਂ	30	16 August – 14 September
7	Assu	ਅੱਸੂ	30	15 September – 14 October
8	Katak	ਕੱਤਕ	30	15 October – 13 November
9	Maghar	ਮੱਘਰ	30	14 November – 13 December
10	Poh	ਪੋਹ	30	14 December – 12 January
11	Magh	ਮਾਘ	30	13 January – 11 February
12	Phagun	ਫੱਗਣ	30/31	12 February – 13 March

Khmer calendar

Like the Hindu calendar, the Khmer calendar consists of both a lunar calendar and a solar calendar. The solar is used more commonly than the lunar calendar. There are 12 months and the numbers of days follow the Julian and Gregorian calendar.

Julian and Gregorian name	Khmer name	Transliteration	Meaning	Zodiac sign
January	មករា	Makara	មករ "naga"	Capricorn
February	កម្ភៈ	Kompeak	ក្អម "clay pitcher"	Aquarius
March	មិនា or មីនា	Mik Nea or Me Na	ត្រី "fish"	Pisces
April	មេសា	Mesa	ចៀម ពពៃ "ram"	Aries
May	ឧសភា	Uk Sak Phea	គោឈ្មោល "bull"	Taurus
June	មិថុនា	Mik Thok Na	គូបុរសន"pair of boy & girl"	Gemini
July	កក្កដា	Kak Ka Da	ក្ដាម "crab"	Cancer
August	សីហា	Seiha	សីហៈ "lion"	Leo
September	កញ្ញា	Kagna	ស្រីក្រមុំ "girl"	Virgo
October	តុលា	Tola	ជញ្ជីង "scales"	Libra
November	វិច្ឆិកា	Vicheka	ខ្ទួយ "scorpion"	Scorpio
December	ធ្នូ	Thnu	ធ្នូ "bow, arc"	Sagittarius

The Khmer lunar calendar contains 12 months; however, the eighth month is repeated (as a "leap month") every two or three years, making 13 months instead of 12.[6]

• មិគសិរ
• បុស្ស
• មាឃ
• ផល្គុន
• ចេត្រ
• វិសាខ/ ពិសាខ
• ជេស្ឋ
• ឤសាឍ, or in the case of a year with a leap month:
  • បឋមសាឍ
  • ទុតិយាសាឍ
• ស្រាពណ៍
• ភទ្របទ
• អស្សុជ
• កត្តិក

Thai calendar

Main articles: Thai solar calendar and Thai lunar calendar

English name	Thai name	Abbr.	Transcription	Sanskrit word	Zodiac sign
January	มกราคม	ม.ค.	mokarakhom	makara "sea-monster"	Capricorn
February	กุมภาพันธ์	ก.พ.	kumphaphan	kumbha "pitcher, water-pot"	Aquarius
March	มีนาคม	มี.ค.	minakhom	mīna "(a specific kind of) fish"	Pisces
April	เมษายน	เม.ย.	mesayon	meṣa "ram"	Aries
May	พฤษภาคม	พ.ค.	phruetsaphakhom	vṛṣabha "bull"	Taurus
June	มิถุนายน	มิ.ย.	mithunayon	mithuna "a pair"	Gemini
July	กรกฎาคม	ก.ค.	karakadakhom	karkaṭa "crab"	Cancer
August	สิงหาคม	ส.ค.	singhakhom	siṃha "lion"	Leo
September	กันยายน	ก.ย.	kanyayon	kanyā "girl"	Virgo
October	ตุลาคม	ต.ค.	tulakhom	tulā "balance"	Libra
November	พฤศจิกายน	พ.ย.	phruetsachikayon	vṛścika "scorpion"	Scorpio
December	ธันวาคม	ธ.ค.	thanwakhom	dhanu "bow, arc"	Sagittarius

Tongan calendar

The Tongan calendar is based on the cycles of the moon around the earth in one year. The months are:

1. Liha Mu'a
2. Liha Mui
3. Vai Mu'a
4. Vai Mui
5. Faka'afu Mo'ui
6. Faka'afu Mate
7. Hilinga Kelekele
8. Hilinga Mea'a
9. 'Ao'ao
10. Fu'ufu'unekinanga
11. 'Uluenga
12. Tanumanga
13. 'O'oamofanongo

