Manvantara

Manvantara is a cyclic age (also spelled Manwantara; a.k.a. reign or age of Manu)[1] in Hindu cosmology. At the beginning of a Kalpa (day of Brahma), Brahma creates Manu, the progenitor of mankind. In a Kalpa, there are 14 Manus who reign in succession, each ruling over a Manvantara, with the present being Vaivasvata Manu (7th).[2]

Each Manvantaras repeats 71 Chatur Yugas (world ages), lasting for 306,720,000 years. In a Kalpa, which lasts for 1,000 Chatur Yugas (4.32 billion years), each of the 14 Manvantaras are followed by a Sandhya and the first Manvantara preceded by a Sandhya, with each Sandhya (connecting period) lasting the duration of a Satya Yuga (1,728,000 years). During each Manvantara-Sandhya, the earth (bhu-loka) is submerged in water.[3][4][5]

In a Kalpa, there are 14 Indras who reign in succession in 14 Manvantaras.

Etymology

Manvantara (Sanskrit: मन्वन्तर, lit. 'period or age of a manu') is a compound of "manu" (Sanskrit: मनु, lit. 'man') and "antara" (Sanskrit: अन्तर, lit. 'period'), i.e. "manu-antara" or "manvantara", literally meaning the duration of a Manu, or his life span.[6]

Sources

Manusmriti

(67) A year is a day and a night of the gods; their division is (as follows): the half year during which the sun progresses to the north will be the day, that during which it goes southwards the night. (71) These twelve thousand (years) which thus have been just mentioned as the total of four (human) ages, are called one age of the gods. (72) But know that the sum of one thousand ages of the gods (makes) one day of Brahma, and that his night has the same length. (79) The before-mentioned age of the gods, (or) twelve thousand (of their years), being multiplied by seventy-one, (constitutes what) is here named the period of a Manu (Manvantara). (80) The Manvantaras, the creations and descructions (of the world, are) numberless; sporting, as it were, Brahma repeats this again and again.

— Georg Bühler[7], Manusmriti, Ch. 1[lower-alpha 1]

Vishnu Purana

Twelve thousand divine years, each composed of (three hundred and sixty) such days, constitute the period of the four Yugas, or ages. ... a thousand such aggregates are a day of Brahma, and fourteen Manus reign within that term. Hear the division of time which they measure. Seven Rishis, certain (secondary) divinities, Indra, Manu, and the kings his sons, are created and perish at one period; and the interval, called a Manwantara, is equal to seventy-one times the number of years contained in the four Yugas, with some additional years: this is the duration of the Manu, the (attendant) divinities, and the rest, which is equal to 852,000 divine years, or to 306,720,000 years of mortals, independent of the additional period. Fourteen times this period constitutes a Brahma day, that is, a day of Brahma; the term (Brahma) being the derivative form.

— Horace Hayman Wilson[8], Vishnu Purana, Part 1, Ch. 3

Manus

Main article: Manu_(Hinduism) § Manus_of_the_current_kalpa

In a Kalpa (day of Brahma), fourteen Manu's reign in succession:

1. Swayambhu Manu
2. Swarochisha Manu
3. Uttama Manu
4. Tapasa/Tamasa Manu
5. Raivata Manu
6. Chakshusha Manu
7. Vaivasvata Manu (current)
8. Savarni Manu
9. Daksa Savarni Manu
10. Brahma Savarni Manu
11. Dharma Savarni Manu
12. Rudra Savarni Manu
13. Raucya or Deva Savarni Manu
14. Indra Savarni Manu

Indras

In a Manvantara, fourteen Indras (sakras) reign in succession:

1. Visvabhuk
2. Vipascit
3. Sukirti
4. Sibi
5. Vibhu
6. Manobhuva
7. Ojasvin the powerful Bali
8. Adbhuta
9. Santi
10. Ramya
11. Devavara
12. Vrsa Rtadhaman
13. Divassvamin
14. Suci

See also

• Manu
• Kalpa
• Yuga Cycle
• Hindu units of time
• List of numbers in Hindu scriptures

