List of bioluminescent fungus species

Found largely in temperate and tropical climates, currently there are known more than 75 species[1] of bioluminescent fungi, all of which are members of the order Agaricales (Basidiomycota) with one exceptional ascomycete belonging to the order Xylariales.[2] All known bioluminescent Agaricales are mushroom-forming, white-spored agarics that belong to four distinct evolutionary lineages. The Omphalotus lineage (comprising the genera Omphalotus and Neonothopanus) contains 12 species, the Armillaria lineage has 10 known species, while the Mycenoid lineage (Mycena, Panellus, Prunulus, Roridomyces) has more than 50 species. The recently discovered Lucentipes lineage contains two species, Mycena lucentipes and Gerronema viridilucens, which belong to a family that has not yet been formally named.[3] Armillaria mellea is the most widely distributed of the luminescent fungi, found across Asia, Europe, North America, and South Africa.[4]

Panellus stipticus, one of about 80 known species of bioluminescent fungi

Bioluminescent fungi emit a greenish light at a wavelength of 520–530 nm. The light emission is continuous and occurs only in living cells.[5] No correlation of fungal bioluminescence with cell structure has been found. Bioluminescence may occur in both mycelia and fruit bodies, as in Panellus stipticus and Omphalotus olearius, or only in mycelia and young rhizomorphs, as in Armillaria mellea.[6] In Roridomyces roridus luminescence occurs only in the spores, while in Collybia tuberosa, it is only in the sclerotia.[7]

Although the biochemistry of fungal bioluminescence has not fully been characterized, the preparation of bioluminescent, cell-free extracts has allowed researchers to characterize the in vitro requirements of fungal bioluminescence. Experimental data suggest that a two-stage mechanism is required. In the first, a light-emitting substance (called "luciferin") is reduced by a soluble reductase enzyme at the expense of NAD(P)H. In the second stage, reduced luciferin is oxidized by an insoluble luciferase that releases the energy in the form of bluish-green light. Conditions that affect the growth of fungi, such as pH, light and temperature, have been found to influence bioluminescence, suggesting a link between metabolic activity and fungal bioluminescence.[7]

All bioluminescent fungi share the same enzymatic mechanism, suggesting that there is a bioluminescent pathway that arose early in the evolution of the mushroom-forming Agaricales.[3] All known luminescent species are white rot fungi capable of breaking down lignin, found in abundance in wood. Bioluminescence is an oxygen-dependent metabolic process and therefore may provide antioxidant protection against the potentially damaging effects of reactive oxygen species produced during wood decay. The physiological and ecological function of fungal bioluminescence has not been established with certainty. It has been suggested that in the dark beneath closed tropical forest canopies, bioluminescent fruit bodies may be at an advantage by attracting grazing animals (including insects and other arthropods) that could help disperse their spores. Conversely, where mycelium (and vegetative structures like rhizomorphs and sclerotia) are the bioluminescent tissues, the argument has been made that light emission could deter grazing.[7]

The following list of bioluminescent mushrooms is based on a 2008 literature survey by Dennis Desjardin and colleagues,[8] in addition to accounts of several new species published since then.[9][10][11][12]

Key

Name	The binomial name of the fungal species, including the author citation—the person who first described the species using an available scientific name, using standardized abbreviations.
Luminescence	Indicates which form of the fungus—mycelium or fruit body—produces luminescence.
Distribution	The geographical distribution of the species. AF=Africa; AS=Asia; AU=Australasia; CA=Central America and the Caribbean; EU=Europe; NA=North America; SA=South America
References	Literature sources where bioluminescence was reported.

