Marshall Scholarship

The Marshall Scholarship is a postgraduate scholarship for "intellectually distinguished young Americans [and] their country's future leaders" to study at any university in the United Kingdom.[1] Created by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1953 as a living gift to the United States in recognition of the generosity of Secretary of State George C. Marshall and the Marshall Plan in the wake of World War II, the goal of the scholarship was to strengthen the Special Relationship between the two countries for "the good of mankind in this turbulent world."[2] The scholarships are awarded by the Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission and are largely funded by the British government.[3]

The official logo of the Marshall Scholarship is a blended image of the UK and US flags.

George C. Marshall, former Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense, for whom the scholarships are named

With nearly 1,000 applicants in recent years, it is among the most selective graduate scholarship for Americans, with an acceptance rate around 4 percent, and as low as 3.2 percent in 2015.[4] It is widely considered one of the most prestigious scholarships for U.S. citizens,[5][6][7] and along with the Fulbright Scholarship, it is the only broadly available scholarship available to Americans to study at any university in the United Kingdom. The program was also the first major co-educational British graduate scholarship; one-third of the inaugural cohort in 1954 were women.

There are over 1,900 Marshall Scholar alumni,[8] including two of the nine current Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States (Neil Gorsuch and Stephen Breyer). Other alumni have been members of Congress and the presidential cabinet; state governors; CEOs of companies such as LinkedIn and Dolby Labs; deans of Yale Law School, Stanford Law School, the Harvard Kennedy School and Harvard College; and presidents of Duke University, Wellesley College, the Cooper Union, and Caltech. They also include one Nobel Laureate, one winner of the Kluge Prize, four Pulitzer Prize–winning authors, two winners of the John Bates Clark Medal, twelve MacArthur Genius Grant awardees, the president of the National Bureau of Economic Research, the managing editors of Time magazine and CNN, the international news editor of The New York Times, NASA's youngest astronaut, two Oscar nominees, one winner of the National Medal of Technology and Innovation, and one awardee of the Distinguished Flying Cross for service during the Iraq War.

Objectives

In a letter[9] to the first class of Marshall Scholars, George Marshall echoed his own words in initially presenting his ideas for European recovery by saying,

A close accord between our two countries is essential to the good of mankind in this turbulent world of today, and that is not possible without an intimate understanding of each other. These scholarships point the way to the continuation and growth of the understanding which found its necessity in the terrible struggle of the war years.

The published objectives of the Marshall Scholarships are outlined as follows:

1. To enable intellectually distinguished young Americans, their country's future leaders, to study in the UK.
2. To help scholars gain an understanding and appreciation of contemporary Britain.
3. To contribute to the advancement of knowledge in science, technology, the humanities and social sciences and the creative arts at Britain's centres of academic excellence.
4. To motivate scholars to act as ambassadors from the US to the UK and vice versa throughout their lives thus strengthening British American understanding.
5. To promote the personal and academic fulfilment of each scholar.

History

Plans to establish "Marshall Scholarships" as a living memorial to Secretary of State George Marshall were announced by British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden on July 31, 1952,[10] and were enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when the Marshall Aid Commemoration Act was passed in 1953. The act's passage was backed by "leaders of all political hues," with British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin describing the scholarship's establishment as "a great opportunity for Europe."

While the authors of the proposal initially considered partnering with the Rhodes Scholarship, and even considered using the same selection committees, this idea was eventually disregarded because its proponents strongly believed the scholarships should be available to women, and to married men under the age of 28 (at the time, the Rhodes Scholarship was limited to single men under the age of 25). The creation of a separate scholarship was a cause of great concern to Lord Godfrey Elton, the head of the Rhodes Trust at the time, who worried that the ability to study at other universities would draw potential applicants. He urged the Foreign Office to create a ‘reverse exchange’ for British students in the United States instead.[11] The Rhodes Scholarship became open to women beginning in 1977 following the passage of the British Sex Discrimination Act in 1975.[5]

