Memecylon

Memecylon is a plant group in Melastomataceae. It consists of 350-400 species of small to medium-sized trees and shrubs occurring in the Old World tropics.[1][2][3] Memecylon is a monophyletic group basal to the Melastomataceae clade.[4] Memecylon taxa have more than 600 published basionyms.[1][4] Diversity of this group is concentrated in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia.[5]

Memecylon
Memecylon umbellatum

From Mirijjawila Botanical Garden, Sri Lanka

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Melastomataceae
Genus: Memecylon
L.

Etymology

The name Memecylon is derived from 'memaecylon' as used by ancient Greek philosophers Dioscorides and Pliny to describe the red fruits of Arbutus unedo (oriental strawberry tree), an unrelated plant group, alluding to the pink to reddish berries often produced by Memecylon.[4] Some vernacular names in different regions of the world are given below. English: Blue mist plant, Hindi: Anjan, Malayalam: Aattukanala [കാശാവ്], Oriya: Neymaru, Sinhala: Korakaha, Welikaha, Tamil: Kaya.[6]

Morphology

Memecylon sensu lato can be diagnosed by exstipulate leaves, four-merous bisexual flowers, anthers opening by slits, enlarged connectives bearing terpenoid secreting glands and berries.[7] Memecylon sensu stricto can be distinguished from other Memecyloids by obscure nervation on leaves, non-glandular roughened leaf surface having branched sclerids, imbricate calyx, unilocular ovary and large embryo with thick and convoluted cotyledons.[5]

Stems

Species of larger stature have a characteristic brown bark with narrow and sharp furrows, most are small single stemmed trees. However, the bark of many species of smaller stature is varied and may be papery white or smooth dark red black.[3][7]

Leaves

Leaves are opposite, short-stalked, elliptic or ovate, mostly with widely spaced pinnate nerves either visible or obscure. Leaves along the twig are all the same size, shiny, glabrous, with entire margins, the node has a characteristic scar between the leaves, the twig bark is typically red, striated and flaky.[3]

Flowers

The inflorescence is typically dense and axillary. The florets are small (usually less than 5 mm) compared to the other taxa in Melastomataceae, with short fleshy corolla parts. Cymes are bracteate, usually thyrsoid to umbel shaped, often condensed to sessile fascicles of flowers or a few-flowered heads at tips of peduncles. The florets are white or violet, the stamens blue or violet, usually obvious in aggregates, from axillary clusters. Flowers are bisexual, have inferior ovaries, but the parts are otherwise free. The calyx is valvate and there are twice as many stamens as petals.[3][7]

Fruits

The fruit is from an inferior ovary, typically axillary. The calyx remnants are persistent, and are sometimes blue-black. Fruits are globose or occasionally ellipsoid, pulpy or juicy with one large seed.[3][7]

Distribution

This group is distributed in approximately 53 countries of the Old World tropics and occupies a wide range of habitats. Memecylon taxa have been reported from montane forests, tropical lowland forests, grasslands, tropical rainforests with low to high rainfall, rocky mountain regions and regions with low to high temperature and a considerable overlap between ranges of different taxa.[3][5][8] Most of the plants in this group are regionally or locally endemic. Endemic Memecylon are reported from 21 countries.[5][9][8][10][11] The global distribution of this group is shown in the following Figure and some of the countries which have endemic Memecylon species are listed in the table.

Global distribution of Memecylon. Regions in red include presence data of Memecylon. Sources: GBIF geographic occurrence data and locality data in NCBI database

Table1. Number of Memecylon taxa reported from different countries

CountryTotal Number of Memecylon
Andamans9
Angola4
Australia3
Borneo18
Cambodia10
Cameroon27
Ceram Island3
Central African Republic2
China16
Congo10
Democratic Republic of Congo1
Equatorial Guinea7
Fiji3
Gabon24
Ghana4
Guinea6
India39
Indonesia14
Ivory Coast6
Java9
Kenya6
Laos7
Liberia9
Madagascar138
Malawi2
Malaysia29
Mascarene Islands4
Mauritius5
Mayotte1
Mozambique3
Myanmar12
New Guinea14
Nicobar Islands2
Nigeria5
Philippines16
Papua New Guinea9
Reunion2
Seychelle2
Sierra Leone4
Simalue Island2
Singapore12
South Africa2
Sri Lanka32
Sumatra10
Taiwan2
Tanzania10
Thailand21
Tonga1
Uganda1
Vanuatu1
Vietnam15
Zambia2
Zimbabwe1

