Monoamine oxidase B

Monoamine oxidase B, also known as MAOB, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAOB gene.

MAOB
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesMAOB, Monoamine oxidase B
External IDsOMIM: 309860 MGI: 96916 HomoloGene: 20251 GeneCards: MAOB
Gene location (Human)
Chr.X chromosome (human)[1]
BandXp11.3Start43,766,610 bp[1]
End43,882,450 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

4129

109731

Ensembl

ENSG00000069535

ENSMUSG00000040147

UniProt

P27338

Q8BW75

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000898

NM_172778

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000889

NP_766366

Location (UCSC)Chr X: 43.77 – 43.88 MbChr X: 16.71 – 16.82 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the flavin monoamine oxidase family. It is an enzyme located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. It catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and plays an important role in the catabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues (such as dopamine). This protein preferentially degrades benzylamine and phenethylamine.[5] Similarly to monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), it also degrades dopamine.

Structure

Monoamine oxidase B has a hydrophobic bipartite elongated cavity that (for the "open" conformation) occupies a combined volume close to 700 Å3. hMAO-A has a single cavity that exhibits a rounder shape and is larger in volume than the "substrate cavity" of hMAO-B.[6]

The first cavity of hMAO-B has been termed the entrance cavity (290 Å3), the second substrate cavity or active site cavity (~390 Å3) – between both an isoleucine199 side-chain serves as a gate. Depending on the substrate or bound inhibitor, it can exist in either an open or a closed form, which has been shown to be important in defining the inhibitor specificity of hMAO B. At the end of the substrate cavity is the FAD coenzyme with sites for favorable amine binding about the flavin involving two nearly parallel tyrosyl (398 and 435) residues that form what has been termed an aromatic cage.[6]

Differences between MAOA and MAOB

MAO-A is involved in the metabolism of tyramine; inhibition, in particular irreversible inhibition of MAO-A can result in a dangerous pressor effect when foods high in tyramine are consumed such as cheeses (informally known as the "cheese effect"). MAO-A is involved in the metabolism of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine whereas MAO-B metabolises the dopamine neurotransmitter.[7] MAO-B is an enzyme on the outer mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the oxidation of arylalkylamine neurotransmitters[8]

Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) generally metabolizes tyramine, norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA) (and other less clinically relevant chemicals). In contrast, Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) mainly metabolizes dopamine (DA) (and other less clinically relevant chemicals). The differences between the substrate selectivity of the two enzymes are utilized clinically when treating specific disorders: Monoamine oxidase A inhibitors have been typically used in the treatment of depression, and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors are typically used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[9][10] Nonspecific (i.e. MAOA/B combined) inhibitors can pose problems when taken concomitantly with tyramine-containing foods such as cheese, because the drug's inhibition of MAOA causes a dangerous elevation of serum tyramine levels, which can lead to hypertensive symptoms. Selective MAOB inhibitors bypass this problem by preferentially inhibiting MAOB, which mostly metabolizes DA. If MAOB is inhibited, then more DA is available for proper neuronal function, especially in Parkinson's Disease.

Roles in disease and aging

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are both associated with elevated levels of MAO-B in the brain.[11][12] The normal activity of MAO-B creates reactive oxygen species, which directly damage cells.[13] MAO-B levels have been found to increase with age, suggesting a role in natural age related cognitive decline and the increased likelihood of developing neurological diseases later in life.[14] More active polymorphisms of the MAO-B gene have been linked to negative emotionality, and suspected as an underlying factor in depression.[15] Activity of MAO-B has also been shown to play a role in stress-induced cardiac damage.[16][17] Over-expression and increased levels of MAO-B in the brain have also been linked to the accumulation of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ), through mechanisms of the amyloid precursor protein secretase, γ-secretase, responsible for the development of plaques, observed in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients. Evidence suggests that siRNA silencing of MAO-B, or inhibition of MAO-B through MAOI-B (Selegline, Rasagiline), slows the progression, improves and reverses the symptoms, associated with AD and PD, including the reduction of Aβ plaques in the brain.[18][19]

