List of threatened sharks

Threatened sharks are those vulnerable to endangerment (extinction) in the near future. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's oldest global environmental organization.[2] It evaluates threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on the degree to which they are threatened:[3]

Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Critically endangered species
The whale shark, the world's largest fish, is classified as Endangered.
Binding legislation and harvest management strategies... are urgently needed to address the disproportionate impact of fisheries on cartilaginous fishes.
– IUCN global study 2010 [1]

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.[3] The terms can be used somewhat interchangeably, as all vulnerable species are threatened, all endangered species are vulnerable and threatened, and all critically endangered species are endangered, vulnerable and threatened. Threatened species are also referred to as a red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4]

In a milestone decision in 2013, CITES prohibited international trade in the fins of the scalloped hammerhead (pictured) and four other shark species.[5]

Shark species are increasingly becoming threatened because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-shark fisheries on the seabed and shark prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[6] Rising demands for shark products has increased pressure on shark fisheries, but little monitoring or management occurs of most fisheries.[7] Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded over the past few decades; some species had declined over 90% and population declines of 70% were not unusual by 1998.[8] In particular, harvesting young sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other fish species.[9]

Conservationists estimate that up to 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing every year.[10][11] Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup, which some Asian countries regard as a status symbol. Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water to die from suffocation or predators.[11][12] Sharks are also killed for their flesh in Europe and elsewhere.[13] The 2007 film Sharkwater documents ways in which sharks are being hunted to extinction.[14] In 2009, the IUCN Shark Specialist Group reported on the conservation status of pelagic (open water) sharks and rays. They found that over half the pelagic sharks targeted by high-seas fisheries were threatened with extinction.[15][16][17]

In 2010, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) rejected proposals from the United States and Palau that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of hammerhead, oceanic whitetip and dogfish sharks. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. China, by far the world's largest shark consumer, and Japan, which battles all attempts to extend the Convention's protections to marine species, led the opposition.[18][19]

In 2013, CITES member nations overcame the continued opposition led by China and Japan,[20] and reversed course.[21][22] In what CITES has called a "milestone", the oceanic whitetip, porbeagle, and three species of hammerheads will now join the great white, basking and whale shark on CITES Appendix II, effective September 2014.[23] International trade of these species is thus prohibited without CITES permits, "... and evidence will have to be provided that they are harvested sustainably and legally."[5]

In 2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks. The policy is intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark attack following the deaths of seven people on the Western Australian coastline in the years 2010 to 2013.[24] Baited drum lines are deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch the vulnerable great white shark, as well as bull and tiger sharks. Large sharks found hooked but still alive are shot and their bodies discarded at sea.[25] The government claims they are not culling sharks, but are using a "targeted, localised, hazard mitigation strategy".[26] Barnett has described opposition to killing the sharks as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing can change his mind.[27]