Notes

1. Manusmriti Ch. 1, Slokas 67, 71-72, 79-80; Sanskrit and romanized transliteration:
   दैवे रात्र्यहनी वर्षं प्रविभागस्तयोः पुनः ।
   अहस्तत्रोदगयनं रात्रिः स्याद् दक्षिणायनम् ॥ ६७ ॥
   daive rātryahanī varṣaṃ pravibhāgastayoḥ punaḥ ।
   ahastatrodagayanaṃ rātriḥ syād dakṣiṇāyanam ॥ 67 ॥
   यदेतत् परिसङ्ख्यातमादावेव चतुर्युगम् ।
   एतद् द्वादशसाहस्रं देवानां युगमुच्यते ॥ ७१ ॥
   yadetat parisaṅkhyātamādāveva caturyugam ।
   etad dvādaśasāhasraṃ devānāṃ yugamucyate ॥ 71 ॥
   दैविकानां युगानां तु सहस्रं परिसङ्ख्यया ।
   ब्राह्ममेकमहर्ज्ञेयं तावतीं रात्रिमेव च ॥ ७२ ॥
   daivikānāṃ yugānāṃ tu sahasraṃ parisaṅkhyayā ।
   brāhmamekamaharjñeyaṃ tāvatīṃ rātrimeva ca ॥ 72 ॥
   यद् प्राग् द्वादशसाहस्रमुदितं दैविकं युगम् ।
   तदेकसप्ततिगुणं मन्वन्तरमिहोच्यते ॥ ७९ ॥
   yad prāg dvādaśasāhasramuditaṃ daivikaṃ yugam ।
   tadekasaptatiguṇaṃ manvantaramihocyate ॥ 79 ॥
   मन्वन्तराण्यसङ्ख्यानि सर्गः संहार एव च ।
   क्रीडन्निवैतत् कुरुते परमेष्ठी पुनः पुनः ॥ ८० ॥
   manvantarāṇyasaṅkhyāni sargaḥ saṃhāra eva ca ।
   krīḍannivaitat kurute parameṣṭhī punaḥ punaḥ ॥ 80 ॥

References

1. Account of the several Manus and Manwantaras Vishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson, 1840, Book III: Chapter I. p. 259, The first Manu was Swáyambhuva, then came Swárochisha, then Auttami, then Támasa, then Raivata, then Chákshusha: these six Manus have passed away. The Manu who presides over the seventh Manwantara, which is the present period, is Vaivaswata, the son of the sun...
2. Pralaya The Secret Doctrine by H. P. Blavatsky, Vol. 2, p. 307 THE SEVEN AND FOURTEEN MANUS.
3. Doniger, Wendy; Hawley, John Stratton, eds. (1999). "Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. p. 691 (Manu). ISBN 0877790442. a day in the life of Brahma is divided into 14 periods called manvantaras ("Manu intervals"), each of which lasts for 306,720,000 years. In every second cycle [(new kalpa after pralaya)] the world is recreated, and a new Manu appears to become the father of the next human race. The present age is considered to be the seventh Manu cycle.
4. Gupta, Dr. S. V. (2010). "Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements". In Hull, Prof. Robert; Osgood, Jr., Prof. Richard M.; Parisi, Prof. Jurgen; Warlimont, Prof. Hans (eds.). Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units. Google Books. Springer Series in Materials Science: 122. Springer. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9783642007378. Paraphrased: Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu.
5. Krishnamurthy, Prof. V. (2019). "Ch. 20: The Cosmic Flow of Time as per Scriptures". Meet the Ancient Scriptures of Hinduism. Google Books. Notion Press. ISBN 9781684669387. Each manvantara is preceded and followed by a period of 1,728,000 (= 4K) years when the entire earthly universe (bhu-loka) will submerge under water. The period of this deluge is known as manvantara-sandhya (sandhya meaning, twilight).
6. "Srimad-Bhagavatam 3.13.14-16". Archived from the original on 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
7. Bühler, G. (1886). "Ch. 1, The Creation". In Müller, F. Max (ed.). The Laws of Manu: translated with extracts from seven commentaries. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. XXV. Oxford University Press. p. 22. Ch. 1, Slokas 67, 71-72, 79-80
8. Wilson, Horace Hayman (1840). The Vishnu Purana. Book I, Ch. III. pp. 23–25.