Marcellin Berthelot

Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot FRS FRSE (French: [bɛʁtəlo]; 1827–1907) was a French chemist and politician noted for the Thomsen–Berthelot principle of thermochemistry. He synthesized many organic compounds from inorganic substances,[1] providing a large amount of counter-evidence to the theory of Jöns Jakob Berzelius that organic compounds required organisms in their synthesis. Berthelot was convinced that chemical synthesis would revolutionize the food industry by the year 2000, and that synthesized foods would replace farms and pastures. "Why not", he asked, "if it proved cheaper and better to make the same materials than to grow them?"[1][2]

Marcellin Berthelot

FRS FRSE
Born
Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot

(1827-10-25)25 October 1827
Paris, France
Died18 March 1907(1907-03-18) (aged 79)
Paris, France
Known forThomsen–Berthelot principle
Spouse(s)Sophie Niaudet
Children
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry (thermochemistry)
InfluencesAntoine Jérôme Balard

He was considered "one of the most famous chemists in the world."[2] Upon being appointed to the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs for the French government in 1895, he was considered "the most eminent living chemist" in France.[3] In 1901, he was elected as one of the "Forty Immortals" of the Académie française.[4][5] He gave all his discoveries not only to the French government but to humanity.[6]

Personal life

He was born in Rue du Mouton, Paris,[7] France, on 25 October 1827 the son of a doctor. He decided with his friend, the great historian Ernest Renan, not to attend a grande école where the vast majority of intellectuals were being educated.[8] After doing well at school in history and philosophy, he became a scientist.

He was an atheist but was very influenced by his wife, who was a Calvinist[9] (his wife came from Louis Breguet's family).[10][11]

Discoveries

The fundamental conception that underlay all Berthelot's chemical work was that all chemical phenomena depend on the action of physical forces which can be determined and measured. When he began his active career it was generally believed that, although some instances of the synthetic production of organic substances had been observed, on the whole organic chemistry remained an analytical science and could not become a constructive one, because the formation of the substances with which it deals required the intervention of vital activity in some shape.[12]

To this attitude he offered uncompromising opposition, and by the synthetic production of numerous hydrocarbons, natural fats, sugars and other bodies he proved that organic compounds can be formed by ordinary methods of chemical manipulation and obey the same principles as inorganic substances, thus exhibiting the "creative character in virtue of which chemistry actually realizes the abstract conceptions of its theories and classifications—a prerogative so far possessed neither by the natural nor by the historical sciences."[12]

Recognition

In 1863 he became a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine; he was also awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1880.[13] In 1881 he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[14]

Publications
Bombs used for hydrogen explosion experiments

His investigations on the synthesis of organic compounds were published in numerous papers and books, including Chimie organique fondée sur la synthèse (1860) and Les Carbures d'hydrogène (1901). He stated that chemical phenomena are not governed by any peculiar laws special to themselves, but are explicable in terms of the general laws of mechanics that are in operation throughout the universe; and this view he developed, with the aid of thousands of experiments, in his Mécanique chimique (1878) and his Thermochimie (1897). This branch of study naturally conducted him to the investigation of explosives, and on the theoretical side led to the results published in his work Sur la force de la poudre et des matières explosives (1872), while in practical terms it enabled him to render important services to his country as president of the scientific defence committee during the siege of Paris (1870–1871) and subsequently as chief of the French explosives committee. He performed experiments to determine gas pressures during hydrogen explosions using a special chamber fitted with a piston, and was able to distinguish burning of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen from true explosions.

Historical and philosophical work

During later life he researched and wrote books on the early history of chemistry such as Les Origines de l'alchimie (1885)[15] and Introduction à l'étude de la chimie des anciens et du moyen âge (1889),[16] He also translated various old Greek, Syriac and Arabic treatises on alchemy and chemistry: Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs (1887–1888)[17] and La Chimie au moyen âge (1893).[18] He was the author of Science et philosophie (1886),[19] which contains a well-known letter to Renan on "La Science idéale et la science positive," of La Révolution chimique, Lavoisier (1890),[20] of Science et morale (1897),[21] and of numerous articles in La Grande Encyclopédie, which he helped to establish.