Kollam era (Malayalam) calendar

Malayalam name	Transliteration	Concurrent Gregorian months	Sanskrit word and meaning	Zodiac sign
ചിങ്ങം	chi-ngnga-m	August–September	simha "lion"	Leo
കന്നി	ka-nni	September–October	kanyā "girl"	Virgo
തുലാം	thu-lā-m	October–November	tulā "balance"	Libra
വൃശ്ചികം	vRSh-chi-ka-m	November–December	vṛścika "scorpion"	Scorpio
ധനു	dha-nu	December–January	dhanu "bow, arc"	Sagittarius
മകരം	ma-ka-ra-m	January–February	mokara "sea-monster"	Capricorn
കുംഭം	kum-bha-m	February–March	kumbha "pitcher, water-pot"	Aquarius
മീനം	mee-na-m	March–April	mīna "(a specific kind of) fish"	Pisces
മേടം	mE-Da-m	April–May	meṣa "ram"	Aries
ഇടവം	i-Ta-va-m	May – June	vṛṣabha "bull"	Taurus
മിഥുനം	mi-thu-na-m	June–July	mithuna "a pair"	Gemini
കർക്കടകം	kar-kka-Ta-ka-m	July–August	karkaṭa "crab"	Cancer

Sinhalese calendar

The Sinhalese calendar is the Buddhist calendar in Sri Lanka with Sinhala names. Each full moon Poya day marks the start of a Buddhist lunar month.[7] The first month is Vesak.[8]

1. Duruthu (දුරුතු)
2. Navam (නවම්)
3. Mædin (මැදින්)
4. Bak (බක්)
5. Vesak (වෙසක්)
6. Poson (පොසොන්)
7. Æsala (ඇසල)
8. Nikini (නිකිණි)
9. Binara (බිනර)
10. Vap (වප්)
11. Il (iL) (ඉල්)
12. Unduvap (උඳුවප්)

Germanic calendar

The old Icelandic calendar is not in official use anymore, but some Icelandic holidays and annual feasts are still calculated from it. It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer months". The calendar is peculiar in that the months always start on the same weekday rather than on the same date. Hence Þorri always starts on a Friday sometime between January 22 and January 28 (Old style: January 9 to January 15), Góa always starts on a Sunday between February 21 and February 27 (Old style: February 8 to February 14).

• Skammdegi ("Short days")

1. Gormánuður (mid-October – mid-November, "slaughter month" or "Gór's month")
2. Ýlir (mid-November – mid-December, "Yule month")
3. Mörsugur (mid-December – mid-January, "fat sucking month")
4. Þorri (mid-January – mid-February, "frozen snow month")
5. Góa (mid-February – mid-March, "Góa's month, see Nór")
6. Einmánuður (mid-March – mid-April, "lone" or "single month")

• Náttleysi ("Nightless days")

1. Harpa (mid-April – mid-May, Harpa is a female name, probably a forgotten goddess, first day of Harpa is celebrated as Sumardagurinn fyrsti – first day of summer)
2. Skerpla (mid-May – mid-June, another forgotten goddess)
3. Sólmánuður (mid-June – mid-July, "sun month")
4. Heyannir (mid-July – mid-August, "hay business month")
5. Tvímánuður (mid-August – mid-September, "two" or "second month")
6. Haustmánuður (mid-September – mid-October, "autumn month")

Old Georgian calendar

Main article: Georgian calendar

Month	Georgian Month Name	Transliteration	Georgian Other Names	Transliteration
January	აპნისი, აპანი	Apnisi, Apani
February	სურწყუნისი	Surtskunisi	განცხადებისთვე	Gantskhadebistve
March	მირკანი	Mirkani
April	იგრიკა	Igrika
May	ვარდობისა	Vardobisa	ვარდობისთვე	Vardobistve
June	მარიალისა	Marialisa	თიბათვე, ივანობისთვე	Tibatve, Ivanobistve
July	თიბისა	Tibisa	მკათათვე, კვირიკობისთვე	Mkatatve, Kvirikobistve
August	ქველთობისა	Kveltobisa	მარიამობისთვე	Mariamobistve
September	ახალწლისა	Akhaltslisa	ენკენისთვე	Enkenistve
October	სთვლისა	Stvlisa	ღვინობისთვე	Gvinobistve
November	ტირისკონი	Tiriskoni	გიორგობისთვე, ჭინკობისთვე	Giorgobistve, Chinkobistve
December	ტირისდენი	Tirisdeni	ქრისტეშობისთვე	Kristeshobistve

*NOTE: New Year in ancient Georgia started from September.

Old Swedish calendar

1. Torsmånad (January, 'Torre's month' (ancient god))
2. Göjemånad (February, 'Goe's month' (ancient goddess))
3. Vårmånad (March, 'Spring month')
4. Gräsmånad (April, 'Grass month')
5. Blomstermånad (May, 'Bloom month')
6. Sommarmånad (June, 'Summer month')
7. Hömånad (July, 'Hay month')
8. Skördemånad, Rötmånad (August, 'Harvest month' or 'Rot month')
9. Höstmånad (September, 'Autumn month')
10. Slaktmånad (October, 'Slaughter month')
11. Vintermånad (November, 'Winter month')
12. Julmånad (December, 'Christmas month')

Old English calendar

Like the Old Norse calendar, the Anglo-Saxons had their own calendar before they were Christianized which reflected native traditions and deities. These months were attested by Bede in his works On Chronology and The Reckoning of Time written in the 8th century.[9] His months are probably those as written in the Northumbrian dialect of Old English which he was familiar with. The months were so named after the moon; the new moon marking the end of an old month and start of a new month; the full moon occurring in the middle of the month, after which the month was named.

