List of gauge conversions

This is a list of notable railway track gauge conversions, railway lines where the distance between a set of tracks is broadened or narrowed. Conversions to broader gauge are generally to accommodate heavier loads or for wider cars, while conversions to narrower gauge tend to be for compatibility with other lines on a rail network. This list also contains instances of lines already prepared for conversion and those which are planned to be converted.

New gauge
(mm)		 Original
(mm)		 Date Location Description
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in)  Angola Luanda Railway
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) 1950s  Angola Moçâmedes Railway[1][2]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)  Australia 4-6-4 R766 of the Victorian Railways, Australia, being designed for ease of conversion from 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in), was so converted.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1970  Australia Transcontinental line: Sydney to Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie to Perth. Indian Pacific starts service.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1980  Australia Adelaide–Darwin railway; the first stage to Alice Springs. Replaced a narrow gauge line on a different, more floodprone alignment.
1990  Australia Melbourne to Adelaide – 600 km (370 mi) of convertible sleepers installed in 1990 to facilitate quick conversion in 1995.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) 2008–2010  Australia
 Victoria		 North East railway line in Victoria. A 200 km (120 mi) section between Seymour and Albury was converted, changing two parallel tracks of different gauges to double track. The Oaklands line that would otherwise have been left as an orphan was converted in 2009. The cost of converting this 126 km (78 mi) line has been estimated as just over A$13,000,000.[3]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) 2012  Australia
 Victoria		 South Australia planned to convert its suburban (broad gauge) network to standard gauge in 2012, in conjunction with proposed electrification works. The Outer Harbour and Belair lines were rebuilt with gauge convertible sleepers, while resleepering of the Gawler line commenced in 2010. The Seaford line was to commence once the Gawler line was completed.[4] However both gauge conversion and electrification works have been suspended due to funding constraints, with work unlikely to proceed for the foreseeable future.
1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) (temporary) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1950s  Australia The Mount Gambier line in South Australia was fitted with some 3-gauge steel sleepers when it was "temporarily" converted, pending later proposed conversion to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) (which is yet to occur).
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)  Australia In Western Australia, the narrow-gauge iron ore railways serving Geraldton port and the new port at Oakajee will be designed for ease of conversion to standard gauge.[5]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)  Australia In Victoria several wheat lines, amounting to about 1,100 km (680 mi) of track, are to be converted to standard gauge, including:[6] Maryborough to Mildura, Yelta and Murrayville; Sea Lake and Manangatang. Lines will be converted to dual gauge between Gheringhap to Maryborough.
 Australia In Adelaide convertible sleepers were installed should gauge conversion be needed in future.
900 mm (2 ft 11 7⁄16 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) 2008–2009  Austria Pöstlingbergbahn
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 760 mm (2 ft 5 15⁄16 in) 1961  Austria Tschagguns–Partenen railway
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) 1854–1855  Baden Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in),
2 ft 6 in (762 mm),
2 ft (610 mm)		 ongoing  Bangladesh
762 mm (2 ft 6 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1898  Barbados Barbados Railway
750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) 1932  Belarus World War I field railway from Dūkštas, (Lithuania) to Druja. After takeover by Poland, the PKP regauged the line. After World War II the majority of the line was in Belorussia and closed in the 1970s.[7]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) 1880s  Canada Numerous Provincial Gauge railways in Canada
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1881  Canada Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1883  Canada Toronto and Nipissing Railway with third rail stage.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,524 mm (5 ft) 1938  China China–Russian-owned line[8]
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1,524 mm (5 ft)  China South Manchuria Railway, during the Russo-Japanese War
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)  China South Manchuria Railway, following the Russo-Japanese War
600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)  Czech Republic Muzeum Průmyslových Železnic
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) 1956  Democratic Republic of the Congo Kindu (Lualaba River port) – Kibombo – Kongolo – Kabalo (Lualaba River port and junction with Katanga line) – Nyunzu – Niemba – Kalemie (the port on Lake Tanganyika): This line was isolated meter gauge until 1955, when the gauge was changed for the connection with the Katanga line in 1956.
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) 1932  Democratic Republic of the Congo Matadi–Kinshasa Railway converted to 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) on new alignment.
