Manganese peroxidase

In enzymology, a manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

2 Mn(II) + 2 H+ + H2O2 2 Mn(III) + 2 H2O
manganese peroxidase
Identifiers
EC number1.11.1.13
CAS number114995-15-2
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are Mn(II), H+, and H2O2, whereas its two products are Mn(III) and H2O.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific those acting on a peroxide as acceptor (peroxidases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is Mn(II):hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include peroxidase-M2, and Mn-dependent (NADH-oxidizing) peroxidase. It employs one cofactor, heme. This enzyme needs Ca2+ for activity.

White rot fungi secrete this enzyme to aid lignin degradation.

Discovery and characterization

Manganese peroxidase (commonly referred to as MnP) was discovered in 1985 simultaneously by the research groups of Michael H. Gold[1] and Ronald Crawford[2] in the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The protein was genetically sequenced in P. chrysoporium in 1989.[3] The enzyme is thought to be unique to Basidiomycota as no bacterium, yeast, or mold species has yet been found which naturally produces it.

Reaction mechanism
Sketch of manganese peroxidase mechanism showing the initial state, iron peroxide complex, and Compounds I and II. Here, the heme cofactor is represented via an iron-nitrogen complex. The Fe(IV) oxo-porphyrin radical resonates throughout the heme.

MnP catalysis occurs in a series of irreversible oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions which follow a ping-pong mechanism with second order kinetics.[4] In the first step of the catalytic cycle, H2O2, or an organic peroxide, enters the active site of MnP. There the oxygen in H2O2 binds to an Fe(III) ion in the heme cofactor to form an iron peroxide complex. Two electrons are transferred from Fe3+ to peroxide, breaking the oxygen-peroxide bond to form H2O and a Fe(IV) oxo-porphyrin radical complex. This oxidized intermediate is known as MnP Compound I. MnP Compound I then binds to a monochelated Mn(II) ion, which donates an electron to quench the radical and form Mn(III) and MnP Compound II, a Fe(IV) oxo-porphyrin complex. MnP Compound II oxidizes another Mn(II) ion to Mn(III) and is reduced by the reaction of two H+ ions and the iron bound oxygen. This reforms the Fe(III) ion in the heme and releases a second water molecule.[5] There are many deviations from this traditional catalytic cycle. MnP Compound I can be used to oxidize free Mn(II), ferrocyanide, as well as phenolics, and other aromatic compounds.[6]

Chelators

Mn(III) is unstable in aqueous media, therefore MnP releases it as a Mn(III)-carboxylic acid chelate. There are a variety of carboxylic acid chelators including oxalate, malonate, tartrate, and lactate, however oxalate is the most common. The peroxidase structure favors Mn(III)-chelates over free Mn(III) ions. The Mn(III) chelate interacts with the active site to facilitate product release from the enzyme.[7] The chelator can have an effect on the kinetic rate and even the catalyzed reaction. If the substrate Mn(II) is chelated with lactate, MnP instead catalyzes the evolution of O2. However, this side reaction has little impact on enzymatic activity because it follows slower third order kinetics.[4]

Structural studies
Structure of manganese peroxidase. Bounded manganese and calcium ions are highlighted in purple and pink, respectively.

As of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1MN1, 1MN2, 1YYD, 1YYG, 1YZP, and 1YZR.

Although MnP, like other lignin peroxidases, is a Class II peroxidase, it has a similar tertiary structure to prokaryotic Class I peroxidases, but contains disulfide bridges like the Class III peroxidases in plants.[8] MnP has a globular structure containing 11-12 α-helices, depending on the species it is produced in. It is stabilized by 10 cystine amino acid residues which form 5 disulfide bridges, one of which is near the C-terminal area. The active site contains a heme cofactor which is bound by two Ca2+ ions, one above and one below the heme. Near the internal heme propionate are three acidic residues which are used to stabilize Mn(II) or Mn(III) when it is bound to the enzyme. The specific residues vary between species, but their number and relative location in the folded protein is conserved. There are a total of 357 amino acid residues in the MnP of P. chrysosoporium, and a similar number in enzymes produced by other basidomycetes.[9]

Biochemical significance

The major function of the Mn(III) ions produced by MnP is oxidation and degradation of lignin.[10] For this purpose, basidomycetes secrete MnP, rather than Mn(III), and the enzyme functions outside of the fungal cell. Mn(III) ions from MnP can oxidize the phenolic compounds in lignin directly, but they can also oxidize some organic sulfur compounds and unsaturated fatty acids. This oxidation forms thiyl and peroxyl radicals, which in the presence of O2, can oxidize lignin or react with water to form H2O2.[11][12] The Mn3+ ion itself can degrade lignin by catalyzing alkyl-aryl cleavages and α-carbon oxidation in phenols.[13]

