Mavis Gallant

Mavis Leslie de Trafford Gallant, CC, née Young (11 August 1922 – 18 February 2014), was a Canadian writer who spent much of her life and career in France.[1] Best known as a short story writer, she also published novels, plays and essays.[1]

Mavis Gallant
BornMavis Leslie de Trafford Young
(1922-08-11)11 August 1922
Montreal, Quebec
Died18 February 2014(2014-02-18) (aged 91)
Paris, France
NationalityCanadian
Notable worksFrom the Fifteenth District, The Pegnitz Junction, Home Truths
Notable awardsOrder of Canada
Governor General's Award for English-language fiction
Prix Athanase-David
SpouseJohn Gallant (m. 1942–1947)

Personal life

Gallant was born in Montreal, Quebec, the only child of Albert Stewart Roy de Trafford Young, a Canadian furniture salesman and painter who was the son of an officer in the British Army,[2] and his wife, Benedictine Wiseman. Young died in 1932 of kidney disease,[2] and his widow soon remarried and moved to New York, leaving their daughter behind with a guardian.[1] Gallant did not learn of her father's death for several years and later told The New York Times: "I had a mother who should not have had children, and it's as simple as that."[3]

Gallant was educated at 17 public, private, and convent schools in the United States and Canada.[3]

She married John Gallant, a Winnipeg musician, in 1942.[1] The couple divorced in 1947.[4] According to Gallant's biographer, the marriage was "briefer than the dates suggest since her husband was in the armed forces overseas for much of the time".[5]

Career

In her 20s, Gallant briefly worked for the National Film Board[4] before taking a job as a reporter for the Montreal Standard (1944–1950).[1] While working for the Standard, she published some of her early short stories, both in the newspaper and in the magazines Preview and Northern Review.[6]

Gallant left journalism in 1950 to pursue fiction writing full-time.[1] She moved to Europe with the hope of being able to work exclusively as a writer rather than supporting herself with other work, and lived briefly in Spain[7] before settling in Paris, France, where she resided for the remainder of her life.[2] Despite residing in Paris, Gallant never surrendered her Canadian citizenship nor applied for French citizenship.[6]

Her first internationally published short story, "Madeline's Birthday", appeared in the September 1, 1951 issue of The New Yorker.[8] The magazine soon published other stories of hers, including "One Morning in June" and "The Picnic".[9] She did not initially know these later stories had been accepted by the magazine, as her literary agent, Jacques Chambrun, pocketed her $1,535 in royalties and told her the magazine had declined her stories, while simultaneously lying about her residence to the magazine so they could not contact her directly;[7] she discovered that she had been published only upon seeing her name in the magazine while reading it in a library, and thus established her longstanding relationship with the magazine by directly contacting and befriending New Yorker fiction editor William Maxwell.[7] Chambrun had also embezzled money from W. Somerset Maugham, Ben Hecht, Grace Metalious, and Jack Schaefer, among others.[10]

She published 116 stories in The New Yorker throughout her career, putting her in the same league as John Cheever or John Updike.[6][11] Alongside Alice Munro, Gallant is one of only a few Canadian authors whose works have regularly appeared in the magazine.[7]

She wrote two novels, Green Water, Green Sky (1959) and A Fairly Good Time (1970); a play, What Is to Be Done? (1984); numerous celebrated collections of stories, The Other Paris (1956), My Heart Is Broken (1964), The Pegnitz Junction (1973), The End of the World and Other Stories (1974), From the Fifteenth District (1979), Home Truths: Selected Canadian Stories (1981), Overhead in a Balloon: Stories of Paris (1985), In Transit (1988) and Across the Bridge (1993); and a non-fiction work, Paris Notebooks: Selected Essays and Reviews (1986). Numerous new collections of stories from the earlier books, including The Selected Stories of Mavis Gallant (1996), Paris Stories (2002) and Varieties of Exile (2003), were also released in the 1990s and 2000s. The Cost of Living (2009) collected stories from throughout her career, which had been published in literary magazines but not in earlier collections.[12] Her "Linnet Muir" series of stories, which appeared in several of her books before being collected in their entirety in Home Truths, are her most explicitly semi-autobiographical works.[13]

