Master of the Rolls

The Keeper or Master of the Rolls and Records of the Chancery of England, known as the Master of the Rolls, is the President of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, Civil Division, and Head of Civil Justice. As a judge, he is the second in seniority in England and Wales only to the Lord Chief Justice.[1] The position dates from at least 1286, although it is believed that the office probably existed earlier than that.[2]

This article is about the English office. For the Irish office, see Master of the Rolls in Ireland.

Master of the Rolls of England and Wales
The Judiciary of England and Wales
Incumbent Sir Terence Etherton since 3 October 2016
Style	The Right Honourable
Nominator	Judicial Appointments Commission
Appointer	The Sovereign on recommendation of Prime Minister and Lord Chancellor, who are in turn given recommendations by a selection panel
Term length	Life tenure; Retirement at age 70, or 75 if appointed to a judicial post before 31 March 1995
Inaugural holder	John Langton
Formation	2 September 1286
Salary	£214,165
Website	The Judiciary of England and Wales

The Master of the Rolls was initially a clerk responsible for keeping the "Rolls" or records of the Court of Chancery, and was known as the Keeper of the Rolls of Chancery.[3] The Keeper was the most senior of the dozen Chancery clerks, and as such occasionally acted as keeper of the Great Seal of the Realm.[4] The post evolved into a judicial one as the Court of Chancery did; the first reference to judicial duties dates from 1520.[5] With the Judicature Act 1873, which merged the Court of Chancery with the other major courts, the Master of the Rolls joined the Chancery Division of the High Court and the Court of Appeal,[6] but left the Chancery Division by the terms of the Judicature Act 1881. The Master of the Rolls had also been warden of the little-used Domus Conversorum for housing Jewish converts, which led to the house and chapel being used to store legal documents and later becoming the location of the Public Record Office. He retained his clerical functions as the nominal head of the Public Record Office until the Public Records Act 1958 transferred responsibility for it to the Lord Chancellor.[7] One residual reminder of this role is the fact that the Master of the Rolls of the day continues to serve, ex officio, as President of the British Records Association. The Master of the Rolls was also previously responsible for registering solicitors, the officers of the Senior Courts.[8]

One of the most prominent people to hold the position was Thomas Cromwell, a highly influential figure during the reign of Henry VIII; more recently, Lord Denning held the position for 20 years, from 1962 to 1982, and made sweeping changes in the common law. On 3 October 2016, Sir Terence Etherton succeeded Lord Dyson as Master of the Rolls.[9] In July 2020, it was announced that Sir Geoffrey Vos will be appointed as his replacement from 11 January 2021.[10]

List of Masters of the Rolls

Thomas Cromwell, a highly influential figure during the reign of Henry VIII

Sir Thomas Egerton, who served as Lord Keeper and Lord Chancellor for 21 years

Sir John Trevor, the last Speaker of the House of Commons to resign in over 400 years until the resignation of Michael Martin in 2009

Sir Nathaniel Lindley, who made key judgments in a variety of important cases and was the last Serjeant-at-Law appointed, the last to sit as a judge and the last surviving.

Sir Thomas Bingham, who helped establish the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