Order Image Scientific name Common name Population trend IUCN status Fish
Base		 FAO CITES
Appendix[23]
Mackerel
shark		 Alopias pelagicus Pelagic thresher decreasing Vulnerable[28] [29] [30]
Mackerel
shark		 Alopias superciliosus Bigeye thresher shark decreasing Vulnerable[31] [32] [33]
Mackerel
shark		 Alopias vulpinus Common thresher decreasing Vulnerable[34] [35] [36]
Groundshark Atelomycterus baliensis Bali catshark unknown Vulnerable[37] [38]
Groundshark Aulohalaelurus kanakorum New Caledonia catshark unknown Vulnerable[39] [40]
Carpet shark Brachaelurus colcloughi Bluegrey carpetshark unknown Vulnerable[41] [42]
Groundshark Carcharhinus borneensis Borneo shark unknown Endangered[43] [44]
Groundshark Carcharhinus hemiodon Pondicherry shark unknown Critically endangered[45] [46]
Groundshark Carcharhinus leiodon Smoothtooth blacktip shark unknown Vulnerable[47] [48]
Groundshark Carcharhinus longimanus Oceanic whitetip shark decreasing Critically endangered [49] [50] II (eff. Sep-2014)
Groundshark Carcharhinus obscurus Dusky shark decreasing Vulnerable[51] [52] [53]
Groundshark Carcharhinus plumbeus Sandbar shark decreasing Vulnerable[54] [55] [56]
Groundshark Carcharhinus signatus Night shark unknown Vulnerable[57] [58] [59]
Mackerel
shark		 Carcharias taurus Sand tiger unknown Vulnerable[60] [61] [62]
Mackerel
shark		 Carcharodon carcharias Great white shark unknown Vulnerable[63] [64] [65] II
Dogfish Centrophorus granulosus Gulper shark decreasing Vulnerable[66] [67] [68]
Dogfish Centrophorus harrissoni Dumb gulper shark decreasing Endangered[69] [70] [71]
Dogfish Centrophorus lusitanicus Lowfin gulper shark unknown Vulnerable[72] [73] [74]
Dogfish Centrophorus squamosus Deepwater spiny dogfish decreasing Vulnerable[75] [76] [77]
Mackerel
shark		 Cetorhinus maximus Basking shark decreasing Vulnerable[78] [79] [80] II
Groundshark Chaenogaleus macrostoma Hooktooth shark unknown Vulnerable[81] [82]
Groundshark Galeorhinus galeus School shark decreasing Vulnerable[83] [84] [85]
Groundshark Galeus mincaronei Southern sawtail catshark decreasing Vulnerable[86] [87]
Groundshark Glyphis gangeticus Ganges shark decreasing Critically endangered [88] [89]
Groundshark Glyphis garricki New Guinea river shark decreasing Critically endangered [90] [91]
Groundshark Glyphis glyphis Speartooth shark decreasing Endangered[92] [93]
Groundshark Glyphis siamensis Irrawaddy river shark unknown Critically endangered [94] [95]
Groundshark
Haploblepharus fuscus Brown shyshark unknown Vulnerable[96] [97]
Groundshark Haploblepharus kistnasamyi Natal shyshark unknown Critically endangered[98] [99]
Groundshark Hemigaleus microstoma Sickle fin weasel shark decreasing Vulnerable[100] [101]
Groundshark Hemipristis elongata Snaggletooth shark decreasing Vulnerable[102] [103]
Carpet shark Hemiscyllium hallstromi Papuan epaulette shark unknown Vulnerable[104] [105] [106]
Carpet shark Hemiscyllium strahani Hooded carpet shark unknown Vulnerable[107] [108] [109]
Groundshark Hemitriakis leucoperiptera Whitefin topeshark unknown Endangered[110] [111]
Groundshark Holohalaelurus favus Honeycomb Izak decreasing Endangered[112] [113]
Groundshark Holohalaelurus punctatus Whitespotted Izak decreasing Endangered[114] [115]
Groundshark Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus Daggernose shark decreasing Critically endangered[116] [117]
