Lucinidae
Lucinidae is a family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs.
Lucinidae Temporal range: Silurian – Present | |
---|---|
Divaricella huttoniana | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Bivalvia |
Subclass: | Heterodonta |
Order: | Lucinida |
Superfamily: | Lucinoidea |
Family: | Lucinidae Fleming, 1828 |
Genera | |
See text. |
These bivalves are remarkable for their endosymbiosis with sulphide-oxidizing bacteria.[1]
Characteristics
The members of this family are found in muddy sand or gravel at or below low tide mark. They have characteristically rounded shells with forward-facing projections. The valves are flattened and etched with concentric rings. Each valve bears two cardinal and two plate-like lateral teeth. These molluscs do not have siphons but the extremely long foot makes a channel which is then lined with slime and serves for the intake and expulsion of water.[2]
Symbiosis
Lucinids host their sulfur-oxidizing symbionts in specialized gill cells called bacteriocytes.[3] Lucinids are burrowing bivalves that live in environments with sulfide-rich sediments.[4] The bivalve will pump sulfide-rich water over its gills from the inhalant siphon in order to provide symbionts with sulfur and oxygen.[4] The endosymbionts then use these substrates to fix carbon into organic compounds, which are then transferred to the host as nutrients.[5] During periods of starvation, lucinids may harvest and digest their symbionts as food.[5]
Symbionts are acquired via phagocytosis of bacteria by bacterioctyes.[6] Symbiont transmission occurs horizontally, where juvenile lucinids are aposymbiotic and acquire their symbionts from the environment in each generation.[7] Lucinids maintain their symbiont population by reacquiring sulfur-oxidizing bacteria throughout their lifetime.[8] Although process of symbiont acquisition is not entirely characterized, it likely involves the use of the binding protein, codakine, isolated from the lucinid bivalve, Codakia orbicularis.[9] It is also known that symbionts do not replicate within bacteriocytes because of inhibition by the host. However, this mechanism is not well understood.[8]
Lucinid bivalves originated in the Silurian; however, they did not diversify until the late Cretaceous, along with the evolution of seagrass meadows and mangrove swamps.[10] Lucinids were able to colonize these sulfide rich sediments because they already maintained a population of sulfide-oxidizing symbionts. In modern environments, seagrass, lucinid bivalves, and the sulfur-oxidizing symbionts constitute a three-way symbiosis. Because of the lack of oxygen in coastal marine sediments, dense seagrass meadows produce sulfide-rich sediments by trapping organic matter that is later decomposed by sulfate-reducing bacteria.[11] The lucinid-symbiont holobiont removes toxic sulfide from the sediment, and the seagrass roots provide oxygen to the bivalve-symbiont system.[11]
The symbionts from at least two species of lucinid clams, Codakia orbicularis and Loripes lucinalis, are able to fix nitrogen gas into organic nitrogen.[12][13]
Genera and species
The species and genera include:
- Alucinoma Habe, 1958
- Alucinoma soyae Habe, 1958
- Anodontia Link, 1807
- Anodontia alba Link, 1807 – buttercup lucine
- Anodontia edentula (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Anodontia edentuloides (Verrill, 1870)
- Anodontia hawaiensis (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938)
- Anodontia ovum (Reeve, 1850)
- Anodontia philippiana (Reeve, 1850) – chalky buttercup
- Anodontia vesicula (Gould, 1850)
- Bretskya Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Bretskya scapula Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Cardiolucina
- Cardiolucina undula Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Cavilucina
- Chavania
- Chavania striata (Tokunaga, 1906)
- Clathrolucina J. D. Taylor & Glover, 2013
- Clathrolucina costata (d'Orbigny, 1845)
- Codakia Scopoli, 1777
- Codakia cubana Dall, 1901
- Codakia decussata (O. G. Costa, 1836)
- Codakia distinguenda (Tryon, 1872)
- Codakia orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) – tiger lucine
- Codakia orbiculata (Montagu, 1808) – dwarf tiger lucine
- Codakia paytenorum (Iredale, 1937)
- Codakia pectinella (C. B. Adams, 1852)
- Codakia punctata (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Codakia tigerina (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Ctena Mörch, 1860
- Ctena bella (Conrad, 1837)
- Ctena transversa
- Divalinga Chavan, 1951
- Divalinga quadrisulcata (d'Orbigny, 1842)
- Divaricella von Martens, 1880
- Divaricella angulifera (d'Orbigny, 1842)
- Divaricella dentata (W. Wood, 1815) – dentate lucine
- Divaricella divaricata
- Divaricella huttoniana (Vanatta, 1901)