Phylogeny

Phylogeny based on morphological treatments

The classification of Memecylon has switched back and forth among families Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae and Memecylaceae based on morphological, anatomical and molecular evidence. Early classifications excluded Memecylon and Mouriri from the Melastomataceae mainly based on placentation and seed characters. Subsequent treatments preferred to treat Memecylon as a member of Myrtaceae.[3] Again, this group has been included in Melastomataceae by Cronquist . After that, morphological and anatomical character analysis of the Melastomataceae and their traditional allies by Renner[12] identified two major lineages (Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae), and in that classification, Memecylon was placed in the Memecylaceae. Synapomorphies used in this phylogenetic analysis were anther connective and dehiscence, dorsal glands on stamen connectives, endothecium, placentation, locules, seeds, leaf venation, terminal leaf sclereids, paracytic stomata, stomata shape, leaf sclereids, indumentum, ant and mite domatia, wood and growth form characters, which excluded Memecylaceae from Melastomataceae. However, in Memecylon some characters such as seasonal flowering and small size of flowers contributed to the difficulty of assessing relationships based on the morphology. Later, several groups have been either included in broadly defined Memecylaceae or segregated from it. As a result, Memecylaceae comprised the groups Memecylon, Lijndenia, Mouriri, and Votomita[13].

Phylogeny based on molecular treatments

Molecular phylogenetic analyses using rbcL sequence data showed that the Melastomataceae lineage consists of a subclade formed by Oliniaceae, Penaeaeae, Phynchocalycaceae and Alzateaceae sister to a subclade formed by Memecylaceae and Melastomataceae sensu stricto. Parsimony analysis showed distinct Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae clades.[14] Subsequently, Bayesian analyses using chloroplast DNA sequences from the rbcL and ndhF genes,[14] and parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses on rRNA, rbcL and atpB sequences, have shown that Memecylaceae is a sister group to Melastomataceae.[14] Later studies using combined exon and intron sequences of the nuclear glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GapC) has supported the monophyly of Memecylon.[15] However, the APG IV (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV) system of classification, a system of revised and updated classification of flowering plants, now recognizes the groups of Memecylaceae within a broader circumscription of Melastomataceae.[16]

The most recent phylogenetic analysis of Memecylon included mostly African taxa and was based on two nuclear ribosomal regions, ETS and ITS. Memecylon species discovery in Madagascar increased, and comprehensive taxonomic revisions brought the total number up to 138 species, making Memecylon one of the most species-rich groups in the woody flora of Madagascar. In addition to this high species richness, a high degree of endemism of Memecylon indicated the importance of considering ecogeographic factors when making species identifications in this group.[8] Therefore, in the latest molecular phylogeny, a combined study of ecogeographic factors has been taken into account.[8]

Pollination and seed dispersal

The dense and axillary showy clusters of Memecylon florets do not produce nectar. These flowers are visited by pollen-gathering bees who vibrate or manipulate the anthers.[7] Anthers open by longitudinal slits and exposed pollen invites pollen gathering bees. Anther appendages serve as a hold for bees’ legs. These flowers have terpenoid secreting glands and bees collect terpenoids. Therefore, buzz pollination is also favored. Berries are dispersed by birds and mammals. Populations of Memecylon are widely scattered within the forests as would be expected in bird-dispersed species.[7]

Ecology

Memecylon produce flowers and fruits more regularly than many trees of the equatorial forests. It provides a food supply for wildlife as a source of fruits. Different sympatric groups appear to segregate mainly by soil moisture.[7]