Mackerel
shark		 Isurus oxyrinchus Shortfin mako decreasing Vulnerable[118] [119] [120]
Mackerel
shark		 Isurus paucus Longfin mako decreasing Vulnerable[121] [122] [123]
Groundshark Lamiopsis temminckii Broadfin shark decreasing Endangered[124] [125]
Mackerel
shark		 Lamna nasus Porbeagle decreasing Vulnerable[126] [127] III
(II eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark Mustelus fasciatus Striped smooth-hound decreasing Critically endangered[128] [129]
Groundshark Mustelus mustelus Common smoothhound decreasing Vulnerable[130] [131]
Groundshark Mustelus schmitti Narrownose smoothhound decreasing Endangered[132] [133] [134]
Groundshark Mustelus whitneyi Humpback smoothhound decreasing Vulnerable[135] [136]
Carpet shark Nebrius ferrugineus Tawny nurse shark decreasing Vulnerable[137] [138] [139]
Groundshark Negaprion acutidens Sharptooth lemon shark decreasing Vulnerable[140] [141]
Mackerel
shark		 Odontaspis ferox Small-tooth sand tiger shark decreasing Vulnerable[142] [143] [144]
Dogfish Oxynotus centrina Angular rough shark unknown Vulnerable[145] [146] [147]
Carpet shark Pseudoginglymostoma
brevicaudatum		 Shorttail nurse shark unknown Vulnerable[148] [149]
Carpet shark Rhincodon typus Whale shark decreasing Vulnerable[150] [151] [152] II
Groundshark Schroederichthys
saurisqualus		 Lizard catshark unknown Vulnerable[153] [154]
Groundshark Scylliogaleus quecketti Flapnose houndshark unknown Vulnerable[155] [156]
Groundshark Sphyrna lewini Scalloped hammerhead decreasing Critically endangered [157] [158] [159] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark Sphyrna mokarran Great hammerhead decreasing Endangered[160] [161] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark Sphyrna tudes Smalleye hammerhead decreasing Vulnerable[162] [163]
Groundshark Sphyrna zygaena Smooth hammerhead decreasing Vulnerable[164] [165] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Dogfish Squalus acanthias Piked dogfish decreasing Vulnerable[166] [167] [168]
Dogfish Squalus montalbani Philippines spurdog decreasing Vulnerable[169] [170]
Angel shark Squatina aculeata Sawback angelshark decreasing Critically endangered[171] [172] [173]
Angel shark Squatina albipunctata Eastern angel shark decreasing Vulnerable[174] [175]
Angel shark Squatina argentina Argentine angel shark decreasing Endangered[176] [177] [178]
Angel shark Squatina formosa Taiwan angelshark unknown Endangered[179] [180] [181]
Angel shark Squatina guggenheim Hidden angelshark decreasing Endangered[182] [183]
Angel shark Squatina japonica Japanese angelshark unknown Vulnerable[184] [185] [186]
Angel shark Squatina nebulosa Clouded angelshark unknown Vulnerable[187] [188] [189]
Angel shark Squatina oculata Smoothback angel shark decreasing Critically endangered[190] [191] [192]
Angel shark Squatina punctata Angular angelshark decreasing Endangered[193] [194]
Angel shark Squatina squatina Angel shark decreasing Critically endangered[195] [196] [197]
Angel shark Squatina tergocellatoides Ocellated angelshark unknown Vulnerable[198] [199] [200]
Carpet shark Stegostoma fasciatum Zebra shark decreasing Vulnerable[201] [202] [203]
Groundshark Triakis acutipinna Sharpfin houndshark decreasing Endangered[204] [205]
Groundshark Triakis maculata Spotted houndshark decreasing Vulnerable[206] [207]