600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) 610 mm (2 ft)  Democratic Republic of the Congo Mayumbe line
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) 1924  Denmark Skagen Line in Denmark
500 mm (19 3⁄4 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in)  France Chemin de Fer Touristique du Tarn
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) 1941  Germany Brest–Minsk[9]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1964/65  Germany Zabergäu Railway
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in)  Germany Bahnstrecke Malente–Gremsmühlen–Lütjenburg
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in)  Germany Bahnstrecke Waldheim–Kriebethal
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in),
2 ft 6 in (762 mm),
2 ft (610 mm)		 ongoing  India Project Unigauge
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1923  Japan Iyo Railway
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,372 mm (4 ft 6 in) 1959  Japan Keisei Electric Railway; converted for through-service into Toei Asakusa Line
1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) 750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in)  Kazakhstan Kokchetav network, 305 km (190 mi), operational since 1954, partly regauged to Russian gauge.[10]
1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in)  Laos Don Det–Don Khon narrow-gauge railway
750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in)  Latvia Liepāja–Rucava line, 52 km military line
750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in)  Lithuania
Further information: Narrow-gauge railways in Lithuania
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) 1950s  Macedonia Ohrid line
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 610 mm (2 ft) 1910  Mozambique /  Zimbabwe Beira–Salisbury
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) 1950  Namibia Moçâmedes Railway
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) 1915–1961  Namibia Otavi Mining and Railway Company
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) 1910–  Namibia Swakopmund–Windhoek line
914 mm (3 ft) 610 mm (2 ft) 1920  Nauru Rail transport in Nauru
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) 2018    Nepal Jaynagar–Janakpur railway was regauged.
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)  New Zealand Canterbury Provincial Railways
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) 1912–1914  Nigeria Bauchi Light Railway
 Nigeria Port Harcourt – Onne, convertible sleepers installed since gauge conversion not imminent.
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 1915  Norway Sulitjelma Line converted from 750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) to dual gauge with 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and when later closed was converted to a road.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1922  Norway Skøyen–Filipstad Line
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1922  Norway Trondhjem–Støren Line
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1935  Norway Arendal Line
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1944  Norway Ålgård Line
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1941  Norway /  Germany Røros Line in occupied Norway converted by German forces.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1949  Norway Grevskap Line in Norway
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in),
2 ft 6 in (762 mm),
2 ft (610 mm)		 2000  Pakistan All narrow-gauge tracks in Pakistan were re-gauged or were dismantled.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,524 mm (5 ft) 2001  Panama The Panama Canal Railroad, by then in a dilapidated state, was reconstructed and relaid.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 914 mm (3 ft) 2009  Peru Peru from Huancayo to Huancavelica; 147 km (91 mi).[11][12]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,524 mm (5 ft) after 1918  Poland In part of Poland under Russian control, some railways were Russian broad gauge. These were converted to standard gauge after Poland gained independence, to unify the national system.
1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in) 1,664 mm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 19th century  Portugal
1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) 2004  Portugal The Guimarães line in Portugal was electrified and converted from metre gauge to Iberian broad gauge in 2004.
1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 2003-2019  Russia The railways of Sakhalin Island are to be converted in sections, first laying the third (outer) rail, making rail lines usable by both Japanese- and Russian-gauge trains. Once the railways throughout the island have been converted to the Russian gauge (by 2012), the inner rail will be removed.[13]
–1918  Russia /  German Empire World War I as fronts and borders changed
–1945  Russia /  Nazi Germany World War II as fronts and borders changed
1,524 mm (5 ft) 1,829 mm (6 ft) 1897  Russia The first railway in Russia connecting Saint Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) (proposed)  Sierra Leone Port Pepel iron ore line, derelict[14]
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 610 mm (2 ft)  South Africa
Further information: Two-foot-gauge railways in South Africa
1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in) 1,672 mm (5 ft 5 13⁄16 in) 19th century  Spain
1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 1976  Spain The line from Cartagena to Los Blancos was converted at the same time it was extended to Los Nietos.[15]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in) 2000s  Spain Spain is building its high-speed lines to standard gauge, even though the existing system is Iberian; new cutoff lines are being built with gauge-convertible sleepers.
1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) 1996  Sri Lanka The only narrow-gauge lines in Sri Lanka: Kelani Valley line was regauged while the 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) Uda Pussellawa railway was dismantled.
600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1960s  Sweden The Östra Södermanlands Järnväg railway in Mariefred mostly runs on tracks which were converted from standard gauge when it was remade into a heritage railway in the 1960s.