In 1959, when Parliament doubled the number of scholars from 12 to 24, British politician Philip Noel-Baker argued that "Marshall, more than perhaps any other man, destroyed isolation in the United States and built up the conception that only collective security through international institutions can save the world...I think the world has never seen an act of greater national generosity than Marshall aid and the other aid which the United States has given to other continents throughout the last 15 years." By 1960, six years after their establishment, the scholarship was "on its way to becoming as well-known and respected as the fellow phrase, "Rhodes [Scholarship]," and both scholarships attracted roughly 500 to 600 applicants.[12]

As part of the celebrations for the 50th Anniversary of the Marshall Scholarships in 2003,[13] Marshall Medals were awarded to a group of distinguished Americans in recognition of their contributions to US-UK relations, including Justice Stephen Breyer (1959 Marshall Scholar), Dr. Ray Dolby (1957 Marshall Scholar), Thomas L. Friedman (1975 Marshall Scholar), and former President of Duke University Nannerl Keohane (1961 Marshall Scholar).

The number of scholars was increased to 30 in 1973, 40 in 1991, and between 2004-2007 "up to 44". In 2010, the Commission decided to offer a limited number of one year awards.[14] In 2016, the Foreign Office announced that 40 scholars had been selected, a 25 percent increase over the originally planned 32, with Foreign Office Minister Alok Sharma calling it a demonstration of how "resolute Britain is in its commitment to the special relationship."[15]

In the early years of the Marshall Scholarship, it was common for new Scholars to travel together to the UK on an ocean liner, but now Scholars are usually flown together to London from Washington, D.C. following a welcome program with top US and UK government and diplomatic officials.

Selection, selectivity, and academic destinations

Prospective applicants must first be endorsed by their universities to apply. The selection process is then coordinated through the eight major British embassy/consulate regions in the United States (Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.). Selection committees in each region, consisting of former Scholars and other distinguished individuals, receive university-endorsed applications (including personal statements and essays) which are used to select a short list of candidates for interviews. Each committee then interviews each of the regional finalists prior to making the final decisions on the year's awards. In 2014, 16 percent of university-endorsed applicants received an interview.[16]

Although most of the responsibility for selecting the recipients is in the hands of the committees, a few formal guidelines have been outlined in the official selection criteria, most notably:[17]

As future leaders, with a lasting understanding of British society, Marshall Scholars will strengthen the enduring relationship between the British and American peoples, their governments and their institutions. Marshall Scholars are talented, independent and wide-ranging in their interests, and their time as Scholars will enhance their intellectual and personal growth. Their direct engagement with Britain through its best academic programmes will contribute to their ultimate personal success. In appointing Scholars the selectors will look for distinction of intellect and character as evidenced both by their scholastic attainments and by their other activities and achievements. Preference will be given to candidates who display a potential to make a significant contribution to their own society. Selectors will also look for strong motivation and seriousness of purpose, including the presentation of a specific and realistic academic programme.

Selectivity

Between 900 and 1000 students are typically endorsed to apply for the Marshall Scholarship annually, with 979 applying in 2014[16] (compared to 857 for the U.S. Rhodes Scholarship,[18] and 924 for the UK Fulbright Program[19]), of whom 3.4 percent were ultimately selected. In 2015 and 2016, 3.2 and 3.5 percent of university-endorsed applicants to the Marshall Scholarship were elected.[4][20]

The Marshall selection committees place a strong emphasis on academic achievement and potential, and as such the application requires a minimum GPA of 3.7. Successful applicants, however, typically have much higher GPAs: more than half of applicants have perfect academic records.[21] Winners from Harvard University have had average GPAs of 3.92,[22] and Stanford University recommends that applicants have a GPA of 3.8 or above.[23] In comparison, winners of the Rhodes Scholarship from Harvard have had an average GPA of 3.8.[22]

Between 1954 and 2013, 239 of 1818 scholars received their undergraduate degrees from Harvard University (13 percent), 126 from Princeton, 108 from Yale, 83 from Stanford, and 60 from MIT. The most successful public university is the US Military Academy at West Point, with 34 scholars, followed by the University of California at Berkeley, with 28 scholars. Of the 548 scholars elected between 2000 and 2013, 30 were from Harvard and Stanford (5 percent), 26 from Princeton, 21 from Yale, and 17 from MIT, the US Military Academy at West Point, and the US Naval Academy.[8]

Academic destinations

University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, London School of Economics, University College London, Edinburgh, King's College London and Imperial College London have always dominated the list of preferred universities selected by both the endorsed and the actually interviewed Marshall Scholarship applicants from 2005 to 2016. SOAS and the LSHTM have also sometimes been highly preferred.

