Lesbos

Lesbos (/ˈlɛzbɒs/, also US: /ˈlɛzbəs, -boʊs/; Greek: Λέσβος, romanized: Lésvos [ˈlezvos]) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of 1,633 km2 (631 sq mi)[1] with 321 kilometres (199 miles) of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece. It is separated from Turkey by the narrow Mytilini Strait and in late Palaeolithic/Mesolithic times[2] was joined to the Anatolian mainland before the end of the Last Glacial Period. Its capital is Mytilene, and the island as a whole was formerly often called Mytilene.

Not to be confused with Lesbo.
Lesvos

Λέσβος
Regional unit
  • Regional unit of Lesvos
    Περιφερειακή ενότητα της Λέσβου  (Greek)
  • Municipality of Lesbos
    Δήμος της Λέσβου  (Greek)
April 2010 view of Mytilene
Lesbos within the North Aegean
Lesvos
Lesbos within the North Aegean
Coordinates: 39°12′36″N 26°16′48″E
CountryGreece
RegionNorth Aegean
CapitalMytilene
Area
 • Total1,632.8 km2 (630.4 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total86,436
 • Density53/km2 (140/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Lesbian
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal codes
81x xx
Area codes225x0

Lesbos is also the name of a regional unit of the North Aegean region, within which Lesbos island is one of five governing islands. The others are Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, and Samos. The North Aegean region governs nine inhabited islands: Lesbos, Chios, Psara, Oinousses, Ikaria, Fournoi Korseon, Lemnos, Agios Efstratios and Samos. The capital of the North Aegean Region is Mytilene. The population of Lesbos, which sometimes is called the Island of the Poets,[3] is approximately 86,000, a third of whom live in its capital, Mytilene, in the southeastern part of the island. The remaining population is distributed in small towns and villages. The largest are Plomari, Kalloni, the Gera Villages, Agiassos, Eresos, and Molyvos (the ancient Mythimna).

According to later Greek writers, Mytilene was founded in the 11th century BC by the family Penthilidae, who arrived from Thessaly and ruled the city-state until a popular revolt (590–580 BC) led by Pittacus of Mytilene ended their rule. In fact, the archaeological and linguistic record may indicate a late Iron Age arrival of Greek settlers although references in Late Bronze Age Hittite archives indicate a likely Greek presence then. The name Mytilene itself seems to be of Hittite origin. According to Homer's Iliad, Lesbos was part of the kingdom of Priam, which was based in Anatolia (the peninsula portion of the Asian part of present-day Turkey). Much work remains to be done to determine just what happened and when. In the Middle Ages, it was under Byzantine and then Genoese rule. Lesbos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1462. The Ottomans then ruled the island until the First Balkan War in 1912, when it became part of the Kingdom of Greece.

The island is widely known as the home of the ancient Greek poet Sappho, and it gives its name to the word lesbian.

Etymology

The name is from Ancient Greek: Λέσβος Lésbos "forested" or "woody", possibly a Hittite borrowing, as the original Hittite name for the island was Lazpa. An older name for the island that was maintained in Aeolic Greek was Ἴσσα Íssa.

Geography
Topography of Lesbos
Mount Olympus’ peak rises 967 metres over Lesbos
Agiasos village

Lesbos lies in the far east of the Aegean sea, facing the Turkish coast (Gulf of Edremit) from the north and east; at the narrowest point, the strait is about 5.5 km (3.4 mi) wide. The shape of the island is roughly triangular, but it is deeply intruded by the gulfs of Kalloni, with an entry on the southern coast, and of Gera, in the southeast.[4]

The island is forested and mountainous with two large peaks, Mount Lepetymnos at 968 m (3,176 ft) and Mount Olympus at 967 m (3,173 ft), dominating its northern and central sections.[5] The island's volcanic origin is manifested in several hot springs and the two gulfs.