891 mm (2 ft 11 3⁄32 in) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1934  Sweden The short and isolated standard gauge tram line Långängsbanan built in 1911 in the northern Stockholm suburb of Stocksund, was converted to the narrow 891 mm (2 ft 11 3⁄32 in) Swedish three foot gauge of the adjacent Roslag Railway in 1934. Långängsbanan was closed in 1966.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 891 mm (2 ft 11 3⁄32 in) 1973-1978  Sweden The railway between Kalmar and Berga was converted during the 1970s.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 891 mm (2 ft 11 3⁄32 in) 1972  Sweden The railway between Sandbäckshult and Mönsterås was converted between 1970 and 1972. In Sandbäckshult, the line connects to the Kalmar-Berga line. Both were converted to facilitate standard gauge transport to the pulp mill in Mönsterås.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 891 mm (2 ft 11 3⁄32 in) 1953-1962  Sweden Kinnekulle Line
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) 1854   Switzerland Swiss Northern Railway
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,050 mm (3 ft 5 11⁄32 in) (proposed)  Syria Hejaz Railway
 Tanzania Tanzania in 2008 is proposed 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in)/1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) steel sleepers and 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) concrete sleepers to suit gauge conversion.
1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1920 onward  Thailand From 1920, the standard gauge part of the Siam railway amounting to 1,000 km (620 mi) was converted first to third rail, and then to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) (metre gauge) making the whole system metre gauge.[16]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) (proposed)  Tunisia Prposed conversion
750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 760 mm (2 ft 5 15⁄16 in)  Ukraine Beregovo region network, around 200 km (120 mi); initially built during the Hungarian Empire and regauged when Ukraine became part of the Soviet Union.[17]
750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 760 mm (2 ft 5 15⁄16 in)  Ukraine Uzhgorod region, 35 km (22 mi).[17]
750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in)  Ukraine Vapniarka railways, 140 km (87 mi).
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,524 mm (5 ft) 1844  United Kingdom The Eastern Counties Railway, constructed in 1839 and the connecting Northern and Eastern Railway, constructed in 1840.
610 mm (2 ft) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)  United Kingdom Eigiau Reservoir Tramway
381 mm (15 in) 610 mm (2 ft) 1916  United Kingdom Fairbourne Railway
311 mm (12 1⁄4 in) 381 mm (15 in) 1986  United Kingdom Fairbourne Railway
610 mm (2 ft) 914 mm (3 ft) 1986  United Kingdom Gorseddau Junction and Portmadoc Railway
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 2,140 mm (7 ft 1⁄4 in) 1892  United Kingdom Great Western Railway
600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) 597 mm (1 ft 11 1⁄2 in)  United Kingdom Lynton and Barnstaple Railway
597 mm (1 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 2002  United Kingdom Southport Pier Tramway
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) 597 mm (1 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 1950  United Kingdom Southport Pier Tramway
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 2,140 mm (7 ft 1⁄4 in) 1872  United Kingdom Teifi Valley Railway
603 mm (1 ft 11 3⁄4 in) 597 mm (1 ft 11 1⁄2 in) 1901–1902  United Kingdom Vale of Rheidol Railway
825 mm (2 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 610 mm (2 ft) 1884  United Kingdom Volk's Electric Railway
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,473 mm (4 ft 10 in) 1866  United States
 New Jersey		 Morris and Essex converted in 12 days[18]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) 1871  United States
 Maine		 Maine Central Railroad Company
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 914 mm (3 ft) 1879  United States
 California		 Monterey Branch Line
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 914 mm (3 ft) 1881  United States
 Colorado		 Denver to Pueblo on Denver & Rio Grande Railroad.[19] This began a progressive and gradual conversion to standard gauge across Colorado, wherever the traffic justified the conversion
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,524 mm (5 ft) 1886  United States AN ACT to establish the gauge of the Pacific railroad and its branches.[20] set the standard for the First Transcontinental Railroad and encouraged previously laid lines to regauge. Southern railroads were not converted until 1886[21] when they were regauged to 1448 mm (4 ft 9 in). This was functionally compatible with standard gauge, final conversions taking place as track was maintained.
Main article: Track gauge in the United States § Towards standardization
1,588 mm (5 ft 2 1⁄2 in) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1997  United States
 Louisiana		 The Riverfront Streetcar Line of the New Orleans streetcar system was converted to conform with the rest of the historic streetcar system.
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) Central Asia While China and Europe are connected by rail, and while both are mainly 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in), the intervening Central Asia Railways are 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) gauge. There are discussions about facilitating an eventual linkage of the Chinese and European standard gauge system.