No.	Portrait	Name	Term of office		Other positions	Notes
1		John Langton	2 September 1286	1 October 1295	Lord Chancellor 1292–1302, 1307–1310	[11][12]
2		Adam Osgodby	1 October 1295	19 August 1316	—	[11]
3		William Airmyn	19 August 1316	26 May 1324	—	[11]
4		Richard Airmyn	26 May 1324	4 July 1325	—	[11]
5		Henry de Cliff	4 July 1325	20 January 1334	—	[11]
6		Michael Wrath	20 January 1334	28 April 1337	—	[11]
7		John de St Paul	28 April 1337	10 January 1341	Archbishop of Dublin 1349–1362, Lord Chancellor of Ireland 1350–1356	[13]
8		Thomas Evesham	10 January 1341	21 February 1341	—	[13]
9		John Thoresby	21 February 1341	2 July 1346	—	[13]
10		David Wollore	2 July 1346	28 March 1371	—	[13]
11		William Burstall	28 March 1371	8 September 1381	—	[13]
12		John Waltham	8 September 1381	24 October 1386	Lord Privy Seal 1386–1389, Lord Chancellor 1349–1356	[13][14]
13		John Burton	24 October 1386	22 July 1394	—	[13]
14		John Scarle	22 July 1394	11 September 1397	Lord Chancellor 1399–1401	[13][15]
15		Thomas Stanley	11 September 1397	24 September 1402	—	[13]
16		Nicholas Bubwith	24 September 1402	2 March 1405	Lord Privy Seal 1405–1406, Lord High Treasurer 1407–1408	[16][17]
17		John Wakering	2 March 1405	3 June 1415	Lord Privy Seal 1415–1416	[16][18]
18		Simon Gauntsede	3 June 1415	28 October 1423	—	[16]
19		John Frank	28 October 1423	13 November 1438	—	[16]
20		John Stopyndon	13 November 1438	29 March 1447	—	[16]
21		John Kirkeby	29 March 1447	23 December 1461	—	[16]
22		Robert Kirkeham	23 December 1461	12 February 1471	—	[16]
23		William Morland	12 February 1471	29 April 1471	—	[16]
24		John Alcock	29 April 1471	16 March 1472	Lord Chancellor 1475, 1485–1487	[16][19]
25		John Morton	16 March 1472	9 January 1479	Lord Chancellor 1487–1500, Archbishop of Canterbury 1486–1500	[16][20]
26		Robert Morton	9 January 1479	22 September 1483	—	[21]
27		Thomas Barowe	22 September 1483	22 August 1485	—	[21]
28		Robert Morton jointly with William Eliot	22 August 1485	26 February 1487	Jointly from 13 November 1485	[21][22]
29		David William	26 February 1487	5 May 1492	—	[21]
30		John Blyth	5 May 1492	13 February 1494	—	[21]
31		William Warham	13 February 1494	1 February 1502	Keeper of the Great Seal 1502–1504, Lord Chancellor 1504–1515, Archbishop of Canterbury 1503–1532	[21][23]
32		William Barons	1 February 1502	13 November 1504	—	[21]
33		Christopher Bainbridge	13 November 1504	22 January 1508	Archbishop of York 1508–1514	[21][24]
34		John Yonge	22 January 1508	12 May 1516	—	[25]
35		Cuthbert Tunstall	12 May 1516	20 October 1522	Lord Privy Seal 1523–1530	[25][26]
36		John Clerk	20 October 1522	9 October 1523	—	[25]
37		Thomas Hannibal	9 October 1523	26 June 1527	—	[25]
38		John Taylor	26 June 1527	8 October 1534	Archdeacon of Derby 1516–1533, Archdeacon of Buckingham 1516–1534	[25]
39		Thomas Cromwell	8 October 1534	10 July 1536	Secretary of State 1533–1536, Lord Privy Seal 1536–1540	[25][27]
40		Christopher Hales	10 July 1536	1 July 1541	Solicitor General 1525–1529, Attorney General 1529–1536	[25][28]
41		Sir Robert Southwell	1 July 1541	13 December 1550	—	[25]
42		John Beaumont	13 December 1550	18 June 1552	—	[25]
43		Sir Robert Bowes	18 June 1552	18 September 1553	—	[25]
44		Sir Nicholas Hare	18 September 1553	5 November 1557	Speaker of the House of Commons 1539–1540	[29][30]
45		Sir William Cordell	5 November 1557	30 May 1581	Solicitor General 1553–1557, Speaker of the House of Commons 1558	[29][31]
46		Sir Gilbert Gerard	30 May 1581	10 April 1594	Attorney General 1559–1581	[29][32]
47		Sir Thomas Egerton	10 April 1594	18 May 1603	Solicitor General 1581–1592, Attorney General 1592–1594, Lord Chancellor 1596–1617, First Lord of the Treasury 1613–1614	[29][33]
48		Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss, 1st Lord Bruce	18 May 1603	14 January 1611	—	[29]
49		Sir Edward Phelips	14 January 1611	1 September 1614	Speaker of the House of Commons 1603–1611	[29][34]
50		Sir Julius Caesar	1 September 1614	18 April 1636	Chancellor of the Exchequer 1606–1614	[29]
51		Sir Dudley Digges	18 April 1636	30 March 1639	—	[29]
52		Sir Charles Caesar	30 March 1639	28 January 1643	—	[29]
53		The Lord Colepeper (royalist)	28 January 1643	3 November 1660	Chancellor of the Exchequer 1642–1643	[29][35]
54		William Lenthall (parliamentary)	10 November 1643	14 May 1659	Speaker of the House of Commons 1640–1647, 1647–1653, 1654–1655, 1659–1660	[36][37]