These nine institutions almost always form the dominant block of the destinations of eventually selected Scholars.[24] That said, Scholars have attended a wide range of universities throughout the UK, many of which are ranked[25][26] among the best in the world.

In 2015, there were 69 Marshall Scholars in residence at British universities[27] including those who were selected for the classes of 2012, 2013, and 2014. During this time, there were 27 scholars at the University of Oxford, 17 at the University of London (including 5 each at the London School of Economics and King's College London, and 1 at University College London), 13 at the University of Cambridge, and 4 at Imperial College London. Of these scholars, 46 were studying arts and social sciences while 23 were studying science, engineering or mathematics.[28]

Comparison to other post-graduate scholarships

The Marshall Scholarship is more selective than the Churchill Scholarship, the Harry S. Truman Scholarship, or the UK Fulbright Program, approximately as selective as the American Rhodes Scholarship and the Mitchell Scholarship, and less selective than the Gates Cambridge Scholarship.

In structure and selection criteria, the Scholarship is most similar to the American Rhodes Scholarship and the Fulbright Program. Like the Fulbright available for study in the United Kingdom, Marshall Scholars can study at any university in the UK. However, under the Fulbright, applicants compete in separate pools for 43 specified universities of varying selectivity, except for two awards tenable at any university.[29]

In structure, the Marshall Scholarship is more flexible than the Rhodes Scholarship, in that Marshall Scholars can study at any British university,[5] and can also attend a different university each year during a Scholar's tenure. In addition, a limited number of one-year Marshall scholarships are available. Unlike Rhodes Scholars, Marshall Scholars must be American citizens (in comparison, approximately 80 Rhodes Scholarships are given annually to citizens of over a dozen countries). In process, the Marshall Scholarship is approximately as selective as the Rhodes and Mitchell Scholarships: the Marshall was awarded to 3.4 percent of university-endorsed applicants in 2014,[16] compared to 3.7 percent for the Rhodes in 2014[18] and 3.2 percent for the Mitchell Scholarship in 2017.[30] Also, because the selection processes of the scholarships discussed above differ, the likelihood that an applicant will be granted a final round interview is different for each scholarship. In 2014, 15.9 percent of university-endorsed applicants for the Marshall Scholarship received a finalist interview,[16] compared to 24 percent of Rhodes applicants[18] and 5.4 percent of Mitchell applicants.[30]

While the selection committees continue to emphasize academic potential, over time "the Marshall program has become more Rhodes-like, stating that it is seeking persons who also demonstrate leadership potential." In general, "nearly all Rhodes Scholars are willing to admit that, by and large, the Marshalls are superior if one looks just at grade point averages and other signs of academic achievement," but this is a point of both "admiration" and "disdain."[31]^:293 Walter Isaacson, describing Rhodes Scholars as "fairly intelligent, well-rounded, honest people who could be counted on to be upstanding citizens," has said that "the real geniuses...were the Marshall Scholars," perhaps because of the expectation that Rhodes Scholars be "all-rounders." In practice, the Marshall and Rhodes have engaged an "informal rivalry," but in career trajectory after the completion of their fellowships, "the line between [the fellowships] is not so evident," with scholars pursuing similar fields with similar success. In general, a higher percentage of Marshall Scholars "go on to careers in academe and research, whereas Rhodes Scholars are more evenly scattered through the full range of professional occupations."[31]^:357

Association of Marshall Scholars

The Association of Marshall Scholars (AMS) was formed in 1988[32] as a charitable organization to

• publicize the Marshall Scholarship Program in the United States and to provide information on British educational institutions in general
• aid in the selection of future Marshall Scholars
• maintain contact among Marshall Scholars and Marshall Scholar Alumni
• sponsor programs that would further the charitable and educational aims of the Marshall Scholarship Program.