1. Æfterra-ġēola mōnaþ (January, 'After-Yule month')
2. Sol-mōnaþ (February, 'Sol month')
3. Hrēð-mōnaþ (March, 'Hreth month')
4. Ēostur-mōnaþ (April, 'Ēostur month')
5. Ðrimilce-mōnaþ (May, 'Three-milkings month')
6. Ærra-Liþa (June, 'Ere-Litha')
7. Æftera-Liþa (July, 'After-Litha')
8. Weōd-mōnaþ (August, 'Weed month')
9. Hāliġ-mōnaþ or Hærfest-mōnaþ (September, 'Holy month' or 'Harvest month')
10. Winter-fylleþ (October, 'Winter-filleth')
11. Blōt-mōnaþ (November, 'Blót month')
12. Ærra-ġēola mōnaþ (December, 'Ere-Yule')

Old Hungarian calendar

Nagyszombati kalendárium (in Latin: Calendarium Tyrnaviense) from 1579. Historically Hungary used a 12-month calendar that appears to have been zodiacal in nature[10] but eventually came to correspond to the Gregorian months as shown below:[11]

1. Boldogasszony hava (January, 'month of the happy/blessed lady')
2. Böjtelő hava (February, 'month of early fasting/Lent' or 'month before fasting/Lent')
3. Böjtmás hava (March, 'second month of fasting/Lent')
4. Szent György hava (April, 'Saint George's month')
5. Pünkösd hava (May, 'Pentecost month')
6. Szent Iván hava (June, 'Saint John [the Baptist]'s month')
7. Szent Jakab hava (July, 'Saint James' month')
8. Kisasszony hava (August, 'month of the Virgin')
9. Szent Mihály hava (September, 'Saint Michael's month')
10. Mindszent hava (October, 'all saints' month')
11. Szent András hava (November, 'Saint Andrew's month')
12. Karácsony hava (December, 'month of Yule/Christmas')

Czech calendar

1. Leden – derives from 'led' (ice)
2. Únor – derives from 'nořit' (to dive, referring to the ice sinking into the water due to melting)
3. Březen – derives from 'bříza' (birch)
4. Duben – derives from 'dub' (oak)
5. Květen – derives from 'květ' (flower)
6. Červen – derives from 'červená' (red – for the color of apples and tomatoes)
7. Červenec – is the second 'červen' (formerly known as 2nd červen)
8. Srpen – derives from old Czech word 'sirpsti' (meaning to reflect, referring to the shine on the wheat)
9. Září – means 'to shine'
10. Říjen – derives from 'jelení říje', which refers to the estrous cycle of female elk
11. Listopad – falling leaves
12. Prosinec – derives from old Czech 'prosiněti', which means to shine through (refers to the sun light shining through the clouds)[12]

Old Egyptian calendar

The ancient civil Egyptian calendar had a year that was 365 days long and was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, plus 5 extra days (epagomenes) at the end of the year. The months were divided into 3 "weeks" of ten days each. Because the ancient Egyptian year was almost a quarter of a day shorter than the solar year and stellar events "wandered" through the calendar, it is referred to as Annus Vagus or "Wandering Year".

1. Thout
2. Paopi
3. Hathor
4. Koiak
5. Tooba
6. Emshir
7. Paremhat
8. Paremoude
9. Pashons
10. Paoni
11. Epip
12. Mesori

Nisga'a calendar

The Nisga'a calendar coincides with the Gregorian calendar with each month referring to the type of harvesting that is done during the month.

1. K'aliiyee = Going North – referring to the Sun returning to its usual place in the sky
2. Buxwlaks = Needles Blowing About – February is usually a very windy month in the Nass River Valley
3. Xsaak = To Eat Oolichans – Oolichans are harvested during this month
4. Mmaal = Canoes – The river has defrosted, hence canoes are used once more
5. Yansa'alt = Leaves are Blooming – Warm weather has arrived and leaves on the trees begin to bloom
6. Miso'o = Sockeye – majority of Sockeye Salmon runs begin this month
7. Maa'y = Berries – berry picking season
8. Wii Hoon = Great Salmon – referring to the abundance of Salmon that are now running
9. Genuugwwikw = Trail of the Marmot – Marmots, Ermines and animals as such are hunted
10. Xlaaxw = To Eat Trout – trout are mostly eaten this time of year
11. Gwilatkw = To Blanket – The earth is "blanketed" with snow
12. Luut'aa = Sit In – the Sun "sits" in one spot for a period of time