Regulation

MnP activity is controlled via transcriptional regulation. MnP is up-regulated by increases in extracellular Mn(II)[14] and H2O2 concentrations. It has been found that increased O2 concentration and heat stress also activate MnP.[15]

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References
  1. Glenn JK, Gold MH (November 1985). "Purification and characterization of an extracellular Mn(II)-dependent peroxidase from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 242 (2): 329–41. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(85)90217-6. PMID 4062285.
  2. Paszcynski A, Huynh VB, Crawford R (August 1985). "Enzymatic activities of an extracellular, manganese- dependent peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium". FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 29 (1–2): 37–41. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb00831.x.
  3. Pribnow D, Mayfield MB, Nipper VJ, Brown JA, Gold MH (March 1989). "Characterization of a cDNA encoding a manganese peroxidase, from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (9): 5036–40. PMID 2925681.
  4. Wariishi H, Valli K, Gold MH (November 1992). "Manganese(II) oxidation by manganese peroxidase from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Kinetic mechanism and role of chelators". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (33): 23688–95. PMID 1429709.
  5. Hofrichter M (April 2002). "Review: lignin conversion by manganese peroxidase (MnP).". Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 30 (4): 454–66. doi:10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00528-2.
  6. Heinfling A, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez MJ, Bergbauer M, Szewzyk U, Martínez AT (May 1998). "A study on reducing substrates of manganese-oxidizing peroxidases from Pleurotus eryngii and Bjerkandera adusta". FEBS Lett. 428 (3): 141–6. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00512-2. PMID 9654123.
  7. Banci L, Bertini I, Dal Pozzo L, Del Conte R, Tien M (June 1998). "Monitoring the role of oxalate in manganese peroxidase". Biochemistry. 37 (25): 9009–15. doi:10.1021/bi972879+. PMID 9636044.
  8. Welinder KG (June 1992). "Superfamily of plant, fungal and bacterial peroxidases.". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 2 (3): 388–93. doi:10.1016/0959-440X(92)90230-5.
  9. Martinez A (April 2002). "Molecular biology and structure-function of lignin-degrading heme peroxidases". Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 30 (4): 425–444. doi:10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00521-X.
  10. Forrester IT, Grabski AC, Burgess RR, Leatham GF (December 1988). "Manganese, Mn-dependent peroxidases, and the biodegradation of lignin". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157 (3): 992–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80972-0. PMID 3207431.
  11. Wariishi H, Valli K, Renganathan V, Gold MH (August 1989). "Thiol-mediated oxidation of nonphenolic lignin model compounds by manganese peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (24): 14185–91. PMID 2760063.
  12. Kapich AN, Jensen KA, Hammel KE (November 1999). "Peroxyl radicals are potential agents of lignin biodegradation". FEBS Lett. 461 (1–2): 115–9. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01432-5. PMID 10561507.
  13. Tuor U, Wariishi H, Schoemaker HE, Gold MH (June 1992). "Oxidation of phenolic arylglycerol beta-aryl ether lignin model compounds by manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium: oxidative cleavage of an alpha-carbonyl model compound". Biochemistry. 31 (21): 4986–95. doi:10.1021/bi00136a011. PMID 1599925.
  14. Brown JA, Alic M, Gold MH (July 1991). "Manganese peroxidase gene transcription in Phanerochaete chrysosporium: activation by manganese". J. Bacteriol. 173 (13): 4101–6. doi:10.1128/jb.173.13.4101-4106.1991. PMC 208059. PMID 2061289.
  15. Li D, Alic M, Brown JA, Gold MH (January 1995). "Regulation of manganese peroxidase gene transcription by hydrogen peroxide, chemical stress, and molecular oxygen". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (1): 341–5. PMC 167287. PMID 7887613.

Further reading
  • Glenn JK, Akileswaran L, Gold MH (1986). "Mn(II) oxidation is the principal function of the extracellular Mn-peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 251 (2): 688–96. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(86)90378-4. PMID 3800395.
  • Paszczynski A, Huynh VB, Crawford R (1986). "Comparison of ligninase-I and peroxidase-M2 from the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 244 (2): 750–65. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(86)90644-2. PMID 3080953.
  • Wariishi H, Akileswaran L, Gold MH (1988). "Manganese peroxidase from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium: spectral characterization of the oxidized states and the catalytic cycle". Biochemistry. 27 (14): 5365–5370. doi:10.1021/bi00414a061. PMID 3167051.
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