Ethnobotany

Memecylon has economic, medicinal and horticultural values.[7] A yellow dye and a mordant can be extracted from the leaves. They are traditionally used for dyeing silk in Thailand and the robes of Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka.[6] Fruits are edible and some are used as spices.[7] This group provides hard and valuable timber used for building houses and boats. Wood is used to make rafters, house posts, fuel wood, charcoal, tools, and handles.[17] An infusion of leaves is used as astringent for ophthalmia.[18] Further, the leaves are used in the treatment of gonorrhea, or when mixed with several other ingredients, they make good formulations for external use. The bark is applied as a poultice to bruises.[18] Root and heartwood decoctions are used to bring down fever associated with colds, chicken pox and measles.[4][6]

A list of Memecylon species
  1. Memecylon aberrans H. Perrier
  2. Memecylon acrocarpum Bakh. f.
  3. Memecylon acrogenum R.D. Stone
  4. Memecylon acuminatissimum Blume
  5. Memecylon acuminatum Sm.
  6. Memecylon aequidianum Jacq.-Fél.
  7. Memecylon affine Merr.
  8. Memecylon afzelii G. Don
  9. Memecylon agastyamalaianum E.S.S. Kumar, Antony & A.E.S. Khan
  10. Memecylon alatum Aug. DC.
  11. Memecylon albescens Jacq.-Fél.
  12. Memecylon ambrense Jacq.-Fél.
  13. Memecylon amherstianum C.B. Clarke
  14. Memecylon amoenum Jacq.-Fél.
  15. Memecylon amplexicaule Roxb.
  16. Memecylon amplifolium R.D. Stone
  17. Memecylon amshoffiae Jacq.-Fél.
  18. Memecylon andamanicum King
  19. Memecylon angulatum Rchb. ex DC.
  20. Memecylon angustifolium Wight
  21. Memecylon antseranense Jacq.-Fél.
  22. Memecylon apoense Elmer
  23. Memecylon arcuatomarginatum Gilg ex Engl.
  24. Memecylon argenteum K. Bremer
  25. Memecylon arnhemense Whiffin
  26. Memecylon arnottianum Wight ex Thwaites
  27. Memecylon auratifolium H. Perrier
  28. Memecylon aylmeri Hutch. & Dalziel
  29. Memecylon azurinii Quisumb. & Merr.
  30. Memecylon bachmannii Engl.
  31. Memecylon bakerianum Hutch. & Dalziel; nom. illeg.
  32. Memecylon balakrishnanii Lakshmin. & S.P. Mathew
  33. Memecylon basilanense Merr.
  34. Memecylon batekeanum R.D. Stone & G.M. Walters
  35. Memecylon bequaertii De Wild.
  36. Memecylon bernieri Cogn.
  37. Memecylon boinense H. Perrier
  38. Memecylon brachybotrys Merr.
  39. Memecylon bracteatum Jacq.-Fél.
  40. Memecylon bracteolatum Bakh. f.
  41. Memecylon brahense Jacq.-Fél.
  42. Memecylon bremeri M.B. Viswan.
  43. Memecylon bretelerianum Jacq.-Fél.
  44. Memecylon buxifolium Blume
  45. Memecylon buxoides Wickens
  46. Memecylon caeruleum Jack
  47. Memecylon calderense A. Gray
  48. Memecylon calophyllum Gilg
  49. Memecylon calyptratum K. Bremer
  50. Memecylon campanulatum C.B. Clarke
  51. Memecylon candidum Gilg
  52. Memecylon candolleanum Cogn.
  53. Memecylon cantleyi Ridl.
  54. Memecylon capense Eckl. & Zeyh.
  55. Memecylon capitellatum sensu Span.
  56. Memecylon capuronii Jacq.-Fél.
  57. Memecylon cardiophyllum Cogn.
  58. Memecylon caudatum Craib
  59. Memecylon celastrinum Kurz
  60. Memecylon celebicum Bakh. f.