French Republican calendar

Main article: French Republican calendar

This calendar was proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about twelve years from late 1793. There were twelve months of 30 days each, grouped into three ten-day weeks called décades. The five or six extra days needed to approximate the tropical year were placed after the months at the end of each year. A period of four years ending on a leap day was to be called a Franciade. It began at the autumn equinox:

• Autumn:

1. Vendémiaire
2. Brumaire
3. Frimaire

• Winter:

1. Nivôse
2. Pluviôse
3. Ventôse

• Spring:

1. Germinal
2. Floréal
3. Prairial

• Summer:

1. Messidor
2. Thermidor
3. Fructidor

Eastern Ojibwe calendar

Ojibwe month names are based on the key feature of the month. Consequently, months between various regions have different names based on the key feature of each month in their particular region. In the Eastern Ojibwe, this can be seen in when the sucker makes its run, which allows the Ojibwe to fish for them. Additionally, in the Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary, Dr. Richard Rhodes also informs of not only the variability in the month names but how in the Eastern Ojibwe, these names were originally applied to the lunar months the Ojibwe originally used, which was a lunisolar calendar marked by the moon, fixed to Akiinaaniwan (typically December 27) that marks when sunrise is the latest in the Northern Hemisphere. Due to Eastern Ojibwe is a vowel syncope dialect, the elided vowels (and the occasionally elided consonants) have been added back in the table below, shown in brackets.

Month	Month in Eastern Ojibwe	Translation	Originally the month of the Ojibwa year	Starting at the first full moon after:
January in those places that do not have a sucker run during that time	[o]shki-b[i]boon-gii[zi]soons	Little New-winter moon	13 (leap month)	used if there is a new moon after g[i]chi-b[i]boon-giizis before December 27.
January in those places that have a sucker run during that time	n[a]mebin-giizis	Sucker moon	1	December 27
	n[a]meb[i]ni-giizis
February	[o]naab[a]ni-giizis	Crust-on-the-snow moon	2	January 25
March	zii[n]z[i]baak[wa]doke-giizis	Sugaring moon	3	February 26
April in those places that have a sucker run during that time	n[a]mebin-giizis	Sucker moon	4	March 25
	n[a]meb[i]ni-giizis
April in those places that do not have a sucker run during that time	waawaas[a]gone-giizis	Flower moon
May in those places that have an April sucker run
May in those places that have a January sucker run	g[i]tige-giizis	Planting moon	5	April 24
June in those places that have an April sucker run
June in those places that have a January sucker run	[o]deh[i]min-giizis	Strawberry moon	6	May 23
July	miin-giizis	Blueberry moon	7	June 22
August	[o]dat[a]gaag[o]min-giizis	Blackberry moon	8	July 20
September	m[an]daamin-giizis	Corn moon	9	August 18
October	b[i]naakwe-giizis	Leaves-fall moon	10	September 17
	b[i]naakwii-giizis	Harvest moon
November	g[a]shkadin-giizis	Freeze-up moon	11	October 16
December	g[i]chi-b[i]boon-giizis	Big-winter moon	12	November 15

See also

• Maya calendar
• Chinese calendar
• Egyptian calendar
• Ethiopian calendar
• Lunar month
• Assyrian calendar
• Kurdish calendar
• Month of year

References

1. Solomon, Stenson (2009). Pingelap Non-Sacred Knowledge. Historic Preservation Fund Grant Department of Land and Natural Resources.
2. "Days in each Month". Mnemonics to Improve Memory. EUdesign. 1997. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
3. The Boy Mechanic: A Handy Calendar. Project Gutenberg. 1. 1913 – via Full Books.
4. Esslemont, J. E. (1980). Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-87743-160-4.
5. "What is the Sikh Nanakshahi calendar". All About Sikhs. Gateway to Sikhism. 2007. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
6. "Khmer Chhankitek Calendar". Cambodian Coordinating Council. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
7. "Sri Lanka – Festival Calendar". Premlanka Hotel. Curlew Communications Ltd. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
8. "The Significance of Poya". Lanka Library. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
9. Newton, Dr Sam (2000). "The Old English Calendar". Wuffings. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
10. Bodroghy, Gabor Z. (1998). "The Calendar by Marsigli: the ancient Hungarian Calendar". The Ancient Hungarian Rovas. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
11. "Hónapok nevei". Free Web (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
12. KEBRLE, Vojtěch. Česká jména měsíců, jejich význam a původ, Naše řeč 23, 1939