Animal models

Transgenic mice that are unable to produce MAO-B are shown to be resistant to a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.[20][21][22] They also demonstrate increased responsiveness to stress (as with MAO-A knockout mice)[23] and increased β-PEA.[21][23] In addition, they exhibit behavioral disinhibition and reduced anxiety-like behaviors.[24]

Inhibition of MAO-B in rats has been shown to prevent many age-related biological changes such as optic nerve degeneration, and extend average lifespan by up to 39%.[25][26]

Effects of deficiency in humans

While people lacking the gene for MAO-A display mental retardation and behavioral abnormalities, people lacking the gene for MAO-B display no abnormalities except elevated phenethylamine levels in urine, raising the question of whether MAO-B is actually a necessary enzyme. Newer research indicates the importance of phenethylamine and other trace amines, which are now known to regulate catecholamine and serotonin neurotransmission through the same receptor as amphetamine, TAAR1.[27][28]

The prophylactic use of MAO-B inhibitors to slow natural human aging in otherwise healthy individuals has been proposed, but remains a highly controversial topic.[29][30]

Selective inhibitors
Geiparvarin
(+)-Catechin
Structural formulae of high-affinity reversible MAO inhibitors selective for type B

Species-dependent divergences may hamper the extrapolation of inhibitor potencies.[31]

Reversible

Natural

Synthetic

Irreversible (covalent)
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See also