55		Sir Harbottle Grimston, Bt	3 November 1660	12 January 1685	Speaker of the House of Commons 1660	[36][38]
56		Sir John Churchill	12 January 1685	20 October 1685	Attorney-General 1673–85[39]	[36]
57		Sir John Trevor	20 October 1685	13 March 1689	—	[36]
58		Sir Henry Powle	13 March 1689	13 January 1693	Speaker of the House of Commons 1689	[36][40]
59		Sir John Trevor	13 January 1693	13 July 1717	Speaker of the House of Commons 1685–1689, 1693–1717	[36][41]
60		Sir Joseph Jekyll	13 July 1717	9 October 1738	—	[36]
61		Sir John Verney	9 October 1738	5 November 1741	—	[36]
62		William Fortescue	5 November 1741	15 January 1750	—	[36]
63		Sir John Strange	16 January 1750	18 May 1754	Solicitor General 1737–1742	[36][42]
64		Sir Thomas Clarke	25 May 1754	13 November 1764	—	[43]
65		Sir Thomas Sewell	4 December 1764	30 March 1784	—	[43]
66		Sir Lloyd Kenyon	30 March 1784	4 June 1788	Attorney General 1782–1783, 1783–1784, Lord Chief Justice 1788–1802	[43][44]
67		Sir Richard Arden	4 June 1788	27 May 1801	Solicitor General 1782–1783, 1783–1784, Attorney General 1784–1788, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1801–1804	[43][45]
68		Sir William Grant	1801	1817	Solicitor General 1799–1801	[43][46]
69		Sir Thomas Plumer	6 January 1818	5 April 1824	Solicitor General 1807–1812, Attorney General 1812–1813	[43][47]
70		The Lord Gifford	5 April 1824	14 September 1826	Solicitor General 1817–1819, Attorney General 1819–1824, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1824	[43][48]
71		Sir John Singleton Copley	14 September 1826	3 May 1827	Solicitor General 1819–1824, Attorney General 1824–1826, Lord Chancellor 1827–1830, 1834–1835, 1841–1846	[43][49]
72		Sir John Leach	3 May 1827	29 September 1834	Vice Chancellor of England 1818–1827	[43][50]
73		Sir Charles Pepys, Bt	29 September 1834	16 January 1836	Solicitor General 1834, Lord Chancellor 1836–1841, 1846–1850	[43][51]
74		The Lord Langdale	16 January 1836	28 March 1851	—	[52]
75		The Lord Romilly	28 March 1851	30 August 1873	Solicitor General 1848, Attorney General 1850	[52]
76		Sir George Jessel	30 August 1873	21 March 1883	Solicitor General 1871–1873	[52][53]
77		The Lord Esher	3 April 1883	19 October 1897	Solicitor General 1868	[52][54]
78		Sir Nathaniel Lindley	19 October 1897	9 May 1900	—	[52][55]
79		The Lord Alverstone	9 May 1900	24 October 1900	Lord Chief Justice 1900–1913	[52][56]
80		Sir Archibald Levin Smith	24 October 1900	19 October 1901	—	[52]
81		Sir Richard Collins	19 October 1901	6 March 1907	—	[52][57]
82		Sir Herbert Cozens-Hardy (Lord Cozens-Hardy from 1914)	6 March 1907	3 May 1918	—	[52]
83		Sir Charles Swinfen Eady	3 May 1918	3 November 1919	—	[52]
84		The Lord Sterndale	3 November 1919	7 August 1923	President of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division 1918–1919	[58][59]
85		Sir Ernest Pollock (Lord Hanworth from 1926)	11 October 1923	7 October 1935	Solicitor General 1919–1922, Attorney General 1922.	[58][60]
86		The Lord Wright	7 October 1935	26 April 1937	—	[58]
87		The Lord Greene	26 April 1937	1 June 1949	—	[58]
88		Sir Raymond Evershed (Lord Evershed from 1956)	1 June 1949	19 April 1962	—	[58]
89		The Lord Denning	19 April 1962	30 July 1982	—	[58]
90		Sir John Donaldson (Lord Donaldson of Lymington from 1988)	30 July 1982	1 October 1992	—	[58]
91		Sir Thomas Bingham	1 October 1992	4 June 1996	Lord Chief Justice 1996–2000; Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary 2000–2008	[61]
92		The Lord Woolf	4 June 1996	6 June 2000	Lord Chief Justice 2000–2005	[62]
93		The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers	6 June 2000	3 October 2005	Lord Chief Justice 2005–2008, President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 2009–2012	[63]
94		Sir Anthony Clarke (Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony from May 2009)	3 October 2005	30 September 2009	Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, 2009–2017	[64]
95		The Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury	1 October 2009	30 September 2012	President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, 2012–2017	[65]
96		Lord Dyson	1 October 2012	2 October 2016	Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, 2010–2012	[66]
97		Sir Terence Etherton	3 October 2016	Incumbent	Chancellor of the High Court, 2013–2016	[67]