- Divaricella quadrisulcata (d'Orbigny, 1842) – cross-hatched lucine
- Epicodakia Iredale, 1930
- Epicodakia neozelanica Powell, 1937
- Epicodakia nodulosa Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Epicodakia sweeti (Hedley, 1899)
- Epilucina Dall, 1901
- Epilucina californica (Conrad, 1837)
- Ferrocina Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Ferrocina multiradiata Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Fimbria (traditionally placed in the separate family Fimbriidae)
- Fimbria fimbriata (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Fimbria soverbii (Reeve, 1842)
- Funafutia
- Funafutia levukana (Smith, 1885)
- Gonimyrtea Marwick, 1929
- Gonimyrtea avia Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Gonimyrtea concinna (Hutton, 1885)
- Gonimyrtea fidelis Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Here Gabb, 1866
- Here excavata (Carpenter, 1857)
- Here ricthofeni (Gabb, 1866)
- Lepidolucina Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Lepidolucina belepia Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Leucosphaera Taylor & Glover, 2005
- Leucosphaera diaphana Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Leucosphaera salamensis (Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931)
- Linga De Gregorio, 1884
- Liralucina Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Liralucina craticula Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Liralucina lifouina Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Liralucina sperabilis (Hedley, 1909)
- Liralucina vaubani Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Loripes Poli, 1791
- Loripes lucinalis (Lamarck, 1818)
- Lucina Bruguière, [1797][14]
- Lucina amiantus (Dall, 1901) – decorated lucine
- Lucina bermudensis Dall, 1901
- Lucina excavata
- Lucina fenestrata Hinds, 1845
- Lucina floridana Conrad, 1833, now Stewartia floridana [15]
- Lucina keenae Chavan, 1971
- Lucina leucocyma Dall, 1886 – four-ribbed lucine
- Lucina muricata (Spengler, 1798)
- Lucina nassula (Conrad, 1846)
- Lucina nuttalli (Conrad, 1791)
- Lucina pectinata (Gmelin, 1791)
- Lucina pensylvanica (Linnaeus, 1758) – Pennsylvania lucine
- Lucina radians (Conrad, 1841)
- Lucina sombrerensis Dall, 1886
- Lucina trisulcata Conrad, 1841
- Lucinella Monterosato, 1883
- Lucinisca Dall, 1901
- Lucinoma Dall, 1901
- Lucinoma aequizonatum (Stearns, 1890)
- Lucinoma annulatum (Reeve, 1850)
- Lucinoma atlantis R. A. Mclean, 1936
- Lucinoma blakeanum (Bush, 1893)
- Lucinoma borealis
- Lucinoma filosa (Stimpson, 1851)
- Lucinoma filosum (Stimpson, 1851)
- Lucinoma galathea Marwick, 1953)
- Lucinoma heroica (Dall, 1901)
- Lucinoma kazani Salas & Woodside, 2002
- Myrtea Turton, 1822
- Myrtea compressa (Dall, 1881)
- Myrtea lens (A. E. Verrill and S. Smith, 1880)
- Myrtea pristiphora Dall and Simpson, 1901
- Myrtea sagrinata (Dall, 1886)
- Myrtea spinifera Montagu, 1803
- Myrtina Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Myrtina leptolira Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Myrtina porcata Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Notomyrtea Iredale, 1924
- Notomyrtea botanica Hedley, 1918
- Notomyrtea vincentia Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Parvidontia Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Parvidontia laevis Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Parvilucina Dall, 1901
- Parvilucina approximata (Dall, 1901)
- Parvilucina blanda (Bland and Simpson, 1901)
- Parvilucina lampra (Dall, 1901)
- Parvilucina lingualis (Carpenter, 1864)
- Parvilucina mazatlanica (Carpenter, 1855)
- Parvilucina multilineata (Tuomey and Holmes, 1857)
- Parvilucina tenuisculpta (Carpenter, 1864)
- Pillucina Pilsbry, 1921
- Pillucina copiosa Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Pillucina hawaiiensis
- Pillucina spaldingi Pilsbry, 1921
- Pillucina pacifica Glover & Taylor, 2001
- Poumea Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Poumea coselia Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Pseudomiltha
- Pseudomiltha floridana (Conrad, 1833)
- Pseudomiltha tixierae Klein, 1967
- Solelucina Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Solelucina koumacia Glover & Taylor, 2007
- Stewartia Olsson, A. & Harbison, A. 1953
- Stewartia floridana (Conrad, 1833)
- Wallucina
- Wallucina fijiensis (Smith, 1885)
References
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- Barrett, J. H. and C. M. Yonge, 1958. Collins Pocket Guide to the Sea Shore. P. 161. Collins, London
- Roeselers, Guus; Newton, Irene L. G. (2012-02-22). "On the evolutionary ecology of symbioses between chemosynthetic bacteria and bivalves". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 94 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3819-9. ISSN 0175-7598. PMC 3304057. PMID 22354364.