See also

References
  1. Hoffmann M, C Hilton-Taylor and 173 others (2010) "The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates" Science, 330: 1503–1509. doi:10.1126/science.1194442
  2. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  3. "Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria" (PDF). IUCN. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-05. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. "Red List Overview". IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  5. CITES conference takes decisive action to halt decline of tropical timber, sharks, manta rays and a wide range of other plants and animals
  6. "The Greatest Threats to Sharks". Oceana. 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
  7. Pratt, H. L. Jr; Gruber, S. H.; Taniuchi, T (1990). Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Tech Rept.
  8. Walker, T.I. (1998). Shark Fisheries Management and Biology.
  9. Sharks Falling Prey To Humans' Appetites National Geographic, 28 October 2010.
  10. HowStuffWorks "How many sharks are killed recreationally each year - and why?". Animals.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-16.
  11. "Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem—CNN.com". CNN. 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  12. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2016-02-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. "Shark fisheries and trade in Europe: Fact sheet on Italy". Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  14. Sharkwater | Movies. EW.com (2007-10-31). Retrieved on 2010-09-16.
  15. Third of open ocean sharks threatened with extinction IUCN, 25 June 2009.
  16. Camhi, M.D; Valenti, S.V.; Fordham, S.V.; Fowler, S.L.; Gibson, C., eds. (February 2007). "The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays" (PDF). Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop. Oxford, England: IUCN Shark Specialist Group. ISBN 978-0-9561063-1-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 14, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  17. Jha, Alok (2009-06-25). "Fishing puts a third of all oceanic shark species at risk of extinction". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
  18. Jolly, David (March 23, 2010). "U.N. Group Rejects Shark Protections". The New York Times.
  19. "Qatar. UN body flip-flops on shark protection". Tawa News, Canwest News Service. March 26, 2010. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010.
  20. Opponents fail to overturn shark protection deal Dow Jones Newswires, 14 March 2013.
  21. Five shark species win protection against finning trade The Guardian, 11 March 2013.
  22. CITES Makes Historic Decision to Protect Sharks and Rays ScienceDaily, 14 March 2013.
  23. "Appendices I, II and III". CITES. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  24. "New measures to combat WA shark risks". Department of Fisheries, Western Australia. 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  25. Arup, Tom (21 January 2014), "Greg Hunt grants WA exemption for shark cull plan", The Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax Media, archived from the original on 22 January 2014
  26. "Can governments protect people from killer sharks?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2013-12-22. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  27. Australia shark policy to stay, despite threats TVNZ, 20 January 2014.
  28. Reardon, M.; Márquez, F.; Trejo, T. & Clarke, S.C. (2006). "Alopias pelagicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  29. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Alopias pelagicus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  30. Alopias pelagicus (Nakamura, 1935) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  31. Amorim, A.; Baum, J.; Cailliet, G.M.; Clò, S.; Clarke, S.C.; Fergusson, I.; Gonzalez, M.; Macias, D.; Mancini, P.; Mancusi, C.; et al. (2009). "Alopias superciliosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161696A5482468. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161696A5482468.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  32. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Alopias superciliosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  33. Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1841) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  34. Goldman, K.J.; Baum, J.; Cailliet, G.M.; Cortés, E.; Kohin, S.; Macías, D.; Megalofonou, P.; Perez, M.; Soldo, A. & Trejo, T. (2009). "Alopias vulpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T39339A10205317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39339A10205317.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  35. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Alopias vulpinus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  36. Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  37. White, W.T.; Fahmi & Dharmadi (2009). "Atelomycterus baliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161736A5491875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161736A5491875.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  38. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Atelomycterus baliensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  39. Fowler, S.L. & Lisney, T.J. (2003). "Aulohalaelurus kanakorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T41870A10581635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41870A10581635.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  40. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Aulohalaelurus kanakorum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  41. Compagno, L.J.V.; Last, P. & Stevens, J. (2009). "Brachaelurus colcloughi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  42. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Brachaelurus colcloughi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  43. Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Carcharhinus borneensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T39367A10182233. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39367A10182233.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  44. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus borneensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  45. Compagno, L.J.V.; White, W. & Fowler, S. (2003). "Carcharhinus hemiodon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T39369A10185838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T39369A10185838.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  46. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Pondicherry shark" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  47. Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Carcharhinus leiodon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  48. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus leiodon" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  49. Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B & Winker, H. (2019). "Carcharhinus longimanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39374A2911619. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39374A2911619.en. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  50. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus longimanus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  51. Musick, J.A.; Grubbs, R.D.; Baum, J. & Cortés, E. (2009). "Carcharhinus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3852A10127245. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3852A10127245.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  52. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus obscurus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  53. Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  54. Musick, J.A.; Stevens, J.D.; Baum, J.K.; Bradai, M.; Clò, S.; Fergusson, I.; Grubbs, R.D.; Soldo, A.; Vacchi, M. & Vooren, C.M. (2009). "Carcharhinus plumbeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3853A10130397. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3853A10130397.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  55. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus plumbeus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  56. Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  57. Santana, F.M.; Lessa, R. & Carlson, J. (2006). "Carcharhinus signatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T60219A12323765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60219A12323765.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  58. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus signatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  59. Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  60. Pollard, D. & Smith, A. (2009). "Carcharias taurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3854A10132481. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3854A10132481.