John I, Duke of Brittany

John I (Breton: Yann, French: Jean; c. 1217/18 – 8 October 1286), known as John the Red due to the colour of his beard, was Duke of Brittany from 1221 to his death and 2nd Earl of Richmond in 1268.

John I
John represented on a window in Chartes Cathedral
Duke of Brittany
Reign21 October 1221 – 8 October 1286
PredecessorPeter I & Alix
SuccessorJohn II
RegentPeter I
Earl of Richmond
Reign1268
PredecessorPeter of Savoy
SuccessorJohn II
Bornc. 1217/18
Died8 October 1286
Château de l'Isle
Burial
Prières Abbey
SpouseBlanche of Navarre
Issue
Among Others		John II
Peter, Lord of Hade
Alix, Countess of Blois
HouseDreux
FatherPeter I, Duke of Brittany
MotherAlix, Duchess of Brittany
ReligionRoman Catholicism

John was the eldest of three children born to Duchess Alix and her husband and jure uxoris co-ruler, Duke Peter I.[1] He became duke upon his mother's death in 1221. His father, who had reigned as duke due to his marriage to Alix, ruled as regent until John reached adulthood.[2] In 1268, Henry III granted the earldom of Richmond to John, and the title continued in his family, through frequent temporary forfeitures and reversions, until 1342.

He experienced a number of conflicts with the Bishop of Nantes and the Breton clergy. In 1240, he issued an edict expelling Jews from the duchy and cancelling all debts to them.[3] He joined Louis IX of France in the Eighth Crusade in 1270, and survived the plague that killed the king. The duchy of Brittany experienced a century of peace, beginning with John I and ending with Duke John III's reign in 1341.[4]

Marriage and issue

In 1236 John married Infanta Blanche, daughter of King Theobald I of Navarre.[5] They had the following surviving issue:

Ancestry
gollark: Indeed.
gollark: You prevent them growing up for a bit, so you can treat these intelligent, thinking creatures as objects to be traded.
gollark: It kind of is.
gollark: It's weird how sometimes the codes seem so fitting.
gollark: Oh, right, the code.

References
  1. Richard 1983, p. xxviii.
  2. Lower 2005, p. 117.
  3. Jones 1988, p. 140.
  4. Jones 1988, p. 34.
  5. Hallam & Everard 2001, p. 273.
  6. Morvan 2009, p. table 2.

Sources
  • Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith (2001). Capetian France, 987-1328. London: Longman. ISBN 9780582489097. OCLC 6813908.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jones, Michael (1988). The Creation of Brittany: A Late Medieval State. London: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 9780907628804. OCLC 16805427.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lower, Michael (2005). The Barons' Crusade: A Call to Arms and Its Consequences. University of Pennsylvania Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Morvan, Frederic (2009). La Chevalerie bretonne et la formation de l'armee ducale (in French). Presses Universitaires de Rennes.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Richard, Jean (1983). Lloyd, Simon (ed.). Saint Louis, Crusader King of France. Translated by Birrell, Jean. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

See also
  • Dukes of Brittany family tree
John I, Duke of Brittany
Cadet branch of the Capetian Dynasty
Born: c. 1217/18 Died: 8 October 1286
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Alix and
Peter I		 Duke of Brittany
1221–1286		 Succeeded by
John II
Peerage of England
Preceded by
Peter of Savoy 		Earl of Richmond
1268–1268		 Succeeded by
John II


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