The organization has been led by several notable board and advisory members, including Kathleen Sullivan, Reid Hoffman, Nannerl Keohane, Peter Orszag, Harold Koh, Roger Tsien, and Daniel Yergin.[33]

In 2017 the Association of Marshall Scholars, in partnership with the German Marshall Fund and the British Embassy, Washington, hosted the Harvard Marshall Forum at Harvard University to mark the 70th anniversary of the Marshall Plan and focused on its legacy and impact today. The event featured 30 distinguished speakers including Madeleine Albright as well as Supreme Court Justices Stephen Breyer and Neil Gorsuch - both Marshall Scholars.[34]

In 2018, the AMS partnered with the British Consulate General, San Francisco and the Bechtel International Center at Stanford University to host a Marshall Forum on Innovation. The Forum focused on the pipeline of scientific invention in fields such as biomedicine and genetics that are of particular interest to the United States and the United Kingdom. Distinguished speakers included Reid Hoffman, a Marshall Scholar, and David Reitze, Director of LIGO Laboratory. The Forum highlighted societal challenges and opportunities raised by explosive innovations in these fields as they interact with advances in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and data science.

In 2019, the AMS hosted the Marshall Forum with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, focusing on peace and prosperity. The Forum featured 17 distinguished speakers including the Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney, the Director of US National Security Agency General Paul Nakasone, former U.S. Ambassadors Michael Froman, Carla Hills, and Bill Burns, and former British Ambassador to the United States Kim Darroch.[35]

The Association of Marshall Scholars releases an annual public opinion poll in partnership with Emerson College in Boston, MA. The poll measures the American public's perceptions of the United Kingdom.

