List of state leaders in 1866
This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1866.
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Africa
- Ashanti Confederacy – Kwaku Dua I Panyin, Asantehene (1834–1867)
- Kingdom of Buganda – Muteesa I (1856–1884)
- Bunyoro – Kyebambe IV, Omukama of Bunyoro (1852–1869)
- Kingdom of Burundi – Mwezi IV Gisabo (1852–1908)
- Kingdom of Dahomey – Glele (1856–1889)
- Ethiopian Empire – Tewodros II (1855–1868)
- Kingdom of Jimma - Abba Gomol (1862-1878)
- Kingdom of Kaffa -
- Kasanje Kingdom - Mbumba a Kinguri (1857-1873)
- Kingdom of Kongo - Pedro V of Kongo (1859-1891)
- Kingdom of Lesotho – Moshoeshoe I (1822–1870)
- Liberia – Daniel Bashiel Warner, President of Liberia (1864–1868)
- Mthwakazi - Mzilikazi, King 1823-1868
- Kingdom of Rwanda – Kigeli IV (1853–1895)
- Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph -
- Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)
- Ali bin Bello II (1866–1867)
- Grand Vizier - Ibrahim Khalilu (1859-c.1874)
- Caliph -
- Unyanyembe - Mkasiwa (1860-1875)
- Urambo - Mirambo (1860-1884)
- Yeke Kingdom - Msiri (1856-1891)
- Sultanate of Zanzibar – Majid bin Said (1856–1870)
- Zulu – Mpande kaSenzangakhona, King of the Zulu (1840–1872)
Asia
- Emirate of Afghanistan
- Sher Ali Khan (1863–1866)
- Mohammed Afzal Khan (1866–1868)
- Bamra – Tribhuban Singh, Raja (1865–1869)
- Sultanate of Brunei – Abdul Momin (1852–1885)
- China (Qing dynasty) - Tongzhi Emperor (1861–1875)
- Jandala - Mir Khanzada Zahid Khan, ruled 1849–1900
- Jaora – Muhammad Ismail, Nawab (1865–1895)
- Empire of Japan
- Monarch – Kōmei (1846–1867)
- Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866)
- Ryukyu Kingdom - Shō Tai (1848-11 March 1879)
- Joseon (Korea) – Gojong (1864–1907, Emperor after 1897)
- Nepal - Surendra Bikram Shah (1847-1881)
- Sultanate of Oman –
- Thuwaini bin Said (1856–1866)
- Salim bin Thuwaini (1866–1868)
- Rajpipla State - Gambhirsinhji II (1860-1897)
- Siam – Mongkut (1851–1868)
- Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) - Tự Đức, Emperor (1847–1883)
Europe
- Belgium
- Monarch – Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
- Cabinet Chief - Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
- Kingdom of Denmark
- Monarch – Christian IX (1863–1906)
- Prime Minister - Christian Emil (1865–1870)
- Second French Empire – Napoleon III (1852–1870)
- German Confederation – dissolved in 1866 as a result of the Austro-Prussian War
- Franz Joseph of Austria, President of the German Confederation (1850–1866),
- Austrian Empire – Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Kingdom of Bavaria – Ludwig II (1864–1886)
- Hamburg – Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller, First Burgomaster of Hamburg (1863–1864; 1866–1868; 1870; and again 1872–1873)
- Kingdom of Hanover –
- George (1851–1866)
- Defeated and annexed by Prussia in 1866
- Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Monarch – William III of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
- Prime Minister - Victor de Tornaco (1860–1867)
- Kingdom of Prussia –
- Monarch – Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Minister President - Otto von Bismarck (1862–1873)
- Kingdom of Saxony – Johann (1854–1873)
- Kingdom of Württemberg – Karl (1864–1891)
- Kingdom of Greece –
- Monarch – George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
- Prime Minister -
- Benizelos Rouphos (1865–1866)
- Dimitrios Voulgaris (1866)
- Alexandros Koumoundouros (1866–1868)
- Hungary –
- Monarch- Franz Joseph
- Chancellor - György Majláth
- Papal States – Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
- Kingdom of Italy –
- Monarch – Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878)
- Prime Minister -
- Marchese la Marmora (1864–1866)
- Bettino Ricasoli (1866–1867)
- Netherlands
- Monarch – William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
- Prime Minister -
- Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers (1849–1853, 1862–1866, 1871–1872)
- Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte, Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers (1866)
- Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers (1866–1868)
- Sweden–Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Carl IV, King of Norway (1859–1872)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
- Sultan – Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
- Grand Vizier -
- Keçecizade Mehmet Fuat Pasha (1863–1866)
- Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1866–1867)
- Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
- Monarch – Luís I (1861–1889)
- President of the Council of Ministers - Joaquim António de Aguiar (1865–1868)
- United Principalities (Romania)
- Prince -
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1866)
- Carol I (1866–1881)
- Prince -
- Russian Empire – Alexander II (1855–1881)
- Kingdom of Spain – Isabella II (1833–1868)
- Kingdom of Sweden – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV (1859–1872)
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- Monarch – Victoria (1837–1901)
- Prime Minister -
- John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (1865–1866)
- Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (1852, 1858, 1866–1868)
Middle East and North Africa
- Abu Dhabi – Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1855–1909)
- Egypt Eyalet – Isma'il, Governor (1863–1867)
- Sultanate of Morocco – Muhammad IV (1859–1873)
North America
- Province of Canada
- Governor General: The Viscount Monck of Ballytrammon (1861–1867)
- Joint Premiers: Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau, Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada (1865–1867)
- Costa Rica –
- Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President of Costa Rica (1863–1866)
- José María Castro Madriz, President of Costa Rica (1866–1868)
- Honduras – José María Medina, President of Honduras (1864–1872)
- Second Mexican Empire
- Maximilian (1864–1867)[1]
- Benito Juárez, President of Mexico (government in exile) (1858–1872)[2]
- United States: Andrew Johnson, President of the United States (1865–1869)
Oceania
- Kingdom of Hawaii – Kamehameha V (1863–1872)
- Mangareva – Joseph Gregorio II, King of Mangareva (1857–1868)
- Samoa – Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe’a, Malietoa (1860–1880)
- Tonga – Tāufaʻāhau, Tu'i Kanokupolu (1845–1893)
South America
- Argentina – Bartolomé Mitre, President of Argentina (1862–1868)
- Bolivia - Mariano Melgarejo, President (1864-1871)
- Empire of Brazil –
- Monarch – Pedro II (1831–1889)
- Prime Minister –
- Chile – José Joaquín Pérez, President of Chile (1861–1871)
- Ecuador – Jerónimo Carrión, President of Ecuador (1865–1867)
- Uruguay – Venancio Flores, President of Uruguay (1865–1868)
gollark: Wait, is your estimate of the complexity assuming the bitshifts will take the same time regardless of how big the numbers are?
gollark: What's n meant to be?
gollark: Being Python, which uses bignums by default, an optimized C implementation which did multiplication too might be faster.
gollark: ... okay.
gollark: > It is widely believed that the (computable) numbers √2, π, and e are normal, but a proof remains elusive.
References
- "Maximiliano I de México". Busca Biografias (in Spanish). Retrieved June 3, 2019.
- "Benito Juárez". Busca Biografias (in Spanish). Retrieved June 3, 2019.
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