List of primates of Colombia

The primates of Colombia include 41 extant species in 13 genera and five families.[1][2][3][4] Additionally, 12 fossil species in 10 genera and five families have been identified in Colombia, mainly at the La Venta Lagerstätte of the Honda Group, mostly from the so-called "Monkey Unit", "Monkey Beds" or "Monkey Locality",[5] the richest site for fossil primates in South America.[6] As of 2013, of the 30 fossil primate species found in South America dating to the Late Oligocene (26 Ma) to the Pleistocene, twelve are described from the Honda Group. The genera Branisella, Caipora, Carlocebus, Chilecebus, Dolichocebus, Homunculus, Killikaike, Mazzonicebus, Proteropithecia, Protopithecus, Soriacebus, Szalatavus and Tremacebus have been discovered in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Peru and are not known from Colombia. Additionally, Antillothrix, Insulacebus (both Hispaniola), Paralouatta (Cuba) and Xenothrix (Jamaica) were restricted to the Caribbean.[7] The discovery of Perupithecus, described in 2015 from the Late Eocene (35-36 Ma) Santa Rosa fauna in the Yahuarango Formation of the Peruvian Amazon, pushes back the evolutionary lineage of New World primates.[8]

Extant primates

Common name	Scientific name	Image	Distribution & habitat	Range map	Remarks	Notes
Aotidae - night monkeys
Brumback's night monkey	Aotus brumbacki		Orinoco region		ssp. of A. lemurinus ?; Vulnerable	[2]
Gray-bellied night monkey	Aotus lemurinus		Tropical Andes		Vulnerable	[2]
Gray-handed night monkey	Aotus griseimembra		Northern Colombia east of Sinú River		ssp. of A. lemurinus ?; Vulnerable	[2]
Hernández-Camacho's night monkey	Aotus jorgehernandezi		West slope of Central Andes (Quindío, Risaralda)		Tatamá (West Andes) ?	[9]
Panamanian night monkey	Aotus zonalis		Chocó lowlands		ssp. of A. lemurinus ?	[2]
Spix's night monkey	Aotus vociferans		Amazon region			[2]
Atelidae - howler, spider, and wooly monkeys
Black-headed spider monkey	Ateles fusciceps		West slope of West Andes, Pacific lowlands		Critically endangered	[1]
Brown spider monkey	Ateles hybridus		Magdalena Valley, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Serranía del Perijá		Critically endangered	[1]
Brown woolly monkey	Lagothrix lagotricha		Amazon region		Vulnerable	[2]
Colombian woolly monkey	Lagothrix lugens		East Andes foothills, Serranía de la Macarena, Magdalena Valley, Serranía de San Lucas		Critically endangered; Endemic ?	[1][10]
Geoffroy's spider monkey	Ateles geoffroyi		Possibly extreme northern Chocó to Baudó Mountains		Endangered	[1]
Juruá red howler	Alouatta juara		Amazon region		may be subspecies of A. seniculus	[11]
Mantled howler	Alouatta palliata		Pacific lowlands, western Caribbean lowlands			[2]
Ursine howler	Alouatta arctoidea		Northern Orinoco region		may be subspecies of A. seniculus	[12]
Venezuelan red howler	Alouatta seniculus		Throughout except Pacific & La Guajira			[2]
White-bellied spider monkey	Ateles belzebuth		Parts of Amazon region, Serranía de la Macarena, foothills of East Andes		Endangered	[1]
Callitrichidae - marmosets & tamarins
Black-mantled tamarin	Saguinus nigricollis		Amazon region			[3]
Brown-mantled tamarin	Saguinus fuscicollis		Amazon region		Sympatric with pygmy marmoset	[3]
Cotton-top tamarin	Saguinus oedipus		Caribbean region, PNN Tayrona		Critically endangered; Endemic	[1]
Geoffroy's tamarin	Saguinus geoffroyi		Chocó lowlands and foothill forest			[3]
Goeldi's marmoset	Callimico goeldii		Amazon region		Vulnerable	[2]