Lesbos is verdant, aptly named Emerald Island, with a greater variety of flora than expected for the island's size. Eleven million olive trees cover 40% of the island together with other fruit trees. Forests of mediterranean pines, chestnut trees and some oaks occupy 20%, and the remainder is scrub, grassland or urban.

Climate

The island has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). The mean annual temperature is 18 °C (64 °F), and the mean annual rainfall is 750 mm (30 in). Its exceptional sunshine makes it one of the sunniest islands in the Aegean Sea. Snow and very low temperatures are rare.

Climate data for Mytilene
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.2
(68.4)		 21.3
(70.3)		 28.0
(82.4)		 31.0
(87.8)		 35.0
(95.0)		 40.0
(104.0)		 39.5
(103.1)		 38.2
(100.8)		 36.2
(97.2)		 30.8
(87.4)		 27.0
(80.6)		 22.5
(72.5)		 40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8)		 12.6
(54.7)		 14.6
(58.3)		 19.0
(66.2)		 23.9
(75.0)		 28.5
(83.3)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.2
(86.4)		 26.7
(80.1)		 21.7
(71.1)		 17.2
(63.0)		 13.8
(56.8)		 20.9
(69.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1)		 9.9
(49.8)		 11.6
(52.9)		 15.6
(60.1)		 20.2
(68.4)		 24.7
(76.5)		 26.6
(79.9)		 26.1
(79.0)		 22.9
(73.2)		 18.5
(65.3)		 14.3
(57.7)		 11.3
(52.3)		 17.6
(63.7)
Average low °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1)		 7.0
(44.6)		 8.0
(46.4)		 11.2
(52.2)		 15.2
(59.4)		 19.3
(66.7)		 21.6
(70.9)		 21.4
(70.5)		 18.5
(65.3)		 14.8
(58.6)		 11.4
(52.5)		 8.7
(47.7)		 13.7
(56.7)
Record low °C (°F) −4.4
(24.1)		 −3
(27)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 4.0
(39.2)		 8.4
(47.1)		 11.0
(51.8)		 15.8
(60.4)		 16.3
(61.3)		 10.9
(51.6)		 5.2
(41.4)		 1.4
(34.5)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 −4.4
(24.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 129.9
(5.11)		 97.2
(3.83)		 75.1
(2.96)		 46.8
(1.84)		 21.2
(0.83)		 6.0
(0.24)		 2.3
(0.09)		 4.1
(0.16)		 10.7
(0.42)		 38.2
(1.50)		 93.7
(3.69)		 145.4
(5.72)		 670.6
(26.40)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.0 8.1 6.5 4.8 2.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 1.3 3.3 6.8 10.0 54.1
Average relative humidity (%) 71.0 69.8 57.5 63.9 62.6 57.3 56.0 57.4 59.5 66.1 71.0 72.0 64.5
Source 1: Hellenic National Meteorological Service[6]
Source 2: NOAA[7]

Lesvos Geopark
Petrified forest of Lesbos

The entire territory of Lesbos is "Lesvos Geopark", which is a member of the European Geoparks Network (since 2000) and Global Geoparks Network (since 2004) on account of its outstanding geological heritage, educational programs and projects, and promotion of geotourism.[8]

This geopark was enlarged from former "Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark". Lesbos contains one of the few known petrified forests, called Petrified forest of Lesbos, and it has been declared a Protected Natural Monument. Fossilised plants have been found in many localities on the western part of the island. The fossilised forest was formed during the Late Oligocene to Lower–Middle Miocene, as determined by the intense volcanic activity in the area. Neogene volcanic rocks dominate the central and western part of the island, comprising andesites, dacites and rhyolites, ignimbrite, pyroclastics, tuffs, and volcanic ash. The products of the volcanic activity covered the vegetation of the area and the fossilization process took place during favourable conditions. The fossilized plants are silicified remnants of a sub-tropical forest that existed on the northwest part of the island 20–15 million years ago.

