Massless particle

In particle physics, a massless particle is an elementary particle whose invariant mass is zero. The two known massless particles are both gauge bosons: the photon (carrier of electromagnetism) and the gluon (carrier of the strong force). However, gluons are never observed as free particles, since they are confined within hadrons.[1][2] Neutrinos were originally thought to be massless. However, because neutrinos change flavor as they travel, at least two of the types of neutrinos must have mass. The discovery of this phenomenon, known as neutrino oscillation, led to Canadian scientist Arthur B. McDonald and Japanese scientist Takaaki Kajita sharing the 2015 Nobel prize in physics.[3]

Name	Symbol	Antiparticle	Charge (e)	Spin	Interaction mediated	Existence
Photon	γ	Self	0	1	Electromagnetism	Confirmed
Gluon	g	Self	0	1	Strong interaction	Confirmed
Graviton	G	Self	0	2	Gravitation	Unconfirmed

Special relativity

See also: Mass in special relativity

The behavior of massless particles is understood by virtue of special relativity. For example, these particles must always move at the speed of light. In this context, they are sometimes called luxons to distinguish them from bradyons and tachyons. In special relativity rest mass means invariant mass. Rest mass is the same for all observers with any reference frames.

Dynamics

Massless particles are known to experience the same gravitational acceleration as other particles (which provides empirical evidence for the equivalence principle) because they do have relativistic mass, which is what acts as the gravity charge. Thus, perpendicular components of forces acting on massless particles simply change their direction of motion, the angle change in radians being GM/rc² with gravitational lensing, a result predicted by general relativity. The component of force parallel to the motion still affects the particle, but by changing the frequency rather than the speed. This is because the momentum of a massless particle depends only on frequency and direction, while the momentum of low speed massive objects depends on mass, speed, and direction (see energy–momentum relation). Massless particles move in straight lines in spacetime, called geodesics, and gravitational lensing relies on spacetime curvature. Gluon-gluon interaction is a little different: gluons exert forces on each other but, because the acceleration is parallel to the line connecting them (albeit not at simultaneous moments), the acceleration will be zero unless the gluons move in a direction perpendicular to the line connecting them, so that velocity is perpendicular to acceleration.

Gravitons

Theories which postulate that gravity is quantized introduce gravitons – massless tensor bosons (with a spin 2) which mediate gravitational interaction. There is no direct experimental evidence supporting their existence. However indirect evidence of gravitons can be inferred by gravitational waves.

See also

• Relativistic particle

References

1. Valencia, G. (1992). "Anomalous Gauge-Boson Couplings At Hadron Supercolliders". AIP Conference Proceedings. 272 (2): 1572–1577. arXiv:hep-ph/9209237. Bibcode:1992AIPC..272.1572V. doi:10.1063/1.43410.
2. Debrescu, B. A. (2005). "Massless Gauge Bosons Other Than The Photon". Physical Review Letters. 94 (15): 151802. arXiv:hep-ph/0411004. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94o1802D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.151802. PMID 15904133.
3. Day, Charles (2015-10-07). "Takaaki Kajita and Arthur McDonald share 2015 Physics Nobel". Physics Today. doi:10.1063/PT.5.7208. ISSN 0031-9228.