Graells's tamarin	Saguinus graellsi		Amazon region		ssp. of S. nigricollis ?; Near threatened	[3]
Mottle-faced tamarin	Saguinus inustus		Amazon region			[3]
Pygmy marmoset	Cebuella pygmaea		Amazon region			[2]
White-footed tamarin	Saguinus leucopus		Northern Colombia; dry and humid forest		Allopatry from S. oedipus; Endangered; Endemic	[1]
Cebidae - capuchins & squirrel monkeys
Colombian white-faced capuchin	Cebus capucinus		Pacific lowlands, Gorgona Island		Map shows combined range of Colombian and Panamanian white-faced capuchins; Colombian white-faced capuchin range shown in red	[3][13]
Common squirrel monkey	Saimiri sciureus		Amazon region		Subsequent taxonomic research restricts S. sciureus to Brazil and the Guianas; replaced in Colombia by S. cassiquiarensis	[2][14]
Humboldt's squirrel monkey	Saimiri cassiquiarensis		Amazon region			[14]
Large-headed capuchin	Sapajus macrocephalus		Amazon region		may be ssp. of S. apella	[15]
Marañón white-fronted capuchin	Cebus yuracus		Southern Colombia			[13]
Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin	Cebus cesarae		Río Cesar valley		Endemic	[16][13]
Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin	Cebus malitiosus		Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta		Endangered; Endemic	[17]
Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin	Cebus leucocephalus		Northern Colombia			[13]
Tufted capuchin	Cebus apella		Amazon region, Orinoco region			[3]
Varied white-fronted capuchin	Cebus versicolor		Río Magdalena Valley		Endangered; Endemic	[13][18]
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin	Cebus albifrons		Amazon region		Several white-fronted capuchin species were formerly considered subspecies of C. albifrons	[1][2][3][13]
Pitheciidae - titis, sakis & uakaris
Black titi	Callicebus lugens		Orinoco & Amazon lowlands, between Caquetá & Tomo Rivers			[2]
Caquetá titi	Callicebus caquetensis		Caquetá		Critically endangered; Endemic geographic range of just about 100 km^2 (39 sq mi), actually occupies only about 10 km^2 (3.9 sq mi) within that range	[1][19]
Collared titi	Callicebus torquatus		Amazon region			[2]
Colombian black-handed titi	Callicebus medemi		Amazon region, between Caquetá & Putumayo Rivers		Vulnerable; Endemic	[2]
Golden-backed uakari	Cacajao melanocephalus		Between Caquetá & Guaviare Rivers, to Serranía de la Macarena			[2]
Lucifer titi	Callicebus lucifer		Amazon region, between Caquetá & Putumayo Rivers			[2]
Monk saki	Pithecia monachus		Amazon region, south of Caquetá River			[1][3]
Ornate titi	Callicebus ornatus		East Andean foothills to Serranía de la Macarena		Vulnerable; Endemic	[2]
White-tailed titi	Callicebus discolor		Amazon region		Vulnerable	[2]

Fossil primates

See also: List of fossil primates of South America

Age	Formation	Family	Genus	Species	Notes
Mid Miocene (Laventan)	Honda Group	Aotidae	Aotus	A. dindensis	[20][21]
		Atelidae	Miocallicebus	M. villaviejai	[22][23][24]
			Stirtonia	S. tatacoensis (syn. Kondous laventicus)	[22][25][26][27]
				S. victoriae	[22][25][28]
		Callitrichidae	Lagonimico	L. conclucatus	[22][25][29]
			Micodon	M. kiotensis	[22][30][31]
			Patasola	P. magdalenae	[22][25][32]
		Cebidae	Saimiri	S. annectens (syn. Laventiana annectens, Neosaimiri annectens)	[22][25][33][34]
				S. fieldsi (syn. Neosaimiri fieldsi)	[22][25][35]
		Pitheciidae	Cebupithecia	C. sarmientoi	[22][25][36][37]
			Nuciruptor	N. rubricae	[22][25][38][39]
		incertae sedis (Callitrichidae, Pitheciidae or Aotidae)	Mohanamico	M. hershkovitzi	[22][25]