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000069535 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000040147 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Entrez Gene: MAOB monoamine oxidase B".
  6. Edmondson DE, Binda C, Mattevi A (August 2007). "Structural insights into the mechanism of amine oxidation by monoamine oxidases A and B". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 464 (2): 269–76. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.006. PMC 1993809. PMID 17573034.
  7. Youdim MB, Weinstock M (January 2004). "Therapeutic applications of selective and non-selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A and B that do not cause significant tyramine potentiation". Neurotoxicology. 25 (1–2): 243–50. doi:10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00103-7. PMID 14697899.
  8. Binda C, Hubálek F, Li M, Herzig Y, Sterling J, Edmondson DE, Mattevi A (March 2004). "Crystal structures of monoamine oxidase B in complex with four inhibitors of the N-propargylaminoindan class". J. Med. Chem. 47 (7): 1767–74. doi:10.1021/jm031087c. PMID 15027868.
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  21. Grimsby J, Toth M, Chen K, Kumazawa T, Klaidman L, Adams JD, Karoum F, Gal J, Shih JC (October 1997). "Increased stress response and beta-phenylethylamine in MAOB-deficient mice". Nature Genetics. 17 (2): 206–10. doi:10.1038/ng1097-206. PMID 9326944.
  22. Shih JC, Chen K, Ridd MJ (1999). "Monoamine oxidase: from genes to behavior". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 22: 197–217. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.197. PMC 2844879. PMID 10202537.
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  31. Novaroli L, Daina A, Favre E, Bravo J, Carotti A, Leonetti F, Catto M, Carrupt PA, Reist M (October 2006). "Impact of species-dependent differences on screening, design, and development of MAO B inhibitors". J. Med. Chem. 49 (21): 6264–72. doi:10.1021/jm060441e. PMID 17034132.
  32. Carotti A, Carrieri A, Chimichi S, Boccalini M, Cosimelli B, Gnerre C, Carotti A, Carrupt PA, Testa B (December 2002). "Natural and synthetic geiparvarins are strong and selective MAO-B inhibitors. Synthesis and SAR studies". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 12 (24): 3551–5. doi:10.1016/S0960-894X(02)00798-9. PMID 12443774.
  33. Uebelhack R, Franke L, Schewe HJ (September 1998). "Inhibition of platelet MAO-B by kava pyrone-enriched extract from Piper methysticum Forster (kava-kava)". Pharmacopsychiatry. 31 (5): 187–92. doi:10.1055/s-2007-979325. PMID 9832350.
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  40. compound # (R)-8b, Chimenti F, Secci D, Bolasco A, Chimenti P, Granese A, Carradori S, Yáñez M, Orallo F, Sanna ML, Gallinella B, Cirilli R (September 2010). "Synthesis, stereochemical separation, and biological evaluation of selective inhibitors of human MAO-B: 1-(4-arylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-methylcyclohexylidene)hydrazines". J. Med. Chem. 53 (17): 6516–20. doi:10.1021/jm100120s. PMID 20715818.
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  42. compound #3g, Chimenti F, Fioravanti R, Bolasco A, Manna F, Chimenti P, Secci D, Befani O, Turini P, Ortuso F, Alcaro S (February 2007). "Monoamine oxidase isoform-dependent tautomeric influence in the recognition of 3,5-diaryl pyrazole inhibitors". J. Med. Chem. 50 (3): 425–8. doi:10.1021/jm060868l. PMID 17266193.
  43. compound #(S)-1, Chimenti F, Maccioni E, Secci D, Bolasco A, Chimenti P, Granese A, Befani O, Turini P, Alcaro S, Ortuso F, Cirilli R, La Torre F, Cardia MC, Distinto S (November 2005). "Synthesis, molecular modeling studies, and selective inhibitory activity against monoamine oxidase of 1-thiocarbamoyl-3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-(1H)- pyrazole derivatives". J. Med. Chem. 48 (23): 7113–22. doi:10.1021/jm040903t. PMID 16279769.
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  45. compound #41, Catto M, Nicolotti O, Leonetti F, Carotti A, Favia AD, Soto-Otero R, Méndez-Alvarez E, Carotti A (2006). "Structural insights into monoamine oxidase inhibitory potency and selectivity of 7-substituted coumarins from ligand- and target-based approaches". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 49 (16): 4912–25. doi:10.1021/jm060183l. PMID 16884303.
  46. compound #2, Matos MJ, Vazquez-Rodriguez S, Uriarte E, Santana L, Viña D (July 2011). "MAO inhibitory activity modulation: 3-Phenylcoumarins versus 3-benzoylcoumarins". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21 (14): 4224–7. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.074. PMID 21684743.
  47. Matos MJ, Viña D, Janeiro P, Borges F, Santana L, Uriarte E (September 2010). "New halogenated 3-phenylcoumarins as potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20 (17): 5157–60. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.013. PMID 20659799.
  48. Matos MJ, Viña D, Picciau C, Orallo F, Santana L, Uriarte E (September 2009). "Synthesis and evaluation of 6-methyl-3-phenylcoumarins as potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 19 (17): 5053–5. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.039. PMID 19628387.
  49. Matos MJ, Viña D, Quezada E, Picciau C, Delogu G, Orallo F, Santana L, Uriarte E (June 2009). "A new series of 3-phenylcoumarins as potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 19 (12): 3268–70. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.085. PMID 19423346.
  50. compound #9, #12, Gaspar A, Reis J, Fonseca A, Milhazes N, Viña D, Uriarte E, Borges F (January 2011). "Chromone 3-phenylcarboxamides as potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21 (2): 707–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.128. PMID 21194943.
  51. compound #9i, Manley-King CI, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP (January 2011). "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by selected C5- and C6-substituted isatin analogues". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 19 (1): 261–74. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.028. PMID 21134756.
  52. compound #5c, Manley-King CI, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP (August 2011). "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by C5-substituted phthalimide analogues". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 19 (16): 4829–40. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.070. PMID 21778064.
  53. Strydom B, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP (August 2011). "8-Aryl- and alkyloxycaffeine analogues as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase". Eur J Med Chem. 46 (8): 3474–85. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.014. PMID 21621312.
  54. Strydom B, Malan SF, Castagnoli N, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP (February 2010). "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by 8-benzyloxycaffeine analogues". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18 (3): 1018–28. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.064. PMID 20093036.
  55. Vlok N, Malan SF, Castagnoli N, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP (May 2006). "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B by analogues of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist (E)-8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC)". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (10): 3512–21. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.011. PMID 16442801.
  56. Pretorius J, Malan SF, Castagnoli N, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP (September 2008). "Dual inhibition of monoamine oxidase B and antagonism of the adenosine A(2A) receptor by (E,E)-8-(4-phenylbutadien-1-yl)caffeine analogues". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (18): 8676–84. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.088. PMID 18723354.
  57. Tzvetkov; et al. (23 June 2014). "Indazole- and Indole-5-carboxamides: Selective and Reversible Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors with Subnanomolar Potency". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 57 (15): 6679–6703. doi:10.1021/jm500729a. PMID 24955776.
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