Throughout Gallant's early career, Canadian literary critics often wrote of her as being unfairly overlooked in Canada because of her expatriate status;[1][14] prior to the 1970s, in fact, her books were not picked up by Canadian publishers at all, and were available only as rare and expensive American imports[15] until Macmillan of Canada bought publication rights to From the Fifteenth District.[16] According to journalist Robert Fulford, the neglect flowed in both directions, as Gallant did not actually undertake any serious effort to secure a Canadian publisher until Macmillan editor Douglas Gibson approached her in the late 1970s.[15] The Canadian publication of From the Fifteenth District did not initially quell the criticism, however, as the book failed to garner a shortlisted nomination for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction despite being widely regarded as her greatest work.[17] In response, Gibson compiled Home Truths: Selected Canadian Stories, a collection of previously published stories selected to highlight the Canadian themes and settings present in her work.[18] That volume won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction in 1981.[1]

She only rarely granted interviews until 2006, when she participated in two television documentaries: one in English for Bravo! Canada, Paris Stories: The Writing of Mavis Gallant,[16] and one in French as part of the series CONTACT, l'encyclopédie de la création, hosted by Canadian broadcaster Stéphan Bureau.[19] Gallant was honored at Symphony Space in New York City on November 1, 2006, in an event for Selected Shorts—fellow authors Russell Banks, Jhumpa Lahiri and Michael Ondaatje honoured her and read excerpts from her work, and Gallant herself made a rare personal appearance, reading one of her short stories in its entirety.[20]

Gallant's private journals are slated for publication by McClelland and Stewart and Knopf,[21] with the first volume covering the period from 1952 to 1969.[21] Some excerpts from the diaries have already been published by The New Yorker beginning in 2012.[9][22]

Gallant was candid about her desire for autonomy and privacy. In an interview with Geoff Hancock in Canadian Fiction magazine in 1978, she discussed her "life project" and her deliberate move to France to write by saying, "I have arranged matters so that I would be free to write. It's what I like doing."[23] In the preface to her collection Home Truths: Selected Canadian Stories (1981), she used the words of Boris Pasternak as her epigraph: "Only personal independence matters."[24]

Death

Gallant died, aged 91, on February 18, 2014.[2][25]

Honors

In 1981, Gallant was named an Officer of the Order of Canada for her contribution to literature.[6] She was promoted to Companion of the Order in 1993.[1]

In 1983-84, she returned to Canada to be the writer-in-residence at the University of Toronto.[6] In 1989, Gallant was made a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[4] Queen's University awarded her an honorary LL.D. in 1991, and the Quebec Writers' Federation Awards committee has named its annual non-fiction literary award in her honor. She served on the jury of the Giller Prize in 1997.

In 2000, Gallant won the Matt Cohen Prize,[6] and in 2002 she received the Rea Award for the Short Story.[4] The O. Henry Prize Stories of 2003 was dedicated to her. In 2004, Gallant was awarded a Lannan Literary Fellowship as well as a PEN/Nabokov Award.[4]

On November 8, 2006, Gallant received the Prix Athanase-David from the government of her native province of Quebec.[6] She was the first author writing in English to receive this award in its 38 years of existence.[26]

Cultural depictions

Director Wes Anderson based one of the stories in his 2020 film The French Dispatch on "The Events in May: A Paris Notebook", a two-part New Yorker story written by Gallant. A fictional reporter inspired by Gallant was portrayed in the film by actress Frances McDormand.[27]

Critical assessment

Grazia Merler observes in her book, Mavis Gallant: Narrative Patterns and Devices, that "Psychological character development is not the heart of Mavis Gallant's stories, nor is plot. Specific situation development and reconstruction of the state of mind or of heart is, however, the main objective." Frequently, Gallant's stories focus on expatriate men and women who have come to feel lost or isolated; marriages that have grown flimsy or shabby; lives that have faltered and now hover in the shadowy area between illusion, self-delusion, and reality. Because of her heritage and understanding of Acadian history, she is often compared to Antonine Maillet, considered to be a spokesperson for Acadian culture in Canada.

In her critical book Reading Mavis Gallant, Janice Kulyk Keefer says, "Gallant is a writer who dazzles us with her command of the language, her innovative use of narrative forms, the acuity of her intelligence, and the incisiveness of her wit. Yet she also disconcerts us with her insistence on the constrictions and limitations that dominate human experience."

In a review of her work in Books in Canada in 1978, Geoff Hancock asserts that "Mavis Gallant's fiction is among the finest ever written by a Canadian. But, like buried treasure, both the author and her writing are to discover." In the Canadian Reader, Robert Fulford writes, "One begins comparing her best moments to those of major figures in literary history. Names like Henry James, Chekhov, and George Eliot dance across the mind."