Notable Marshall Scholars

Name	US university	UK university	Year awarded	Notability
Anthony C. E. Quainton	Princeton University	Oxford University	1955	Former Ambassador To Nicaragua, Kuwait, Peru, And Central African Empire, Director General of the Foreign Service
Thomas Eugene Everhart	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1955	Physicist. Former President of the California Institute of Technology. Former Chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Inventor of the Everhart-Thornley Detector.
Ray Dolby	Stanford University	Cambridge University	1957	Inventor Of Dolby Sound And Chairman Of Dolby Laboratories
Arthur Jaffe	Princeton University	Cambridge University	1959	L.T. Clay Professor of Mathematics and Theoretical Science, Harvard University
John Jay Iselin	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1959	Former President Of Cooper Union, Former President Of Wnet
Stephen Breyer	Stanford University	Oxford University	1959	Associate Justice Of The U.S. Supreme Court Since 1994
Bruce Babbitt	University of Notre Dame	Newcastle University	1960	Former Governor Of Arizona And U.S. Secretary Of The Interior For President Bill Clinton
Keith Griffin	Williams College	Oxford University	1960	Former President of Magdalen College, Oxford.
Nannerl Keohane	Wellesley College	Oxford University	1961	Former President Of Both Duke University (1993–2004) and Wellesley College (1981–1993)
Ed Victor	Dartmouth College	Cambridge University	1961	Journalist and Literary Agent
Graham Allison	Harvard University	Oxford University	1962	Foreign Policy Expert And Founding Dean Of Harvard University's Kennedy School Of Government; Former Undersecretary Of Defense
Thomas C. Grey	Stanford University	Oxford University	1963	Professor of Law, Stanford University
Thomas Babe	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1963	Playwright
Stuart Kauffman	Dartmouth College	Oxford University	1963	Founder of the Elizabeth Kauffman Institute for Transforming Medicine, Complex Systems Researcher, Medical Doctor, and Author. MacArthur Genius Grant
Alfred Guzzetti	Harvard University	University of London	1964	Experimental and Documentary Filmmaker, and Harvard University Professor
John Spratt	Davidson College	Oxford University	1964	Congressman for South Carolina's 5th Congressional District (1983-2011), Chairman of the United States House Committee on the Budget (2007-2011)
William H. Janeway	Princeton University	Cambridge University	1965	Venture capitalist (former Vice Chairman of Warburg Pincus) and Economist
Lewis Sargentich	Occidental College	Sussex University	1965	Professor At Harvard Law School
Benjamin M. Friedman	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1966	American Political Economist
Linn Hobbs	Northwestern University	Oxford University	1966	Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Nuclear Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
William Broyles, Jr.	Rice University	Oxford University	1966	American Screenwriter known for work on Apollo 13 (film), Cast Away, and The Polar Express (film).
Daniel Yergin	Yale University	Cambridge University	1968	Pulitzer Prize-Winning American Author, Speaker. Co-Founder And Chairman Of Cambridge Energy Research Associates.
Jerry A. Hausman	Brown University	Oxford University	1968	Professor of Economics, MIT. Frisch Medal (1980). John Bates Clark Medal (1985)
Robert Oden	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1969	Former President of Carleton College, former President of Kenyon College
Peter Kramer	Harvard University	University College, London	1970	Author of Listening To Prozac (1993)
Nancy Cox	Iowa State University	Cambridge University	1970	Virologist. Director of the Influenza Division at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and director of CDC's World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza
Jonathan Galassi	Harvard College	Cambridge University	1971	President of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Honorary Chairman of Academy of American Poets
Marty Kaplan	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1971	Associate Dean For Programs And Planning Of The Usc Annenberg School For Communication And Director Of The Norman Lear Center For The Study Of Entertainment
Jonathan Erichsen	Harvard University	Oxford University	1972	Professor of Visual Neuroscience, Cardiff University
Odaline de la Martinez	Tulane University	Royal Academy of Music	1972	Cuban-American Composer And First Woman To Ever Direct A Bbc Prom
Roger Tsien	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1972	Winner Of Nobel Prize In Chemistry, 2008
Benedict Gross	Harvard University	Oxford University	1973	Professor of Mathematics known for the Gross–Zagier theorem, former dean of Harvard College
James K. Galbraith	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1974	Economist and Journalist
James F. Gilliam	University of North Carolina	University of Wales (Bangor)	1974	Biologist and ISI Highly Cited Researcher
William A. Darity Jr.	Brown University	London School of Economics	1974	Economist, Samuel DuBois Cook Professor of Public Policy at Duke University
Douglas A. Melton	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	Cambridge University	1975	Professor and Chair Of The Harvard University Department Of Stem Cell And Regenerative Biology
Thomas Friedman	Brandeis University	Oxford University	1975	Journalist, author, and three time Pulitzer Prize winner. New York Times Columnist.
Harold Koh	Harvard University	Oxford University	1975	Legal Adviser Of The Department Of State; Former Dean Of The Yale Law School