History
Sappho listens as the poet Alcaeus plays a kithara. (Painting by Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1881)[9]
View of the Roman aqueduct

According to Classical Greek mythology, Lesbos was the patron god of the island. Macareus of Rhodes was reputedly the first king whose many daughters bequeathed their names to some of the present larger towns. In Classical myth his sister, Canace, was killed to have him made king. The place names with female origins are claimed by some to be much earlier settlements named after local goddesses, who were replaced by gods; however, there is little evidence to support this. Homer refers to the island as "Macaros edos", the seat of Macar. Hittite records from the Late Bronze Age name the island Lazpa and must have considered its population significant enough to allow the Hittites to "borrow their gods" (presumably idols) to cure their king when the local gods were not forthcoming. It is believed that emigrants from mainland Greece, mainly from Thessaly, entered the island in the Late Bronze Age and bequeathed it with the Aeolic dialect of the Greek language, whose written form survives in the poems of Sappho, amongst others.

Coin of Lesbos, Ionia, under the Achaemenid Empire. Circa 510–480 BC.

The abundant grey pottery ware found on the island and the worship of Cybele, the great mother-goddess of Anatolia, suggest the cultural continuity of the population from Neolithic times. When the Persian king Cyrus defeated Croesus (546 BC) the Ionic Greek cities of Anatolia and the adjacent islands became Persian subjects and remained such until the Persians were defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Salamis (480 BC). The island was governed by an oligarchy in archaic times, followed by quasi-democracy in classical times. For a short period it was a member of the Athenian confederacy, its apostasy from which is recounted by Thucydides in the Mytilenian Debate, in Book III of his History of the Peloponnesian War. In Hellenistic times, the island belonged to various Successor kingdoms until 79 BC when it passed into Roman hands.

Map of Lesbos by Giacomo Franco (1597)

During the Middle Ages it belonged to the Byzantine Empire. In 802, the Byzantine Empress Irene was exiled to Lesbos after her deposition, and died there.[10] The island served as a gathering base for the fleet of the rebel Thomas the Slav in the early 820s.[10]

In the 10th century, it was part of the theme of the Aegean Sea, while in the late 11th century it formed a dioikesis under a kourator in Mytilene.[10] In the 1090s, the island was briefly occupied by the Seljuk Turkish emir Çaka Bey, but he was unable to capture Methymna, which resisted throughout.[10] In the 12th century, the island became a frequent target for plundering raids by the Republic of Venice.[10]

The entrance of Ipsilou monastery (St. John)
Denaro of Francesco I Gattilusio, lord of Lesbos (1355–1384)

After the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) the island passed to the Latin Empire, but was reconquered by the Empire of Nicaea sometime after 1224.[10] In 1354, it was granted as a fief to the Genoese Francesco I Gattilusio, whose family ruled Lesbos until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1462.[10] It remained under Turkish rule, named مدللى (Midilli) in Turkish, until 1912 when it was taken by Greek forces during the First Balkan War.

The cities of Mytilene and Methymna have been bishoprics since the 5th century. By the early 10th century, Mytilene had been raised to the status of a metropolitan see. Methymna achieved the same by the 12th century.[10]

European warships off Mytilene during the 1905 incident. The Europeans were exerting pressure on the Ottomans, to force them to accept their plan for an international commission that would supervise the province of Macedonia.

The oldest artifacts found on the island may date to the late Paleolithic period.[11] Important archaeological sites on the island are the Neolithic cave of Kagiani, probably a refuge for shepherds, the Neolithic settlement of Chalakies, and the extensive habitation of Thermi (3000–1000 BC). The largest habitation is found in Lisvori (2800–1900 BC) part of which is submerged in shallow coastal waters. There are also several archaic, classical Greek and Roman remains. Vitruvius called the ancient city of Mytilene "magnificent and of good taste". Remnants of its medieval history are three impressive castles.