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  61. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharias taurus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  62. Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  63. Fergusson, I.; Compagno, L.J.V. & Marks, M. (2009). "Carcharodon carcharias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T3855A10133872. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3855A10133872.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  64. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharodon carcharias" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  65. Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  66. Guallart, J.; Serena, F.; Mancusi, C.; Casper, B.M.; Burgess, G.H.; Ebert, D.A.; Clarke, M. & Stenberg, C. (2006). "Centrophorus granulosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  67. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Centrophorus granulosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  68. Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  69. Graham, K. (2013). "Centrophorus harrissoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T41740A16726236. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T41740A16726236.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  70. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Centrophorus harrissoni" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  71. Centrophorus harrissoni (McCulloch, 1915) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  72. Clarke, M.; White, W. & Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Centrophorus lusitanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  73. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Centrophorus lusitanicus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  74. Centrophorus lusitanicus (Bocage & Capello, 1864) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  75. White, W.T. (2003). "Centrophorus squamosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  76. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Centrophorus squamosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  77. Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  78. Fowler, S.L. (2005). "Cetorhinus maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  79. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Cetorhinus maximus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  80. Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  81. White, W.T. (2009). "Chaenogaleus macrostoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  82. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Chaenogaleus macrostoma" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  83. Walker, T.I.; Cavanagh, R.D.; Stevens, J.D.; Carlisle, A.B.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Domingo, A.; Ebert, D.A.; Mancusi, C.M.; Massa, A.; McCord, M.; et al. (2006). "Galeorhinus galeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  84. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Galeorhinus galeus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  85. Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  86. Rincon, G. (2004). "Galeus mincaronei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  87. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Galeus mincaronei" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  88. Compagno, L.J.V. (2007). "Glyphis gangeticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  89. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Glyphis gangeticus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  90. Pogonoski, J. & Pollard, D. (2003). "Glyphis garricki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  91. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Glyphis garricki" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  92. Compagno, L.J.V.; Pogonoski, J. & Pollard, D. (2009). "Glyphis glyphis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  93. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Glyphis glyphis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  94. Barnett, L.A.K.; Quaranta, K.L.; Ebert, D.A.; White, W.T. & Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Glyphis siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  95. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Glyphis siamensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  96. Human, B. (2009). "Haploblepharus fuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  97. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Haploblepharus fuscus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  98. Human, B. (2009). "Haploblepharus kistnasamyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  99. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Haploblepharus kistnasamyi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  100. White, W.T. (2009). "Hemigaleus microstoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  101. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemigaleus microstoma" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  102. White, W.T. (2003). "Hemipristis elongata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  103. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemipristis elongata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  104. Heupel, M.R. & Kyne, P.M. (2003). "Hemiscyllium hallstromi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  105. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemiscyllium hallstromi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  106. Hemiscyllium hallstromi (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  107. Heupel, M.R. & Kyne, P.M. (2003). "Hemiscyllium strahani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  108. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemiscyllium strahani" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  109. Hemiscyllium strahani (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  110. Compagno, L.J.V. (2005). "Hemitriakis leucoperiptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  111. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemitriakis leucoperiptera" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  112. Human, B. (2009). "Holohalaelurus favus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  113. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Holohalaelurus favus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  114. Human, B. (2009). "Holohalaelurus punctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  115. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Holohalaelurus punctatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  116. Lessa, R.; Charvet-Almeida, P.; Santana, F.M. & Almeida, Z. (2006). "Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  117. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  118. Cailliet, G.M.; Cavanagh, R.D.; Kulka, D.W.; Stevens, J.D.; Soldo, A.; Clo, S.; Macias, D.; Baum, J.; Kohin, S.; Duarte, A.; et al. (2009). "Isurus oxyrinchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  119. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Isurus oxyrinchus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  120. Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1809) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  121. Reardon, M.B.; Gerber, L. & Cavanagh, R.D. (2006). "Isurus paucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  122. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Isurus paucus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  123. Isurus paucus (Guitart Manday, 1966) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  124. White, W.T.; Fahmi & Dharmadi (2009). "Lamiopsis temminckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  125. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Lamiopsis temminckii" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  126. Stevens, J.; Fowler, S.L.; Soldo, A.; McCord, M.; Baum, J.; Acuña, E.; Domingo, A. & Francis, M. (2006). "Lamna nasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  127. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Lamna nasus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  128. Hozbor, N.; Vooren, C.M. & Lamónaca, A.F. (2004). "Mustelus fasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  129. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Mustelus fasciatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  130. Serena, F.; Mancusi, C.; Clò, S.; Ellis, J. & Valenti, S.V. (2009). "Mustelus mustelus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  131. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Mustelus mustelus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  132. Massa, A.; Hozbor, N.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Balestra, A.D. & Vooren, C.M. (2006). "Mustelus schmitti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  133. