Military budget of China

The military budget of China is the portion of the overall budget of China that is allocated for the funding of the military of China. This military budget finances employee salaries and training costs, the maintenance of equipment and facilities, support of new or ongoing operations, and development and procurement of new weapons, equipment, and vehicles. Every March, as part of its annual state budget, China releases a single overall figure for national military expenditures.[1]

The military budget of China in US$ billions.

The military budget of China as a percentage of GNP.

In 2016, the Chinese government's official defense spending figure was $146 billion, an increase of 11% from the budget of $131 billion in 2014.[2] This makes China's military budget the second largest in the world behind the US.[3] According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI, China became the world's fifth largest exporter of major arms in 2014–18, an increase of 2.7 per cent from the period 2010–2014. China supplied major arms to 53 states in 2014–18. Pakistan was the main recipient of these transfers, standing for 37%, whilst the remaining exports were small in volume, but with a wide variety of countries.[4]

Official announcements

The Chinese government annually announce the budget for the internal security forces and the PLA at the National People's Congress in early March.

• 2014: the budget was announced to be US$191.6BN.[2]
• 2015: the budget was announced to be US$141BN.[5] At the same time, the Chinese government estimated the Chinese economy to grow 7% in 2015.[6]
• 2016: the budget was announced to be 954.35 billion yuan which is about US$147BN, raised 6-7 % above last years estimates.[7]
• 2018: the budget was announced to be 1.11 trillion yuan ($175 billion), which represents an 8.1% increase.[8] This is China's largest defense budget raise in three years.[9]
• 2019: the budget was announced to be 1.19 trillion yuan, which is an increase of 7.5%.
• 2020: China will increase its defense budget by 6.6% this year to 1.27 trillion yuan (US$178 billion).[10]

Unofficial estimates

Unofficial estimates place the total amount of military spending for China higher than the Chinese government figures, but these calculations tend to differ between organizations.

The last year that many international institutes provided estimates of Chinese military spending in comparable terms was 2003. In terms of the prevailing exchange rate, SIPRI, RAND, the CIA and the DIA estimated the budget to be between US$30–65 billion. In terms of purchasing power parity, or the relative purchasing strength of the expenditure, the SIPRI estimate was as high as US$140 billion.[11] The Chinese government's published budget at that time was less than US$25 billion.

A RAND Corporation study for year 2003 estimated China's defense spending to be higher than the official number but lower than United States Department of Defense calculations. The defense spending of China was estimated, in the mid-range estimate, to be 38 billion dollars or 2.3% of China's GDP in 2003. The official figure was 22.4 billion dollars. Nevertheless, Chinese military spending doubled between 1997 and 2003, nearly reaching the level of the United Kingdom and Japan, and it continued to grow over 10% annually during 2003–2005.[12]

In 2010, the US Department of Defense's annual report to Congress on China's military strength estimated the actual 2009 Chinese military spending at US$150 billion.[13] Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) estimates that the military spending of the People's Republic of China for 2009 was US$100 billion,[14] higher than the official budget, but lower than the US DoD estimate.

The International Institute for Strategic Studies in a 2011 report argued that if spending trends continue China will achieve military equality with the United States in 15–20 years.[15]

Jane's Defence Forecasts in 2012 estimated that China's defense budget would increase from $119.80 billion to $238.20 billion between 2011 and 2015. This would make it larger than the defense budgets of all other major Asian nations combined. This is still smaller than the estimated United States defense budget of $525.40 billion for 2013. However, United States defense spending is slightly declining.[16]

In 2017, the magazine Popular Mechanics estimated that China's annual military spending is greater than $200 billion, around 2% of the GDP.[17]

In 2018 writer John Zmirak has warned that China is "arming faster than Hitler was arming in the thirties.”[18]

In 2019, Peter Robertson, a professor from the University of Western Australia, argued that using conventional currency conversion as opposed to more accurate "purchasing power parity" (PPP) exchange rates dramatically understated China's military capabilities and that China's real military spending was equivalent to US spending of $455 billion, calculated from a PPP perspective.[19]

Comparison with other countries

Absolute expenditures in USD

Country/Region	Official budget (2014)	SIPRI (2012)[20]	IHS Inc. (2013)[21]	IISS (2013)[22]
United States	$575 billion [23]	$568.5 billion	$558.4 billion	$560.4 billion
China	$131 billion[3]	$116.1 billion	$113.2 billion	$111.2 billion
Russia	$69.3 billion[24]	$90.7 billion	$68.9 billion	$68.2 billion
United Kingdom	$56.9 billion[25]	$60.8 billion	$58.9 billion	$57 billion
Japan	$47 billion[26]	$59.3 billion	$56.8 billion	$51 billion
India	$40 billion

See also

• People's Liberation Army
• China's peaceful rise
• Sino-American relations
• Military budget of the Russian Federation
• Military budget of the United States
• List of countries by military expenditures
• List of countries by size of armed forces

References

1. John Pike. "China Military Spending/Budget". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
2. "What does China really spend on its military?". ChinaPower, CSIS. 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
3. Branigan, Tania. "China targets 7.5% growth and declares war on pollution". Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
4. "Trends in international arms transfers, 2018 | SIPRI".
5. "China to raise defence budget 10.1 pct this year in high-tech drive". Reuters. 2015-03-05. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
6. "China aims for around seven percent economic growth in 2015: Premier Li". Reuters. 2015-03-05. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
7. "China says defense spending pace to slow, to improve intelligence". Reuters. 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
8. "China to increase 2018 defense budget by 8.1 percent - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
9. "China boosts defense spending, rattling its neighbors' nerves". Reuters. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
10. https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/21/asia/china-npc-meeting-intl-hnk/index.html
11. pg 26
12. Modernizing China’s Military Opportunities and Constraints
13. Office of the Secretary of Defense - Annual Report to Congress: Military Power of the People's Republic of China 2010 (PDF)"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-04-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
14. "The 15 major spender countries in 2011 (table)". sipri.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
15. "East-West military gap rapidly shrinking: report", By Peter Apps, Reuters, Tue Mar 8, 2011 https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/08/us-world-military-idUSTRE7273UB20110308.
16. AIRSHOW-Fighters, radar, marine patrols top Asia's military wish-list, Raju Gopalakrishnan, Thu Feb 16, 2012 1:38am EST, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/16/asia-defence-idUSL4E8DF2M720120216
17. "China's Military Power Nears "Parity" With the West, Report Says". Popular Mechanics. 2017-02-16. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
18. John Zmirak: China Is ‘Arming Faster than Hitler Was Arming in the Thirties’, Breitbart News
19. Robertson, Peter. "China's military might is much closer to the US than you probably think". The Conversation. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
20. "SIPRI Military Expenditure Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
21. "Global Defence Budgets Overall to Rise for First Time in Five Years - Four of the five fastest growing defence markets in 2013 were in the Middle East; Russia grabs third place from Japan and the UK". IHS inc. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
22. Marcus, Johnathan (2014-02-05). "Military spending: Balance tipping towards China". BBC. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
23. United States Department of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/fy2015/fy2015_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf, retrieved May 3rd, 2014.
24. Kazak, Sergey. "Russia to Up Nuclear Weapons Spending 50% by 2016". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
25. Porter, Henry (2013-02-03). "What budget for defence? First let's work out Britain's place in the world". Guardian. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
26. "Plan for Defense Programs and Budget of Japan Ministry of Defense Overview of FY2014 Budget" (PDF). Japanese Ministry of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.

External links

• Rand Corporation, China
• The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database