See also

• List of Central American monkey species
• List of mammals of Colombia
• Biodiversity of Colombia
• Fauna of Colombia

References

1. Defler, 2004, p.84
2. Defler, 2004, p.85
3. Defler, 2004, p.86
4. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".
5. Monkey Locality in the Paleobiology Database
6. Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, p.3
7. Tejedor, 2013, pp.34–35
8. Bond et al., 2015, p.540
9. Hernández-Camacho's night monkey range - IUCN Red List
10. "IUCN - Lagothrix lugens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.old-form url
11. Juruá Howler range - IUCN Red List
12. Ursine Howler range - IUCN Red List
13. Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 407–413. ISBN 978-8496553897.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
14. Mittermeier, Russell A. & Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 391–396. ISBN 978-8496553897.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
15. Large-headed capuchin range - IUCN Red List
16. Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin - IUCN Red List
17. Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin - IUCN Red List
18. de la Torre, S., Morales, A. L., Link, A., Palacios, E. & Stevenson (2015). "Cebus versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2019.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
19. Defler, Thomas R.; Bueno, Marta; Garcia, Javier (2010). "Callicebus caquetensis: A New and Critically Endangered Titi Monkey from Southern Caquetá, Colombia". Primate Conservation. 25: 1–9. doi:10.1896/052.025.0101. 136211. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26.
20. Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
21. Aotus dindensis in the Paleobiology Database
22. Tejedor, 2013, p.22
23. Takai et al., 2001
24. Miocallicebus villaviejai in the Paleobiology Database
25. Croft, 2007, p.301
26. Stirtonia tatacoensis in the Paleobiology Database
27. Setoguchi, 1985
28. Stirtonia victoriae in the Paleobiology Database
29. Lagonimico conclucatus in the Paleobiology Database
30. Defler, 2004, p.32
31. Micodon kiotensis in the Paleobiology Database
32. Patasola magdalenae in the Paleobiology Database
33. Rosenberger et al., 1991
34. Neosaimiri annectens in the Paleobiology Database
35. Neosaimiri fieldsi in the Paleobiology Database
36. Organ & Lemelin, 2011
37. Cebupithecia sarmientoi in the Paleobiology Database
38. Meldrum & Kay, 1997
39. Nuciruptor rubricae in the Paleobiology Database

Bibliography

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• Croft, Darin A (2007), "The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates", Palaeontology, 50: 277–303, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00610.x
• Defler, Thomas (2004), Historia natural de los primates colombianos (PDF), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 1–613, retrieved 2017-09-24
• Kay, Richard F (1994), ""Giant" tamarin from the Miocene of Colombia", Physical Anthropology, 95 (3): 333–353, doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330950305, PMID 7856767
• Meldrum, D.J.; Kay, R.F. (1997), "Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 102 (3): 407–427, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199703)102:3<407::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-R, retrieved 2017-09-24
• Organ, Jason M.; Lemelin, Pierre (2011), "Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia", The Anatomical Record, 294 (12): 2013–2023, doi:10.1002/ar.21504
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• Setoguchi, Takeshi; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (1988), "A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia" (PDF), Kyoto University Overseas Research Reports of New World Monkeys, 6 (6114): 1–6, Bibcode:1987Natur.326..692S, doi:10.1038/326692a0, hdl:2433/199638, PMID 3561511, retrieved 2017-09-24
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• Takai, Masanaru; Anaya, Federico; Suzuki, Hisashi; Shigehara, Nobuo; Setoguchi, Takeshi (2001), "A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae", Anthropological Science, 109 (4): 289–307, doi:10.1537/ase.109.289, retrieved 2017-09-24
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