See also

• Category:Masters of the Rolls

References

1. Govt. press release https://www.gov.uk/government/news/master-of-the-rolls-sir-terence-etherton
2. Sainty (1993) p. 144
3. Hanworth (1935) p. 310
4. Hanworth (1935) p. 316
5. Hanworth (1935) p. 327
6. "Oxford DNB theme:Masters of the Rolls". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
7. Records of the Master of the Rolls and the Rolls (Chapel) Office, National Archives
8. "Judicial Profiles – Master of the Rolls". Judiciary of England and Wales. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
9. "Master of the Rolls: Sir Terence Etherton". 10 Downing Street. 26 May 2016.
10. "Master of the Rolls: 31 July 2020". 10 Downing Street. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
11. Sainty (1993) p. 145
12. Buck, Mark Cobden (2004). "Langton, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16040. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
13. Sainty (1993) p. 146
14. Davies, Richard Garfield (2008) [2004]. "Waltham, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28645. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
15. McHardy, Alison Kemp (2008) [2004]. "Scarle, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24782. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
16. Sainty (1993) p. 147
17. Davies, Richard Garfield (2009) [2004]. "Bubwith, Nicholas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37238. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
18. Davies, Richard Garfield (2004). "Wakering, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28424. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
19. Schoeck, Richard J. (2010) [2004]. "Alcock, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/289. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
20. Harper-Bill, Christopher (2004). "Morton, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19363. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
21. Sainty (1993) p. 148
22. Foss, Edward. Biographia Juridica: A Biographical Dictionary of the Judges of England. p. 466.
23. Scarisbrick, Jack (2008) [2004]. "Warham, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28741. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
24. Chambers, David (2008) [2004]. "Bainbridge, Christopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1081. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
25. Sainty (1993) p. 149
26. Newcombe, David (2013) [2004]. "Tunstal, Cuthbert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27817. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
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28. Baker, John (2004). "Hales, Christopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11909. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
29. Sainty (1993) p. 150
30. Baker, John (2008) [2004]. "Hare, Nicholas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12305. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
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32. Brooks, Christopher W. (2008) [2004]. "Gerard, Gilbert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10552. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
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34. More, Rebecca S. (2008) [2004]. "Phelips, Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22089. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
35. Smith, David L. (2005) [2004]. "Colepeper, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5876. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
36. Sainty (1993) p. 151
37. Roberts, Stephen K. (2005) [2004]. "Lenthall, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16467. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
38. Brooks, Christopher W. (2008) [2004]. "Grimston, Harbottle". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11640. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
39. www.historyofparliamentonline.org
40. Handley, Stuart (2008) [2004]. "Powle, Henry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22674. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
41. Ellis, Kathryn (2008) [2004]. "Trevor, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27729. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
42. Hanham, Andrew (2008) [2004]. "Strange, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26635. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
43. Sainty (1993) p. 152
44. Hay, Douglas (2009) [2004]. "Kenyon, Lloyd". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15431. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
45. Lemmings, David Frederick (2008) [2004]. "Arden, Richard Pepper". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/634. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
46. Fisher, David (2008) [2004]. "Grant, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11292. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
47. Polden, Patrick (2008) [2004]. "Plumer, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22396. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
48. Rigg, James McMullen; Mooney, Hugh (2004). "Gifford, Robert". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10667. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
49. Jones, Gareth H. (2008) [2004]. "Copley, John Singleton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6272. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
50. Lobban, Michael (2008) [2004]. "Leach, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16228. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
51. Jones, Gareth H. (2008) [2004]. "Pepys, Charles Christopher". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21902. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
52. Sainty (1993) p. 153
53. Jones, Gareth H. (2004). "Jessel, George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14803. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
54. Hedley, Steve W. (2004). "Brett, William Baliol". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3350. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
55. Jones, Gareth H.; Jones, Vivienne (2006) [2004]. "Lindley, Nathaniel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34535. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
56. Mackinnon, Frank Douglas; Jones, Neil (2004). "Webster, Richard Everard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36810. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
57. "No. 27367". The London Gazette. 22 October 1901. p. 6846.
58. Sainty (1993) p. 154
59. Mackinnon, Frank Douglas; Mooney, Hugh (2006) [2004]. "Pickford, William". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35525. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
60. Wrottesley, Frederic; Samuels, Alec (2008) [2004]. "Pollock, Ernest Murray". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35562. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
61. "Lord Bingham of Cornhill". The Times. London. 21 April 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
62. "The liberal arm ofthe [sic] law". The Independent. London. 20 June 2000. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
63. "Lord Phillips: 'We don't need fancy dress'". The Independent. London. 18 June 2002. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
64. "Sir Anthony Clarke". The Times. London. 21 April 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
65. Gibb, Frances (23 July 2009). "Lord Neuberger". The Times. London. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
66. "Appointment of Master of the Rolls". 10 Downing Street Press Notice. London. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
67. "Master of the Rolls: Sir Terence Etherton - Press releases - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

Bibliography

• Hanworth, Lord (1935). "Some Notes on the Office of Master of the Rolls". Cambridge Law Journal. Cambridge University Press. 5 (3). ISSN 0008-1973.
• Sainty, John (1993). The Judges of England 1272–1990: a list of judges of the superior courts. Oxford: Selden Society. OCLC 29670782.