  61. Memecylon ceramense Bakh. f.
  62. Memecylon chevalieri Guillaumin
  63. Memecylon cinereum King
  64. Memecylon claessensii De Wild.
  65. Memecylon clarkeanum Cogn.
  66. Memecylon clausiflorum Naudin
  67. Memecylon clavistaminum Jacq.-Fél.
  68. Memecylon cogniauxii Gilg
  69. Memecylon confertiflorum Cogn.
  70. Memecylon confine Blume
  71. Memecylon confusum Blume
  72. Memecylon conocarpum Lauterb. & K. Schum.
  73. Memecylon constrictum Craib
  74. Memecylon cordatum Wall.; nom. nud.
  75. Memecylon cordifolium Merr.
  76. Memecylon corticosum Ridl.
  77. Memecylon corymbiforme H. Perrier
  78. Memecylon coursianum Jacq.-Fél.
  79. Memecylon crassifolium Bakh. f.
  80. Memecylon crassinerve Blume
  81. Memecylon crassipetiolum Jacq.-Fél.
  82. Memecylon cumingianum C. Presl
  83. Memecylon cumingii Naudin
  84. Memecylon cuneatum Thwaites
  85. Memecylon curtisii Burkill & M.R. Hend.
  86. Memecylon cyaneum De Wild.
  87. Memecylon cyanocarpum C.Y. Wu; nom. illeg.
  88. Memecylon dalleizettei H. Perrier
  89. Memecylon dallmannense Ohwi
  90. Memecylon dasyanthum Gilg & Lederm. ex Engl.
  91. Memecylon deccanense C.B. Clarke
  92. Memecylon delphinense H. Perrier
  93. Memecylon deminutum Brenan
  94. Memecylon densiflorum Merr.
  95. Memecylon dichotomum (C.B. Clarke) King
  96. Memecylon diluviorum Exell
  97. Memecylon dioicum (Naudin) Cogn.
  98. Memecylon discolor Cogn.
  99. Memecylon dissitum Craib
  100. Memecylon dolichophyllum Naudin
  101. Memecylon dubium Jacq.-Fél.
  102. Memecylon durum Cogn.
  103. Memecylon edule Roxb.
  104. Memecylon eduliforme' Aug. DC.
  105. Memecylon eglandulosum H. Perrier
  106. Memecylon elaeagni Blume
  107. Memecylon elegans Kurz
  108. Memecylon elegantulum Thwaites
  109. Memecylon ellipticum Thwaites
  110. Memecylon elliptifolium Merr.
  111. Memecylon elongatum Merr.
  112. Memecylon englerianum Cogn.
  113. Memecylon erythranthum Gilg
  114. Memecylon excelsum Blume
  115. Memecylon faucherei Danguy
  116. Memecylon fernandesiorum Jacq.-Fél.
  117. Memecylon fernandianum Gilg ex Engl.
  118. Memecylon ferreum Blume
  119. Memecylon fianarantse Jacq.-Fél.
  120. Memecylon flavescens Gamble
  121. Memecylon flavovirens Baker
  122. Memecylon fleuryi Jacq.-Fél.
  123. Memecylon floribundum'' Blume
  124. Memecylon floridum Ridl.
  125. Memecylon fragrans A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  126. Memecylon fruticosum King
  127. Memecylon fuscescens Thwaites
  128. Memecylon galeatum H. Perrier
  129. Memecylon garcinioides Blume
  130. Memecylon gardneri Thwaites
  131. Memecylon geddesianum Craib
  132. Memecylon geoffrayi Guillaumin
  133. Memecylon germainii A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  134. Memecylon gibbosum Bakh. f.
  135. Memecylon giganteum Alston
  136. Memecylon gigantifolium Elmer
  137. Memecylon gilgianum Exell
  138. Memecylon gitingense Elmer
  139. Memecylon gracile Bedd.
  140. Memecylon gracilipedicellatum Jacq.-Fél.
  141. Memecylon gracilipes Ridl.; nom. illeg.
  142. Memecylon gracillimum Alston
  143. Memecylon grande sensu Blume
  144. Memecylon greenwayi Brenan