Lesbos is the birthplace of several famous people. In archaic times, Arion developed the type of poem called dithyramb, the progenitor of tragedy, and Terpander invented the seven note musical scale for the lyre. Two of the nine lyric poets in the Ancient Greek canon, Alcaeus and Sappho, were from Lesbos. Phanias wrote history. The seminal artistic creativity of those times brings to mind the myth of Orpheus to whom Apollo gave a lyre and the Muses taught to play and sing. When Orpheus incurred the wrath of the god Dionysus he was dismembered by the Maenads and of his body parts his head and his lyre found their way to Lesbos where they have "remained" ever since. Pittacus was one of the Seven Sages of Greece. In classical times Hellanicus advanced historiography, Theophrastus, the father of botany, succeeded Aristotle as the head of the Lyceum. Aristotle and Epicurus lived there for some time, and it is there that Aristotle began systematic zoological investigations.[12] In later times lived Theophanes, the historian of Pompey's campaigns, Longus wrote the famous novel Daphnis and Chloe, and much later the historian Doukas wrote the history of the early Ottoman Turks. In modern times the poet Odysseus Elytis, descendant of an old family of Lesbos, received the Nobel Prize.

Castle of Mytilene

Landmarks
The church of Saint Therapon in Mytilene by night
  • Petrified forest of Lesbos
  • Catholic Church of Theotokos, where part of the relics of Saint Valentine are kept
  • Castle of Molyvos (Mithymna)
  • Castle of Mytilene
  • Castle of Sigri
  • Church of Panagia Agiasos
  • Monastery of Agios Raphael
  • Monastery of Taxiarchis
  • Roman Aqueduct of Lesbos (Mória)
  • The Bridge at Kremasti
  • Early Christian Basilica of Agios Andreas in Eressos
  • Temple of Klopedi
  • Christian Temple of Chalinados
  • Ancient Sanctuary of Messa
  • Acropolis of Ancient Pyrra
  • Monastery of Ipsilou
  • Monastery of Limonas
  • Statue of Liberty (Mytilene)
  • Ouzo Museum "The World of Ouzo"[13] in Plomari
  • Barbayannis Ouzo Museum (Plomari)
  • The Mosque in Parakila
  • Catacomb of Mary Magdalene
  • Sourlangas Leather Factory

Endangered sites

Twelve historic churches on the island were listed together on the 2008 World Monuments Fund's Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world. The churches range in date from the Early Christian Period to the 19th century. Exposure to the elements, outmoded conservation methods, and increased tourism are all threats to the structures. The following are the 12 churches:[14]

  • Katholikon of Moni Perivolis
  • Early Christian Basilica Agios Andreas Eressos
  • Early Christian Basilica Afentelli Eressos
  • Church of Agios Stephanos Mantamados
  • Katholikon of Moni Taxiarchon Kato Tritos
  • Katholikon of Moni Damandriou Polichnitos
  • Metamorphosi Soteros Church in Papiana
  • Church of Agios Georgios Anemotia
  • Church of Agios Nikolaos Petra
  • Monastery of Ipsilou
  • Church of Agios Ioannis Kerami
  • Church of Taxiarchon Vatousa

Administration

Lesbos is a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Lesbos was created out of part of the former Lesbos Prefecture. At the same reform, the current municipality of Lesbos was created out of the 13 former municipalities on the island:[15]

Plomari
Mithymna
Skala of Eresos-Antissa

Economy
The building of the former Lesbos Prefecture, and now of the Lesbos Regional Unit
A bottle of Ouzo Plomari of Lesbos

The economy of Lesbos is essentially agricultural in nature, with olive oil being the main source of income. Tourism in Mytilene, encouraged by its international airport and the coastal towns of Petra, Plomari, Molyvos and Eresos, contribute substantially to the economy of the island. Fishing and the manufacture of soap and ouzo, the Greek national liqueur, are the remaining sources of income.