Further information: Eurasian Land Bridge
Track gauge
By transport mode
Tram · Rapid transit
Miniature · Scale model
By size (list)
Minimum
  Fifteen inch 381 mm (15 in)
Narrow
  600 mm
Two foot		 600 mm
610 mm		 (1 ft ​11 5⁄8 in)
(2 ft)
  750 mm
Bosnian gauge
Two foot six inch		 750 mm
760 mm
762 mm		 (2 ft ​5 1⁄2 in)
2 ft ​5 15⁄16 in
(2 ft 6 in)
  Swedish three foot
900 mm
Three foot		 891 mm
900 mm
914 mm		 (2 ft ​11 3⁄32 in)
(2 ft ​11 7⁄16 in)
(3 ft)
  Metre 1,000 mm (3 ft ​3 3⁄8 in)
  Three foot six inch 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
  Standard 1,435 mm (4 ft ​8 1⁄2 in)
Broad
  Dresden gauge 1,450 mm (4 ft ​9 3⁄32 in)
  Leipzig gauge 1,458 mm (4 ft ​9 13⁄32 in)
  Toronto gauge 1,495 mm (4 ft ​10 7⁄8 in)
  1520 mm
Five foot		 1,520 mm
1,524 mm		 (4 ft ​11 7⁄8 in)
(5 ft)
  Pennsylvania gauge
Pennsylvania gauge
Five foot three inch		 1,581 mm
1,588 mm
1,600 mm		 (5 ft ​2 1⁄4 in)
(5 ft ​2 1⁄2 in)
(5 ft 3 in)
  Baltimore gauge 1,638 mm (5 ft ​4 1⁄2 in)
  Iberian gauge
Five foot six inch		 1,668 mm
1,676 mm		 (5 ft ​5 21⁄32 in)
(5 ft 6 in)
Change of gauge
Break-of-gauge · Dual gauge ·
Conversion (list) · Bogie exchange · Variable gauge
By location

North America · South America · Europe · Australia

See also

References
  1. Durrant, A.E., A.A. Jorgensen, C.P. Lewis. Steam in Africa, London, 1981, Hamlyn.
  2. "Railways in Angola". 11 November 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  3. "Jasper supports Oaklands rail line upgrade". Australia: Ken Jasper MLA, Member for Murray Valley. 9 July 2008. Archived from the original on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  4. "Rail Revitalisation". South Australian Department of Transport, Energy and Infrastructure. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
  5. "Murchison Metals Ltd – Projects : Oakajee Port and Rail". Mml.net.au. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  6. Railway Digest, October 2015, pg 36
  7. Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The TU2 pages
  8. "ABOUT BOOKS". The Morning Bulletin. Rockhampton, Qld. 6 October 1939. p. 9. Retrieved 19 March 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. Stolfi, Russel H. S. (1991). "Chapter Eleven. German Logistics: Could the Germans Support an Advance into the Moscow-Gorki Space in the Summer of 1941?". Hitler's Panzers East: World War II Reinterpreted. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved 1 December 2016 – via Military Literature.
  10. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine MPS-lines in Kazakhstan (part 1)
  11. Trains, March 2009, p68
  12. Fender, Keith (8 December 2015). "High hopes for Peru's Andean railway". International Railway Journal. US. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  13. Сахалинская узкоколейная железная дорога (The narrow-gauge railways of Sakhalin) Archived 15 November 2013 at Archive.today (in Russian)
  14. http://allafrica.com/stories/200805191261.html
  15. Ferropedia – Ferrocarril Cartagena – Los Nietos, http://ferropedia.es/wiki/Ferrocarril_Cartagena_-_Los_Nietos
  16. "Break of Gauge – Letters to the Editor". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. 13 June 1938. Retrieved 1 June 2016 – via Trove – National Library of Australia.
  17. Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine MPS lines in Carpathian Ukraine
  18. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1866/07/03/90433709.pdf New York Times, July 3, 1866
  19. Wilkins, Tivis (Tiv) E. (1974). "Part II – Expansion And Consolidation". Colorado Railroads. Pruett Publishing Company.
  20. "An act to establish the gauge of the Pacific railroad and its branches". US: Congress. 1 March 1863. Retrieved 1 June 2016 – via Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum.
  21. http://southern.railfan.net/ties/1966/66-8/gauge.html

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