Family
Rodin's bust of Berthelot. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, Denmark

Berthelot died suddenly on 18 March 1907, immediately after the death of his wife Sophie Niaudet (1837–1907), in Paris. His professorship was filled by Emil Jungfleisch.

He was buried with his wife in the Panthéon. He had six children:[22] Marcel André (1862–1939), Marie-Hélène (1863–1895), Camille (1864–1928), Daniel (1865–1927), Philippe (1866–1934), and René (1872–1960).

In art

Auguste Rodin created a bust of Berthelot.

gollark: Or, dump it to bytecode and put the bytecode string in your program (use `textutils.serialise` to make a valid string literal).
gollark: Well, there are lots of ways. First, you can minify it using... a minifier.
gollark: https://wiki.computercraft.cc/String.dump
gollark: And `loadstring(thatString)` to convert it back to a function.
gollark: Anyway, it's not very useful, but you can do:```luastring.dump(functionOfSomeKind)```to convert a function to a string, subject to a few constraints.

See also

Notes
  1. Gross, Daniel A. (2015). "Brave New Butter". Distillations. 1 (1): 6–7. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  2. Ogle, Maureen (7 August 2013). "A Century Before the Lab-Grown Burger, This Chemist Imagined "Toothsome" Manufactured Food". Slate/Future Tense. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  3. "Biographies". Bulletin of Pharmacy. 9: 574. 1895. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  4. Hearst, W. R. (1903). The American Almanac, Year-book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas. 1. New York American and Journal, Hearst's Chicago American and San Francisco Examiner. p. 219. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  5. "Contemporary celebrities". Current Literature. 32: 139. 1902. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  6. Talbot, Jean (1995). Les éléments chimiques et les hommes. Paris: SIRPE.
  7. "Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002" (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  8. M. Berthelot, Sciences et Morales, On education, Paris, Impr. Nouvelle,
  9. Abraham Louis Breguet on www.hautehorlogerie.com
  10. Robert K. Wilcox (2010). The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery. Regnery Gateway. p. 23. ISBN 9781596986008. In 1902, Marcellin P. Berthelot, often called the founder of modern organic chemistry, was one of France's most celebrated scientists—if not the world's. He was permanent secretary of the French Academy, having succeeded the giant Louis Pasteur, the renowned microbiologist. Unlike Delage, an agnostic, Berthelot was an atheist—and militantly so.
  11. Thomas de Wesselow (2012). The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection. Penguin. ISBN 9781101588550. Although Delage made it clear that he did not regard Jesus as the resurrected Son of God, his paper upset the atheist members of the Academy, including its secretary, Marcellin Berthelot, who prevented its full publication in the Academy's bulletin.
  12. The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. 3. Cambridge, England: University Press. 1910. p. 811. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  13. "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  14. "M. Berthelot (1827 - 1907)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  15. Les origines de l'alchemie (Paris, G. Steinheil, 1885).
  16. Introduction à l'étude de la chimie, des anciens et du moyen âge (Paris, G. Steinheil, 1889).
  17. Collection des anciens alchimistes Grec. Volume 1, Volume 2–3 (Paris : G. Steinheil, 1887).
  18. Histoire des sciences: La chimie au moyen âge (Imprimerie nationale, 1893).
  19. Science et philosophie (Levy, 1886).
  20. La révolution chimique: Lavoisier (Paris Germer-Baillière, 1890)
  21. Science Et Morale (Levy, 1897).
  22. Individus at mapage.noos.fr

References

Further reading
Political offices
Preceded by
René Goblet		 Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
1886–1887		 Succeeded by
Eugène Spuller
Preceded by
Jean Casimir-Perier		 Minister of Foreign Affairs
1895–1896		 Succeeded by
Léon Bourgeois
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