List of state leaders in 1238
Asia
- China (Southern Song dynasty) – Emperor Lizong (1224–1264)
- Korea (Goryeo Kingdom) – Gojong (1213–1259)
- Japan (Kamakura period)
- Monarch – Emperor Shijō (1232–1242)
- Kamakura shogunate – Kujō Yoritsune (1226–1244)
- Shikken – Hōjō Yasutoki (1224–1242)
- Khmer Empire – Indravarman II (1220–1243)
- Mongol Empire – Ögedei Khan (1229–1241)
- Pagan Kingdom – Kyaswa (1234–1250)
- Sukhothai Kingdom (Siam) – Si Inthrathit (1238–1270)
Europe
- Principality of Achaea – Geoffrey II Villehardouin (c. 1228–1246)
- County of Angoulême – Hugh I (1218–1249)
- Kingdom of Aragon – James I (1213–1276)
- Duchy of Brittany – John I (1237–1286)
- Bulgarian Empire – Ivan Asen II, Tsar of Bulgaria (1218–1241)
- Crown of Castile – Ferdinand III (1217–1252)
- County of Champagne – Theobald IV (1201–1253)
- Kingdom of Denmark – Valdemar II (1202–1241)
- Kingdom of England – Henry III (1216–1272)
- County of Flanders – Jeanne (1205–1244)
- Kingdom of France – Louis IX (1226–1270)
- Kingdom of Gwynedd – Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Gwynedd (1194–1240)
- Holy Roman Empire – Frederick II (1220–1250)
- Duchy of Bohemia – Wenceslaus I (1230–1253)
- County of Holland – William II (1234–1256)
- Kingdom of Hungary – Béla IV (1235–1270)
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Mindaugas (1236–1253)
- Kingdom of Navarre – Theobald I (1235–1253)
- Kingdom of Norway – Haakon IV (1217–1263)
- Duchy of Poland –
- Henry I, High Duke of Poland (1232–1238)
- Henry II, High Duke of Poland (1238–1241)
- Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves – Sancho II (1223–1247)
- Kingdom of Scotland – Alexander II (1214–1249)
- Kingdom of Sweden – Eric XI (1222–1229, 1234–1250)
Middle East and North Africa
- Almohad Caliphate – Abdul-Wahid II (1232–1242)
- Principality of Antioch – Bohemond V (1233–1252)
- Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia – Hethum I (1226–1270)
- Kingdom of Cyprus – Henry I (1218–1253)
- Sultanate of Damascus (Ayyubid dynasty) -
- Al-Kamil (1237–1238)
- Al-Adil II (1238–1239)
- Egypt (Ayyubid dynasty) –
- Al-Kamil (1218–1238)
- Al-Adil II (1238–1240)
- Sultanate of Rûm – Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246)
- Empire of Trebizond –
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