Depiction of fascism

Fascism is a recurring subject in Gallant's stories. She once described her 1973 collection The Pegnitz Junction as "a book about where fascism came from . . . not the historical causes of Fascism—just its small possibilities in people."[23] Critics have also singled out Gallant's later story "Speck's Idea" (1979) as offering a sustained engagement with the psychological appeal of fascism.[28] The story, which is Gallant's most widely anthologized work and has been called "arguably her masterpiece," depicts an art dealer in 1970s France who seems to slowly embrace fascism.[29] At the same time, there are details in the story that seem to undermine his association with fascist ideology.

According to critic Andy Lamey, the protagonist of "Speck's Idea" should indeed be viewed as a fascist, "but of a particular, non-ideological type." In the 1970s, France was undergoing a debate about the country's collaboration with its Nazi occupiers during World War II. Lamey offers historical material to suggest that Gallant's story is informed by this debate. He characterizes "Speck's Idea" as a "dramatization of how a segment of the French population, which its central character represents, could tolerate and condone fascism for reasons other than a deep attraction to fascist ideas. These reasons include indifference and self-interest. Gallant's protagonist ultimately illustrates how fascism drew not merely on ideological, but also on opportunistic, motivations."[30]

Plagiarism case

The Pakistani author Sadia Shepard was accused of having copied Gallant's short story "The Ice Wagon Coming Down the Street" in her story "Foreign-Returned". Gallant's story involves a couple from Canada, Peter and Sheilah, remembering the time that they spent in Geneva, where they met a shy girl called Agnes and a rich family called the Burleighs. They invite Agnes for dinner, and then all go separately to a dinner with the Burleighs, in which Agnes gets drunk and is brought home by Peter. Shepard's story tells of a Pakistani couple living in Connecticut called Hassan and Sara. They meet Hina, and the glamorous Ahmeds. As in Gallant's story, Hina comes to their house, and they all go to the Ahmeds later, after which Hassan brings Hina home.

Shepard acknowledged Gallant as an influence on her story, but many, such as Francine Prose, who was the person to bring up the uncanny resemblance between the two, felt that it was plagiarism. Prose said, 'scene by scene, plot turn by plot turn, gesture by gesture, the Shepard story follows the Gallant. Some phrases and sentences are mirrored with only a few words changed,” wrote Prose. “The correspondences far exceed the bounds of ‘debt’, and even of ‘homage’, or of a ‘translation’ into a different ethnicity and historical period. Is it really acceptable to change the names and the identities of fictional characters and then claim the story as one's own original work? Why, then, do we bother having copyright laws?'[31]

Some writers, such as the Booker-prize winner Marlon James, respected Shepard's story, but many others believed she took a disproportionate amount from Gallant, and that she should have credited the influence.[32]

Bibliography

Short story collections
  • The Other Paris (1956, ISBN 9780839828952)
  • My Heart Is Broken: Eight Stories and a Short Novel (1964, ISBN 9780140152289)
  • The Pegnitz Junction: A Novella and Five Short Stories (1973, ISBN 9780915308606)
  • The End of the World and Other Stories (1974, ISBN 9780771091919)
  • From the Fifteenth District: A Novella and Eight Short Stories (1979, ISBN 9780771032936)
  • Home Truths: Selected Canadian Stories (1981, ISBN 9780771032929)
  • Overhead in a Balloon: Stories of Paris (1985, ISBN 9780571154098)
  • In Transit: Twenty Stories (1988, ISBN 9780140109177)
  • Across the Bridge: Stories (1993, ISBN 9780786701438)
  • The Moslem Wife and Other Stories (1994, ISBN 9780771098918)

Compilations
  • The Selected Stories of Mavis Gallant (1996, ISBN 9780771033308). Titled The Collected Stories of Mavis Gallant (ISBN 9780375752308) in the United States.
  • Paris Stories (2002, ISBN 9781590170229)
  • Varieties of Exile (2003, New York Review Books, ISBN 9781590170601). Republished as Montreal Stories (2004, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 9780973758641).
  • Going Ashore: Stories (2009, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 9780771035388). 31 previously uncollected stories.
  • The Cost of Living: Early and Uncollected Stories (2009, New York Review Books, ISBN 9781590173275). 19 stories from Going Ashore, and an additional story.