Media

Tourism

LGBT tourism

In English and most other European languages, including Greek, the term lesbian is commonly used to refer to homosexual women. This use of the term derives from the poems of Sappho, who was born in Lesbos and who wrote with powerful emotional content directed toward other women.[16] Due to this association, Lesbos and especially the town of Eresos, her birthplace, are visited frequently by LGBT tourists.[17]

In 2008, three of the islanders litigated unsuccessfully a court case against the LGBT community of Greece. The islander group had requested a legal injunction to ban groups from using the word lesbian in their names, which the petitioners claim violated their human rights as it is "insulting" and disgraces them around the world.[18][19] The Islanders were compelled to pay court costs after losing their case.

Refugees

Due to its proximity to the Turkish mainland, Lesbos is one of the Greek islands affected by the European migrant crisis starting in 2015. Refugees of the Syrian Civil War came to the island in multiple vessels every day.[20] As of June 2018, 8,000 refugees were trapped when a deal between Europe and Turkey removed their route to the continent in 2016. After that, living conditions deteriorated and the possibility for movement on to Europe dimmed. Moria Refugee Camp is the largest of the refugee camps and holds twice as many people as it was designed to accommodate.[21]

Culture

Cuisine
Honey from Lesbos
Ladotyri Mytilinis

Local specialities:

Sports

The main football clubs in the island are Aiolikos F.C., Kalloni F.C. and Sappho Lesvou F.C..

Notable residents
The Nobel Prize winner in Literature, poet Odysseas Elytis (Alepoudellis) was from Lesbos
gollark: We also have firewolf for that.
gollark: RCEoR.
gollark: Terrariola: I made that.
gollark: Because, Samoxive, it breaks the useless mould of existing CC OSes and does something new.
gollark: Try not shiftclicking.

See also

References
  1. "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
  2. Harissis et al. 'A Palaeolithic site on Lesbos island, Greece'. "Αρχαιολογία και Τέχνες"(Archaeology & Arts) 2000;76:83–87, Article in Greek
  3. Λέσβος το νησί των ποιητών
  4. "Lesbos". Archived from the original on 2010-09-21.
  5. "The Petrified Forest of Lesvos, A Unique Natural Monument Recording the Evolutionary Process of Life on Earth". UNESCO Global Geoparks Network. Archived from the original on 2010-06-05.
  6. "HNMS". www.hnms.gr. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
  7. "MITILINI Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
  8. "Global Geoparks in Greece (UNESCO)" (PDF).
  9. "Sappho and Alcaeus". The Walters Art Museum.
  10. Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Lesbos". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1219. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  11. Harissis H.; Durand P.; Axiotis M.; Harissis T. (2000). "Traces of Paleolithic settlement in Lesbos". Archaiologia kai Technes. p. 76:83–87 (article in Greek with English abstract).
  12. Harissis, H. 2017. 'The location of the euripus of Pyrrha in the works of Aristotle and Strabo'. Acta Classica 60.
  13. "The World of Ouzo (Ouzo Museum) - by Ouzo Plomari". theworldofouzo.gr.
  14. Churches Of Lesvos accessed July 31, 2014
  15. "Kallikratis reform law text" (PDF).
  16. "lesbian". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
  17. Carolyn, Bain; Clark, Michael; Hannigan, Des (2004). Greece. Lonely Planet. pp. 568–570. ISBN 1-74059-470-3.
  18. "BBC NEWS – World – Europe – Lesbos islanders dispute gay name". news.bbc.co.uk.
  19. "BBC NEWS – World – Europe – Lesbos locals lose lesbian appeal". news.bbc.co.uk.
  20. "Migrants Crisis: Refugees Attempt to Reach Greek Island of Lesbos". NBCNews.com. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  21. "After Fleeing War, Refugee Children Face Lasting Psychological Trauma". nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved July 2, 2019. (subscription)
  22. Loveridge 2018-10-09T10:50:17ZPS4, Sam. "How to find and beat the Assassin's Creed Odyssey Medusa". gamesradar. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
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