  145. Memecylon griffithianum Naudin
  146. Memecylon hainanense Merr. & Chun
  147. Memecylon harmandii Guillaumin
  148. Memecylon helferi (C.B. Clarke) Cogn.
  149. Memecylon heyneanum sensu Wight
  150. Memecylon hookeri sensu A.N. Henry & Subr.
  151. Memecylon huillense A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  152. Memecylon hullettii King
  153. Memecylon humbertii H. Perrier
  154. Memecylon hylandii Whiffin
  155. Memecylon idukkianum Nampy & Radh
  156. Memecylon impressivenum R.D. Stone
  157. Memecylon inalatum Jacq.-Fél.
  158. Memecylon infuscatum Jacq.-Fél.
  159. Memecylon insigne Mansf.
  160. Memecylon insperatum A.C. Sm.
  161. Memecylon insulare A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  162. Memecylon interjectum R.D. Stone
  163. Memecylon isaloense Jacq.-Fél.
  164. Memecylon ivohibense Jacq.-Fél.
  165. Memecylon jadhavii K.N. Reddy, C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju; nom. inval.
  166. Memecylon klaineanum Jacq.-Fél.
  167. Memecylon kollimalayana M.B. Viswan.
  168. Memecylon kratense Craib
  169. Memecylon kunstleri King
  170. Memecylon lancifolium Ridl.
  171. Memecylon langbianense Guillaumin
  172. Memecylon laruei Merr.
  173. Memecylon lateriflorum (G. Don) Bremek.
  174. Memecylon latifolium Bojer; nom. nud.
  175. Memecylon laurentii De Wild.
  176. Memecylon laureolum Jacq.-Fél.
  177. Memecylon laurinum Blume
  178. Memecylon lawsonii Gamble
  179. Memecylon laxiflorum Wall. ex Ridl.; nom. illeg.
  180. Memecylon leucanthum Thwaites
  181. Memecylon leucocarpum Gilg
  182. Memecylon liberiae Gilg ex Engl.
  183. Memecylon ligustrifolium Champ. ex Benth.
  184. Memecylon lijndenia Kuntze
  185. Memecylon lilacinum Zoll. & Moritzi
  186. Memecylon littorale Merr.
  187. Memecylon loheri Merr.
  188. Memecylon longicuspe Baker
  189. Memecylon longifolium Cogn.
  190. Memecylon longipetalum H. Perrier
  191. Memecylon louvelianum H. Perrier
  192. Memecylon luchuenense C. Chen
  193. Memecylon lucidum C. Presl
  194. Memecylon lureri Naudin
  195. Memecylon lushingtonii Gamble
  196. Memecylon macrocarpum Thwaites
  197. Memecylon macrodendron Gilg ex Engl.
  198. Memecylon macrophyllum Thwaites
  199. Memecylon madgolense Gamble
  200. Memecylon magnifoliatum A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  201. Memecylon malaccense (C.B. Clarke) Ridl.
  202. Memecylon mandrarense H. Perrier
  203. Memecylon mangiferoides Jacq.-Fél.
  204. Memecylon manickamii Murugan, Sundaresan & Jothi
  205. Memecylon mayottense R.D. Stone
  206. Memecylon megacarpum Furtado
  207. Memecylon megaspermum Jacq.-Fél.
  208. Memecylon memoratum Jacq.-Fél.
  209. Memecylon merguicum (C.B. Clarke) King
  210. Memecylon minimifolium H. Perrier
  211. Memecylon minutiflorum Miq.
  212. Memecylon mocquerysii Aug. DC.
  213. Memecylon monchyanum Backer; nom. inval.
  214. Memecylon mouririoides Jacq.-Fél.
  215. Memecylon multiflorum Bakh. f.
  216. Memecylon multinode Jacq.-Fél.
  217. Memecylon mundanthuraianum M.B.Viswan. & Manik.
  218. Memecylon myrianthum Gilg
  219. Memecylon myricoides Naudin
  220. Memecylon myrtiforme Naudin