Novels
  • Green Water, Green Sky, 1959 (ISBN 9780747518587)
  • A Fairly Good Time, 1970 (ISBN 9780839828969)

Plays
  • What Is to Be Done?, 1983 (ISBN 9780864950314)

Non-fiction
  • Paris Notebooks: Essays and Reviews, 1986 (ISBN 9780771596100)
gollark: They did recently decide that "gig economy" people are workers in a bunch of places?
gollark: I don't think so.
gollark: No, they do not. Nobody is in houses. They literally are not a thing which exists.
gollark: This is because houses do not exist during the winter.
gollark: Oh, you weren't actually pinging *everyone*.

References
  1. Mavis Gallant at The Canadian Encyclopedia.
  2. "Writer Mavis Gallant dies at age 91". The Globe and Mail. February 18, 2014.
  3. "Mavis Gallant, 91, Dies; Her Stories Told of Uprooted Lives and Loss". The New York Times, February 18, 2014.
  4. "Mavis Gallant, legendary short story writer, dies at 91". Toronto Star, February 18, 2014.
  5. Judith Skelton Grant, Mavis Gallant and Her Works (ECW Press, 1989), page 2
  6. "Mavis Gallant, short story maven, dies at 91". CBC News, February 18, 2014.
  7. Lisa Allardice (21 November 2009). "A life in books: Mavis Gallant 'I felt that the only thing I was on earth to do was to write'". The Guardian. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  8. "Eighty-Five from the Archive: Mavis Gallant". The New Yorker, February 12, 2010.
  9. "The Hunger Diaries". The New Yorker, July 9, 2012.
  10. "Mavis Gallant's Double-Dealing Literary Agent". The New Yorker, July 11, 2012.
  11. Macfarlane, David (March 2015). "Traces of Mavis". The Walrus. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  12. "How Mavis Gallant avoided her own death in Paris". Toronto Star, April 15, 2009.
  13. "Mavis Gallant dead at 91: An appreciation of the Canadian literary great" Archived 2014-02-19 at Archive-It. National Post, February 18, 2014.
  14. Abby H. P. Werlock, Companion to Literature: Facts on File Companion to the American Short Story. Facts on File, 2010. ISBN 9781438127439.
  15. Robert Fulford, "A life spent abroad: Mavis Gallant's relationship with Canada was once one of mutual neglect". National Post, April 20, 2004.
  16. "Mysterious Mavis" Archived 2016-03-24 at the Wayback Machine. CanWest News Service, April 30, 2006.
  17. Reingard M. Nischik, History of Literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian. Camden House Publishing, 2010. ISBN 978-1571133595.
  18. Christine Evain, Douglas Gibson Unedited: On Editing Robertson Davies, Alice Munro, W.O. Mitchell, Mavis Gallant, Jack Hodgins, Alistair MacLeod, etc. Peter Lang, 2007. ISBN 978-90-5201-368-8.
  19. Eleanor Wachtel, "Talking with a master storyteller: Eleanor Wachtel on interviewing Mavis Gallant". Writers & Company, January 13, 2008.
  20. "Mavis Gallant: 'She belongs to no one but herself' ". The Globe and Mail, November 24, 2006.
  21. "Gallant's private journals to be published in Canada, U.S.". The Globe and Mail, June 27, 2012.
  22. "Mavis Gallant: Fifty Years of Notebooks". The New Yorker. 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  23. Geoff Hancock, "An Interview with Mavis Gallant". Canadian Fiction 28 (1978), p. 41.
  24. "The Four Seasons of Mavis Gallant". Ideas, February 18, 2014.
  25. "Mavis Gallant obituary". The Guardian, February 18, 2014.
  26. "Mavis Gallant first anglophone writer to win Quebec prize". Quill & Quire, November 9, 2006.
  27. "A Look at Wes Anderson's New, New Yorker-inspired Film". The New Yorker. February 11, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  28. "Mavis Gallant's Overhead in a Balloon: Politics and Religion, Language and Art | Woolford | Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littérature canadienne". Journals.lib.unb.ca. 1985-10-14. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  29. "French Fascism and History in 'Speck's Idea' by Andy Lamey". SSRN 2648599. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. Lamey. "French Fascism and History in 'Speck's Idea": 3. SSRN 2648599. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. "Author denies plagiarism in New Yorker story modelled on Mavis Gallant tale". The Guardian, January 16, 2018.
  32. "Good Writers Borrow, Great Writers Remix". Literary Hub, January 12, 2018.
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