Sandra E. Shumway	Southampton College, Long Island University	University of Wales (Bangor)	1976	Research Professor, University Of Connecticut; Marine Scientist
Amy Wax	Yale University	Oxford University	1976	the Robert Mundheim Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School
Jane M. Hawkins	College of the Holy Cross	University of Warwick	1976	Mathematician and Professor, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Kathleen Sullivan	Cornell University	Oxford University	1976	Professor and Former Dean of Stanford Law School
Paul Tash	Indiana University	University of Edinburgh	1976	CEO of Times Publishing Company, Editor in Chief of Tampa Bay Times, Chair of the Pulitzer Prize Board 2013-2014
Mary E Edgerton	UT MD Anderson Cancer Center	University of East Anglia	1976	Breast Cancer Researcher, Breast Pathologist, and Pathology Informatician.
Jef McAllister	Yale University	Oxford University	1977	Former London Bureau Chief of TIME
Bill Buford	University of California at Berkeley	Cambridge University	1977	Founding Editor Of Granta, European Correspondent for the New Yorker
Edward Hundert	Yale University	Oxford University	1978	Educator, Psychiatrist, and Medical Ethicist
William Joseph Burns	La Salle University	Oxford University	1978	U.S. Deputy Secretary Of State; Former Undersecretary Of State; Former United States Ambassador To Russia
Jeff Modisett	University of California, Los Angeles	Oxford University	1978	Former Attorney General of Indiana
Thomas Carothers	Harvard University	London School of Economics	1978	Vice President For Studies At The Carnegie Endowment For International Peace
Mark Whitaker	Harvard University	Oxford University	1979	Managing Editor of CNN Worldwide, Former Senior Vice President Of NBC News, Editor Of Newsweek
Arthur L. Haywood III	Morehouse College	London School of Economics	1979	Pennsylvania State Senator for the 4th District.
Jeffrey Rosensweig	Yale University	Oxford University	1979	Author, Director Of Global Perspectives at the Goizueta School Of Business Of Emory University
E. Sterl Phinney	California Institute of Technology	Cambridge University	1980	Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology
Bruce Allen	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Cambridge University	1980	Director of the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
Kurt M. Campbell	University of California, San Diego	Oxford University	1980	Assistant Secretary Of State For East Asian And Pacific Affairs
Steven Strogatz	Princeton University	Cambridge University	1980	Applied Mathematician (Complex Networks)
James M. Poterba	Harvard University	Oxford University	1980	Professor of Economics at MIT, President and CEO of NBER
Richard Cordray	Michigan State University	Oxford University	1981	Director Of The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
D. Cameron Findlay	Northwestern University	Oxford University	1982	White House aide to George H.W. Bush, Deputy Secretary of Labor, General Counsel at Aon, Medtronic, ADM, Partner at Sidley Austin
Nancy Gibbs	Yale University	Oxford University	1982	Managing Editor Of Time
Seth Lloyd	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1982	Quantum Information Scientist
Ted Conover	Amherst College	Cambridge University	1982	Author, Essayist And Journalist
Daniel Benjamin	Harvard University	Oxford University	1983	Coordinator For Counterterrorism and Ambassador at Large, State Department
Stephen Jennings	Dartmouth College	University of Oxford	1983	Co-CEO, Monitor Group (now Monitor Deloitte)
Matthew Adler	Yale University	Oxford University	1984	Professor at Duke Law School and the founding director of the Duke Center for Law, Economics and Public Policy
Michael Klarman	University of Pennsylvania	Oxford University	1984	Bancroft Prize Winner and Constitutional Law Scholar at Harvard Law School
Sheryll D. Cashin	Vanderbilt University	Oxford University	1984	Law Professor, Georgetown University
Cindy Sughrue	Boston University	University of Sheffield	1985	CEO of Scottish Ballet, Director of the Charles Dickens Museum, London[36]
Michael Otsuka	Yale University	Oxford University	1986	Professor Of Philosophy, London School of Economics and Political Science
Anne Applebaum	Yale University	London School of Economics	1986	Pulitzer Prize. Columnist for the Washington Post and Slate, former member of the Washington Post Editorial Board.
Jeffrey Rosen	Harvard University	Oxford University	1986	Author, Law Professor, and Legal Affairs Editor At The New Republic
Terri Sewell	Princeton University	Oxford University	1987	Congresswoman for Alabama's 7th Congressional District (2010–present)[37]
David Laibson	Harvard University	London School of Economics	1988	Professor Of Economics, Harvard University
Melissa Lane	Harvard University	Cambridge University	1988	Professor of Political Theory At Princeton University
Kris Kobach	Harvard University	Oxford University	1988	Secretary of State of Kansas (2011), Chairman of the Kansas Republican Party, National Rowing Champion
Mark Filip	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	Oxford University	1988	United States Deputy Attorney General
Patrick M. Byrne	Dartmouth College	Cambridge University	1988	Chairman Of The Board And President Of Overstock.Com
Byron Auguste	Yale University	Oxford University	1989	Deputy Director, National Economic Council and Director of McKinsey's Global Social Sector Office
Heather J. Sharkey	Yale University	Durham University	1990	Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Pennsylvania, Carnegie Scholar, Fulbright-Hays Scholar
Charles King	University of Arkansas	Oxford University	1990	Georgetown University Professor and Author