  221. Memecylon myrtilloides Markgr.
  222. Memecylon natalense Markgr.
  223. Memecylon nigrescens Engl.; nom. illeg.
  224. Memecylon nodosum (Engl.) Gilg ex Engl.
  225. Memecylon normandii Jacq.-Fél.
  226. Memecylon novoguineense Baker f.
  227. Memecylon obscurinerve Merr.
  228. Memecylon obtusifolium Merr.
  229. Memecylon occultum Jacq.-Fél.
  230. Memecylon ochroleucum Bakh. f.
  231. Memecylon octocostatum Merr. & Chun
  232. Memecylon odoratum Elmer
  233. Memecylon oligophlebium Merr.
  234. Memecylon orbiculare Thwaites
  235. Memecylon oubanguianum Jacq.-Fél.
  236. Memecylon ovatifolium (Poir.) Wickens
  237. Memecylon ovatum Sm.
  238. Memecylon ovoideum Thwaites
  239. Memecylon pachyphyllum Merr.
  240. Memecylon palawanense Elmer
  241. Memecylon pallidum Merr.
  242. Memecylon paniculatum Jack
  243. Memecylon papuanum Merr. & L.M. Perry
  244. Memecylon paradoxum Jacq.-Fél.
  245. Memecylon parviflorum Blanco
  246. Memecylon parvifolium Thwaites
  247. Memecylon pauciflorum Blume
  248. Memecylon pedunculatum Jacq.-Fél.
  249. Memecylon pendulum Chih C. Wang, Y. H. Tseng, Y. T. Chen & Kun C. Chang
  250. Memecylon peracuminatum H. Perrier
  251. Memecylon perangustum Jacq.-Fél.
  252. Memecylon perditum R.D. Stone
  253. Memecylon pergamentaceum Cogn.
  254. Memecylon perrieri Danguy
  255. Memecylon pervilleanum Naudin
  256. Memecylon petiolatum Trimen ex Alston
  257. Memecylon phanerophlebium Merr.
  258. Memecylon phyllanthifolium Thwaites ex Bedd.
  259. Memecylon pierrei Hance
  260. Memecylon pileatum Jacq.-Fél.
  261. Memecylon planifolium Jacq.-Fél.
  262. Memecylon plebejum Kurz
  263. Memecylon polyanthemos Hook. f.
  264. Memecylon polyanthum H.L. Li
  265. Memecylon polyneuron Gilg
  266. Memecylon ponmudianum Sivu, N.S.Pradeep & Pandur.
  267. Memecylon preslianum Triana; nom. illeg.
  268. Memecylon procerum Thwaites
  269. Memecylon protrusum Bakh. f.
  270. Memecylon prunifolium Naudin
  271. Memecylon pseudomyrtiforme H. Perrier
  272. Memecylon pterocarpum H. Perrier
  273. Memecylon pterocaule (Korth.) Merr.
  274. Memecylon pterocladum R.D. Stone
  275. Memecylon pteropus Merr.
  276. Memecylon pubescens (C.B. Clarke) King
  277. Memecylon pulvinatum Jacq.-Fél.
  278. Memecylon punctatum C. Presl
  279. Memecylon purpurascens Jacq.-Fél.
  280. Memecylon pusilliflorum Cogn.
  281. Memecylon pyrifolium Naudin; nom. illeg.
  282. Memecylon ramosii Merr.
  283. Memecylon ramosum Jacq.-Fél.
  284. Memecylon randerianum S.M. Almeida & M.R. Almeida
  285. Memecylon rauschianum Gilg & Lederm. ex Engl.
  286. Memecylon revolutum Thwaites
  287. Memecylon reygaertii De Wild.
  288. Memecylon rhamnoideum Naudin
  289. Memecylon rhinophyllum Thwaites
  290. Memecylon rhodophyllum Bakh. f.
  291. Memecylon ridleyi Cogn. ex Ridl.; nom. nud.
  292. Memecylon rivulare K. Bremer
  293. Memecylon roseum H. Perrier
  294. Memecylon rostratum Thwaites
  295. Memecylon rotundatum (Thwaites) Cogn.
  296. Memecylon royenii Blume
  297. Memecylon rubiflorum Jacq.-Fél.
  298. Memecylon rubrocaeruleum Thwaites
  299. Memecylon ruptile K. Bremer
  300. Memecylon sabulosum Jacq.-Fél.