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Mustelus schmitti" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  134. Mustelus schmitti (Springer, 1940) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  135. Romero, M. (2007). "Mustelus whitneyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  136. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Mustelus whitneyi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  137. Pillans, R. (2003). "Nebrius ferrugineus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  138. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Nebrius ferrugineus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  139. Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1831) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  140. Pillans, R. (2003). "Negaprion acutidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  141. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Negaprion acutidens" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  142. Pollard, D.; Gordon, I.; Williams, S.; Flaherty, A.; Fergusson, I.K.; Dicken, M. & Graham, K. (2009). "Odontaspis ferox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  143. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Odontaspis ferox" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  144. Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  145. Bradaï, M.N.; Serena, F.; Bianchi, I. (Mediterranean) & Ebert, D.A. (South Africa) (2007). "Oxynotus centrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  146. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Oxynotus centrina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  147. Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  148. Nel, R.; Yahya, S.; Jiddawi, N. & Semesi, S. (2004). "Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  149. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  150. Norman, B. (2005). "Rhincodon typus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  151. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Rhincodon typus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  152. Rhincodon typus (Smith, 1828) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  153. Vooren, C.M. & Soto, J.M.R. (2004). "Schroederichthys saurisqualus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  154. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Schroederichthys saurisqualus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  155. Compagno, L.J.V. (2005). "Scylliogaleus quecketti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  156. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Scylliogaleus quecketti" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  157. Rigby, C.L.; Dulvy, N.K.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B. & Winker, H. (2019). "Sphyrna lewini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39385A2918526. Retrieved 24 June 2020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  158. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Sphyrna lewini" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  159. Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  160. Denham, J.; Stevens, J.; Simpfendorfer, C.A.; Heupel, M.R.; Cliff, G.; Morgan, A.; Graham, R.; Ducrocq, M.; Dulvy, N.D.; Seisay, M. (2007). "Sphyrna mokarran". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  161. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Sphyrna mokarran" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  162. Mycock, S.G.; Lessa, R. & Almeida, Z. (2006). "Sphyrna tudes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  163. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Sphyrna tudes" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  164. Casper, B.M.; Domingo, A.; Gaibor, N.; Heupel, M.R.; Kotas, E.; Lamónaca, A.F.; Pérez-Jimenez, J.C.; Simpfendorfer, C.; Smith, W.D.; Stevens, J.D.; et al. (2005). "Sphyrna zygaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  165. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Sphyrna zygaena" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  166. Fordham, S.; Fowler, S.L.; Coelho, R.; Goldman, K.J. & Francis, M. (2006). "Squalus acanthias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  167. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squalus acanthias" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  168. Squalus acanthias (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  169. White, W.T. (2009). "Squalus montalbani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  170. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squalus montalbani" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  171. Morey, G.; Serena, F.; Mancusi, C.; Coelho, R.; Seisay, M.; Litvinov, F. & Dulvy, N. (2007). "Squatina aculeata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  172. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina aculeata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  173. Squatina aculeata (Cuvier, 1829) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  174. Pogonoski, J. & Pollard, D. (2003). "Squatina albipunctata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  175. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina albipunctata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  176. Vooren, C.M. & Chiaramonte, G.E. (2006). "Squatina argentina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  177. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina argentina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  178. Squatina argentina (Marini, 1930) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  179. Walsh, J.H. & Ebert, D.A. (2009). "Squatina formosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  180. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina formosa" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  181. Squatina formosa (Shen & Ting, 1972) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  182. Chiaramonte, G. & Vooren, C.M. (2007). "Squatina guggenheim". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  183. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina guggenheim" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  184. Walsh, J.H. & Ebert, D.A. (2009). "Squatina japonica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  185. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina japonica" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  186. Squatina japonica (Bleeker, 1858) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  187. Walsh, J.H. & Ebert, D.A. (2009). "Squatina nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  188. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina nebulosa" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  189. Squatina nebulosa (Regan, 1906) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  190. Morey, G.; Serena, F.; Mancusi, C.; Coelho, R.; Seisay, M.; Litvinov, F. & Dulvy, N. (2007). "Squatina oculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  191. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina oculata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  192. Squatina oculata (Bonaparte, 1840) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  193. IUCN Shark Specialist Group (2007). "Squatina punctata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  194. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina punctata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  195. Morey, G.; Serena, F.; Mancusi, C.; Fowler, S.L.; Dipper, F. & Ellis, J. (2006). "Squatina squatina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  196. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina squatina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  197. Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  198. Walsh, J.H. & Ebert, D.A. (2009). "Squatina tergocellatoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  199. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina tergocellatoides" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  200. Squatina tergocellatoides (Chen, 1963) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  201. Pillans, R. & Simpfendorfer, C. (2003). "Stegostoma fasciatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  202. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Stegostoma fasciatum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  203. Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  204. Compagno, L.J.V.; Kyne, P.M. & Domingo, A. (2009). "Triakis acutipinna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  205. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Triakis acutipinna" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  206. Romero, M. & Leandro, L. (2007). "Triakis maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  207. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Triakis maculata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.

Further reading
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.