Peter R. Orszag	Princeton University	London School of Economics	1991	Director, Office of Management and Budget. Former Director, Congressional Budget Office
Stephen Quake	Stanford University	Oxford University	1991	Professor of Bioengineering at Stanford University, Inventor, and Entrepreneur
Jeffrey Glueck	Harvard University	Oxford University	1991	COO and CEO of Foursquare
Rosa Brooks	Harvard University	Oxford University	1991	Counselor To The Under Secretary For Policy, U.S. Department Of Defense; Los Angeles Times Columnist And Georgetown Law Professor
Jeremy Heyl	Princeton University	Durham and Cambridge Universities	1992	Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of British Columbia
Angela Duckworth	Harvard College	Oxford University	1992	2013 MacArthur Genius Grant, Head of Duckworth Lab at the University of Pennsylvania
Kelly Grovier	University of California, Los Angeles	Oxford University	1992	Poet and Literary Critic for the Observer and the Times Literary Supplement
Neil Gorsuch	Columbia University	Oxford University	1992	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 2017
Annabel Park	Boston University	Oxford University	1992	Documentary filmmaker (9500 Liberty, Story of America)
Drew Daniel	University of California at Berkeley	Oxford University	1993	Member of Matmos And Professor at Johns Hopkins University
Nancy Lublin	Brown University	Oxford University	1993	Creator And Founder, Dress For Success, and CEO, Do Something
Danielle Allen	Princeton University	Cambridge University	1993	Director of the Harvard Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard University Professor, MacArthur Genius Grant 2001, Chair of Pulitzer Prize Board 2014-2015
Kannon Shanmugam	Harvard University	Oxford University	1993	Supreme Court Litigator
Ahilan Arulanantham	Georgetown University	Oxford University	1994	2016 MacArthur "Genius" Award (2014)
Jeffrey Gettleman	Cornell University	Oxford University	1994	Pulitzer Prize Winning Author, East Africa Bureau Chief for the New York Times
Jennifer Daskal	Brown University	Cambridge University	1994	Former Counsel, National Security Division, Department Of Justice
Amy Finkelstein	Harvard University	Oxford University	1995	Professor at MIT, Winner of the Clark Medal For Economics in 2012
Jason Bordoff	Brown University	Oxford University	1995	Former Special Assistant to the President, National Security Council[38]
Nicole Krauss	Stanford University	Oxford University	1996	Novelist, History Of Love
Mark Hersam	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign	Cambridge University	1996	Professor of Chemistry, Northwestern University. MacArthur "Genius" Award (2014)
Jonathan Orszag	Princeton University	Oxford University	1996	Senior Managing Director of Compass Lexecon, former Clinton Administration Economic Advisor
A. Benjamin Spencer	Morehouse College	London School of Economics	1996	Justice Thurgood Marshall Distinguished Professor of Law at University of Virginia School of Law; Captain, U.S. Army Reserve (JAG)[39]
Derek Kilmer	Princeton University	Oxford University	1996	U.S. Representative for Washington's 6th Congressional District
Samuel Rascoff	Harvard University	Oxford University	1996	Professor at New York University School of Law
Joshua Oppenheimer	Harvard University	University of the Arts London	1997	Award-Winning Documentary Film Director, Director of The Act of Killing, MacArthur "Genius" Award 2014
Robert Lane Greene	Tulane University	Oxford University	1997	Journalist for the Economist, the New Republic, the New York Times, Slate
Kim Campbell	United States Air Force Academy	Imperial College, London	1997	USAF Pilot, awarded Distinguished Flying Cross for service during the Iraq War
Katie Beirne Fallon	University of Notre Dame	Queens University Belfast; London School of Economics	1998	Legislative Affairs Director, White House
Sewell Chan	Harvard University	Oxford University	1998	American Journalist; Deputy Opinion Page Editor of the New York Times
Warwick Sabin	University of Arkansas	Oxford University	1998	Member of the Arkansas House of Representatives
Daniel Klein	Cornell University	Oxford University	1998	Professor of Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley
Josh West	Yale University	Cambridge University	1999	Professor of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California. Rower medalist in the 2008 Beijing Olympics for Great Britain.
Matthew Spence	Stanford University	Oxford University	2000	Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense For Middle East Policy, Department Of Defense
Zachary D. Kaufman	Yale University	Oxford University	2000	Legal Academic And Social Entrepreneur
Adam Cohen	Harvard University	Cambridge University	2001	Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physics at Harvard University
Krish Vignarajah	Yale University	Oxford University	2001	President & CEO of the Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service
Anne McClain	U.S. Military Academy at West Point	University of Bath and University of Bristol	2002	Major, U.S. Army. NASA Astronaut.
Collin O'Mara	Dartmouth College	Oxford University	2003	President of National Wildlife Federation; Former Delaware Secretary Of Natural Resources And Environmental Control
Scott MacIntyre	Arizona State University	Royal Holloway, University of London and the Royal College of Music	2005	Musician and American Idol Season 8 Contestant
Andrew Klaber	Yale University Harvard University	Oxford University	2004	Partner at Paulson & Company
Tianhui Michael Li	Princeton University	Cambridge University	2007	Hertz Foundation Fellow, first Data Scientist in residence at Andreessen Horowitz, founder of The Data Incubator