- Seilacher, Adolf (1990-01-01). "Aberrations in bivalve evolution related to photo‐ and chemosymbiosis". Historical Biology. 3 (4): 289–311. doi:10.1080/08912969009386528. ISSN 0891-2963.
- König, Sten; Le Guyader, Hervé; Gros, Olivier (2015-02-01). "Thioautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts are degraded by enzymatic digestion during starvation: Case study of two lucinids Codakia orbicularis and C. orbiculata" (PDF). Microscopy Research and Technique. 78 (2): 173–179. doi:10.1002/jemt.22458. ISSN 1097-0029. PMID 25429862.
- Elisabeth, Nathalie H.; Gustave, Sylvie D.D.; Gros, Olivier (2012-08-01). "Cell proliferation and apoptosis in gill filaments of the lucinid Codakia orbiculata (Montagu, 1808) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) during bacterial decolonization and recolonization". Microscopy Research and Technique. 75 (8): 1136–1146. doi:10.1002/jemt.22041. ISSN 1097-0029. PMID 22438018.
- Bright, Monika; Bulgheresi, Silvia (2010-03-01). "A complex journey: transmission of microbial symbionts". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 8 (3): 218–230. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2262. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 2967712. PMID 20157340.
- Gros, Olivier; Elisabeth, Nathalie H.; Gustave, Sylvie D. D.; Caro, Audrey; Dubilier, Nicole (2012-06-01). "Plasticity of symbiont acquisition throughout the life cycle of the shallow-water tropical lucinid Codakia orbiculata (Mollusca: Bivalvia)". Environmental Microbiology. 14 (6): 1584–1595. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02748.x. ISSN 1462-2920. PMID 22672589.
- Gourdine, Jean-Philippe; Smith-Ravin, Emilie Juliette (2007-05-01). "Analysis of a cDNA-derived sequence of a novel mannose-binding lectin, codakine, from the tropical clam Codakia orbicularis". Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 22 (5): 498–509. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2006.06.013. PMID 17169576.
- Stanley, S. M. (2014). "Evolutionary radiation of shallow-water Lucinidae (Bivalvia with endosymbionts) as a result of the rise of seagrasses and mangroves". Geology. 42 (9): 803–806. doi:10.1130/g35942.1.
- Heide, Tjisse van der; Govers, Laura L.; Fouw, Jimmy de; Olff, Han; Geest, Matthijs van der; Katwijk, Marieke M. van; Piersma, Theunis; Koppel, Johan van de; Silliman, Brian R. (2012-06-15). "A Three-Stage Symbiosis Forms the Foundation of Seagrass Ecosystems". Science. 336 (6087): 1432–1434. doi:10.1126/science.1219973. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22700927.
- Petersen, Jillian M.; Kemper, Anna; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Cardini, Ulisse; Geest, Matthijs van der; Kleiner, Manuel; Bulgheresi, Silvia; Mußmann, Marc; Herbold, Craig (2016-10-24). "Chemosynthetic symbionts of marine invertebrate animals are capable of nitrogen fixation". Nature Microbiology. 2 (1): 16195. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.195. ISSN 2058-5276. PMC 6872982. PMID 27775707.
- König, Sten; Gros, Olivier; Heiden, Stefan E.; Hinzke, Tjorven; Thürmer, Andrea; Poehlein, Anja; Meyer, Susann; Vatin, Magalie; Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié, Didier (2016-10-24). "Nitrogen fixation in a chemoautotrophic lucinid symbiosis". Nature Microbiology. 2 (1): 16193. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.193. ISSN 2058-5276. PMID 27775698.
- Academy of Natural Sciences. Gabb's California Cretaceous & Tertiary Type Lamellibranchs: Special Publications of The Acad. of Natural Sciences of Phila., No. 3. p. 175. ISBN 9781422317761.
- Olsson, Axel; Harbison, Anne (1953). Pliocene Mollusca of Southern Florida with special reference to those from North Saint Petersburg. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences.
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