  301. Memecylon salicifolium Jacq.-Fél.
  302. Memecylon sambiranense H. Perrier
  303. Memecylon sapinii De Wild.
  304. Memecylon schliebenii Markgr.
  305. Memecylon schraderbergense Mansf.
  306. Memecylon schumannianum Mansf.
  307. Memecylon scolopacinum Ridl.
  308. Memecylon scutellatum sensu Seem.
  309. Memecylon sejunctum R.D. Stone
  310. Memecylon semseii A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  311. Memecylon sepicanum Mansf.
  312. Memecylon sessile A. Chev.
  313. Memecylon sessilicarpum A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  314. Memecylon sessilifolium Merr.
  315. Memecylon simii Stapf
  316. Memecylon sisparense Gamble
  317. Memecylon sitanum Jacq.-Fél.
  318. Memecylon sivadasanii N. Mohanan, Ravi, Kiran Raj & Shaju
  319. Memecylon sorsogonense Elmer
  320. Memecylon sousae A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  321. Memecylon sparsiflorum Bojer; nom. nud.
  322. Memecylon sphaerocarpum DC.
  323. Memecylon sphaerothyrsum O. Schwartz
  324. Memecylon steenisii Bakh. f.
  325. Memecylon stenophyllum Merr.
  326. Memecylon stolzii Gilg ex Engl.
  327. Memecylon strumosum Naudin
  328. Memecylon strychnoides Gilg; nom. illeg.
  329. Memecylon subcaudatum Merr.
  330. Memecylon subcordifolium Bakh. f.
  331. Memecylon subcuneatum H. Perrier
  332. Memecylon subfurfuraceum Merr.
  333. Memecylon subramanii A.N. Henry
  334. Memecylon subsessile H. Perrier
  335. Memecylon subtrinervium Miq.
  336. Memecylon sumatrense Bakh. f.
  337. Memecylon superbum A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  338. Memecylon sylvaticum Thwaites
  339. Memecylon symplociforme Merr.
  340. Memecylon talbotianum Brandis
  341. Memecylon tamifolium Gilg ex Engl.
  342. Memecylon tayabense Merr.
  343. Memecylon teitense Wickens
  344. Memecylon tenuipes Merr.
  345. Memecylon terminale Dalzell
  346. Memecylon terminaliflorum Elmer
  347. Memecylon tetrapterum Cogn.
  348. Memecylon thomsonii Thwaites
  349. Memecylon thouarsianum Naudin
  350. Memecylon thouvenotii Danguy
  351. Memecylon thwaitesii Cogn.
  352. Memecylon tinctorium sensu Blanco
  353. Memecylon tirunelvelicum Murugan, Manickam & Sundaresan
  354. Memecylon toamasinense Jacq.-Fél.
  355. Memecylon torrei A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  356. Memecylon torricellense Lauterb.
  357. Memecylon tricolor Craib
  358. Memecylon trinerve DC.
  359. Memecylon tsaratananense (H. Perrier) Jacq.-Fél.
  360. Memecylon uapacoides Jacq.-Fél.
  361. Memecylon ulopterum DC.
  362. Memecylon umbellatum sensu Merr.
  363. Memecylon urceolatum Cogn.
  364. Memecylon utericarpum Jacq.-Fél.
  365. Memecylon vaccinioides Jacq.-Fél.
  366. Memecylon varians Thwaites
  367. Memecylon verruculosum Brenan
  368. Memecylon virescens Hook. f.
  369. Memecylon viride Hutch. & Dalziel; nom. inval.
  370. Memecylon vitiense A. Gray
  371. Memecylon walkeri Hook. ex C.B. Clarke; nom. nud.
  372. Memecylon wallichii Ridl.
  373. Memecylon wightii Thwaites
  374. Memecylon xiphophyllum R.D. Stone
  375. Memecylon zambeziense A. Fern. & R. Fern.
  376. Memecylon zenkeri Gilg