See also

• Churchill Scholarship at University of Cambridge
• Fulbright Scholarship
• Gates Cambridge Scholarship at University of Cambridge
• Harry S. Truman Scholarship
• Knight-Hennessy Scholarship at Stanford University
• Mitchell Scholarship at universities in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland
• Rhodes Scholarship at University of Oxford
• Schwarzman Scholarship at Tsinghua University
• Yenching Scholars at Peking University
• Jardine Scholarship at University of Oxford and University of Cambridge

References

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2. "Message from General George Marshall". www.marshallscholarship.org.
3. Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission / Year ending 30 September 2016 / 63rd Annual Report. Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission. March 2017. ISBN 978-1-4741-4013-3. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
4. "Statistics". www.marshallscholarship.org. 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
5. "Other Roads". The New York Times. January 12, 2003.
6. "10 Most Prestigious Scholarships In America". January 26, 2011.
7. "Ambassador Names Marshall Scholars". The New York Times. December 15, 1996.
8. "Statistics".
9. "Message from General George Marshall".
10. Britain to Set Up 12 Scholarships for U.S. Students. The Washington Post, August 1, 1952
11. Mukherji, Aroop. Diplomas and Diplomacy: The History of the Marshall Scholarship. pp. 31-32
12. Stanford, Neal. Marshall Scholars: Terms Compared. The Christian Science Monitor, January 18, 1960.
13. "HRH presents Marshall Medals at Senate House, London".
14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
15. "UK announces more scholarships for US students to strengthen links with USA". www.gov.uk.
16. "Statistics". www.marshallscholarship.org. 2014. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
17. "Who is eligible".
18. Johnson, Jenna (November 26, 2013). "Meet the 2014 Rhodes Scholars". Washington Post.
19. "Countries". us.fulbrightonline.org.
20. "Statistics". www.marshallscholarship.org. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
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27. "Annual Reports".
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29. "Countries". us.fulbrightonline.org. Retrieved December 26, 2015.
30. "Announcements | The Mitchell Scholarship | US-Ireland Alliance". www.us-irelandalliance.org. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
31. Schaeper, Thomas and Kathleen Schaeper. "Rhodes Scholars: Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite," 2010. Berghahn Books: New York
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33. "Leadership for the Association of Marshall Scholars".
34. Liptak, Adam (June 3, 2017). "New York Times June 03, 2017, Gorsuch Rejects Doubts Over 'Rule of Law Today'". The New York Times.
35. "Financial Times April 25, 2018, Even US anglophiles warn the UK over trade talks".
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39. "A. Benjamin Spencer". University of Virginia School of Law. Retrieved June 14, 2018.

Further reading

• Mukharji, Aroop (2016). Diplomas and Diplomacy: The History of the Marshall Scholarship. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-1-137-58653-7.

External links

• Official Website