Sources
gollark: The bees are only a fallback. During normal use, it uses modulated muon beams.
gollark: Why did ABR crash? Worrying.
gollark: Oh, the bridge, right.
gollark: I guess Google have their magic encoder ASICs and don't care as much as mere mortals.
gollark: Slightly better compression ratios but horrible encoding time.

References
  1. "Melastomataceae.Net". www.melastomataceae.net. Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  2. Bremer, Kåre (1981). "Seeds and embryos in Sri Lanka (Ceylonese) species of Memecylon, with notes on Spathandra (Melastomataceae)". Nordic Journal of Botany. 1 (1): 62–65. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb01036.x.
  3. Bremer, Kåre (1981-01-01). "Seeds and embryos in Sri Lanka (Ceylonese) species of Memecylon, with notes on Spathandra (Melastomataceae)". Nordic Journal of Botany. 1 (1): 62–65. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb01036.x. ISSN 1756-1051.
  4. "Memecylon".
  5. Stone, Robert Douglas (2014-06-30). "The species-rich, paleotropical genus Memecylon (Melastomataceae): Molecular[phylogenetics and revised infrageneric classification of the African species". Taxon. 63 (3): 539–561. doi:10.12705/633.10.
  6. "A Field Guide to Economically Important Plants of Sri Lanka". www.nhbs.com. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  7. Lafrankie, James V. (2010). Trees of tropical Asia : an illustrated guide to diversity / James V. LaFrankie, Jr. ; with illustrations by the author ; supplemented with photographs by other regional biologists. - Version details. Trove. ISBN 9789719479406. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  8. Stone, Robert Douglas (2012-07-06). "Endemism, species richness and morphological trends in Madagascan Memecylon (Melastomataceae)". Plant Ecology and Evolution. 145 (2): 145–151. doi:10.5091/plecevo.2012.545.
  9. "Multiple Miocene Melastomataceae dispersal between Madagascar, Africa and India" (PDF).
  10. Wijedasa, Lahiru S.; Hughes, Mark (2012-09-07). "A new species and new combinations of Memecylon in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia". Phytotaxa. 66 (1): 6–12. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.66.1.2. ISSN 1179-3163.
  11. Hughes, Mark (2013-09-25). "Memecylon pseudomegacarpum M.Hughes (Melastomataceae), a new species of tree from Peninsular Malaysia". European Journal of Taxonomy. 0 (56). doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.56. ISSN 2118-9773.
  12. Renner, Susanne S. (2004-10-29). "Multiple Miocene Melastomataceae dispersal between Madagascar, Africa and India". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 359 (1450): 1485–1494. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1530. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1693440. PMID 15519967.
  13. "Interfamilial relationships in Myrtales: molecular phylogeny and patterns of morphological evolution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-18.
  14. Clausing, G.; Renner, S. S. (2001-03-01). "Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution". American Journal of Botany. 88 (3): 486–498. doi:10.2307/2657114. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2657114. PMID 11250827.
  15. Stone, Robert Douglas (2006-01-01). "Phylogeny of Major Lineages in Melastomataceae, Subfamily Olisbeoideae: Utility of Nuclear Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GapC) Gene Sequences". Systematic Botany. 31 (1): 107–121. doi:10.1600/036364406775971741. JSTOR 25064133.
  16. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016-05-01). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. ISSN 1095-8339.
  17. "Ancestral Building Materials". malatumbaga.com. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  18. Satya, S; Vijayarani, KR; Srividhya, R; Gangatharan, N; Xavier, MF; Arunprasad, S; Kody, AP (2003). "Astringent activity of Memecylon". Anc Sci Life. 23 (2): 120–2. PMC 3330965. PMID 22557122.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.