Species

Omphalotus nidiformis

... glowing with the lights off

Armillaria gallica

Mycena chlorophos

Mycena haematopus

Mycena epipterygia

Mycena polygramma

Mycena singeri

Mycena pura

Omphalotus olearius

Gills of O. olearius

Roridomyces roridus

Binomial	Luminescence		Distribution	References
	Mycelium	Fruit body
Armillaria calvescens Bérubé & Dessur.	Yes	?	NA	[13]
Armillaria cepistipes Velen.	Yes	?	NA	[13]
Armillaria fuscipes Petch	Yes	No	Malaysia	[6][14][15]
Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn.	Yes	No	EU, NA	[16]
Armillaria gemina Bérubé & Dessur.	Yes	?	NA	[13]
Armillaria mellea (Valh.) P.Kumm.	Yes	No	EU, NA	[16]
Armillaria nabsnona T.J. Volk & Burds.	Yes	?	NA	[13]
Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Henrik	Yes	No	EU, NA	[17]
Armillaria sinapina Bérubé & Dessur.	Yes	?	NA	[13]
Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel	Yes	No	EU, NA	[16]
Collybia tuberosa (Bull.) P. Kumm	No	Only sclerotia	EU, NA, Lithuania	[18][19]
Dictyopanus foliicolus Kobayasi[lower-alpha 1]	Yes	Yes	Japan	[21][22]
Favolaschia manipularis (Berk.) Teng[lower-alpha 2]	?	Yes	Malaysia, Pacific islands	[1][24]
Filoboletus hanedae (as 'hanedai′) Kobayasi[lower-alpha 3]	?	Yes	Japan	[21]
Filoboletus pallescens (Boedijn) Maas Geest.	?	Yes	Malaysia	[26]
Filoboletus yunnanensis P.G.Liu	?	Yes	China	[26]
Gerronema viridilucens Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani	Yes	Yes	SA	[27]
Mycena asterina Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani	Yes	Yes	SA	[28]
Mycena cahaya A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin	Yes	Yes	Malaysia	[29]
Mycena citricolor (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.	Yes	No	SA, CA	[15][30]
Mycena chlorophos (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.	Yes	Yes	Malaysia, Japan, Pacific Islands	[24]
Mycena coralliformis A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin	Yes	?	Malaysia	[1]
Mycena daisyogunensis Kobayasi	?	Yes	Japan	[21]
Mycena deeptha Aravind. & Manim.	Yes	No	India	[11]
Mycena discobasis Metrod	?	Yes	SA, AF	[28]
Mycena epipterygia (Scop.: Fr.) S.F.Gray	Yes	No	EU, NA, Japan	[31]
Mycena fera Maas Geest. & de Meijer	?	Yes	SA	[28]
Mycena galopus (Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.	Yes	No	EU, NA, Japan	[15][31][32]
Mycena gombakensis A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin	Yes	Yes	Malaysia	[1]
Mycena haematopus (Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.	Yes	Yes	EU, NA, Japan	[32][33]
Mycena illuminans Henn.	Yes	Yes	Malaysia, Japan	[1][24][34][35]
Mycena inclinata (Fr.) Quél.	Yes	No	EU, NA, AF	[14]
Mycena kentingensis Y.S. Shih, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao		Yes	Taiwan	[12]
Mycena lacrimans Singer	?	Yes	SA	[28]
Mycena lazulina Har. Takah., Taneyama, Terashima & Oba	?	Yes	Japan	[36]
Mycena lucentipes Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani	Yes	Yes	SA, CA	[28]
Mycena lux-coeli Corner	?	Yes	Japan	[24]
Mycena luxaeterna B.A.Perry & Desjardin	Yes	Yes	SA	[9]
Mycena luxarboricola B.A.Perry & Desjardin	No	Yes	SA	[9]
Mycena luxperpetua B.A. Perry & Desjardin	Yes	Yes	Puerto Rico	[9]
Mycena maculata P.Karst.	Yes		EU, NA, AF	[32]
Mycena Nocticaelum A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin	Yes	Yes	Malaysia	[1]
Mycena Noctilucens Kawam. ex Corner[lower-alpha 4]	?	Yes	Malaysia, Pacific islands	[24][35]
Mycena olivaceomarginata (Massee apud Cooke) Massee	Yes	No	EU, NA	[14]
Mycena polygramma (Bull.: Fr.) S.F.Gray	Yes	No	AF, EU, NA, Japan	[15][31][32]
Mycena pruinosoviscida Corner[lower-alpha 5]	?	Yes (and spores)	AU, Malaysia	[24][35]
Mycena pseudostylobates Kobayasi	Yes	?	Japan	[21]
Mycena pura (Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.	Yes	No	EU, NA, SA, Japan	[32]
Mycena rosea (Bull.) Gramberg	Yes	No	EU	[32]
Mycena sanguinolenta (Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) P.Kumm.	Yes	No	EU, NA, Japan	[31]
Mycena seminau A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin	Yes	Yes	Malaysia	[29]
Mycena silvaelucens B.A.Perry & Desjardin	?	Yes	Malaysia	[9]
Mycena sinar A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin	Yes	Yes	Malaysia	[29]
Mycena sinar var. tangkaisinar A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin	?	Yes	Malaysia	[1]
Mycena singeri Lodge	?	No	SA, CA	[28]
Mycena stylobates (Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.	Yes	No	AF, EU, NA, Japan	[31]
Mycena sublucens Corner	No	Yes	Malaysia	[24]
Mycena tintinnabulum (Fr.) Quél.	Yes	No	EU	[38]
Mycena zephirus (Fr.: Fr.) P.Kumm.	Yes	No	EU	[31][32]
Neonothopanus gardneri (Berk. ex Gardner) Capelari, Desjardin, Perry, Asai & Stevani	Yes	Yes	SA	[10][39]
Neonothopanus nambi (Speg.) Petersen & Krisai-Greilhuber	Yes	Yes	AU, SA, CA, Malaysia	[1][40]
Nothopanus eugrammus (Mont.) Singer[lower-alpha 6]	No	Yes	Japan, Malaysia	[40]
Nothopanus Noctilucens (Lév.) Singer	?	Yes	Japan	[42][43]
Omphalotus flagelliformis Zhu L. Yang & B. Feng	Yes	Yes	China	[44]
Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl.	Yes	Yes	EU, NA	[6][14][15]
Omphalotus japonicus (Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill.[lower-alpha 7]	Yes	no	China, Korea	[33][46][47][48]
Omphalotus mangensis (J.Li & X.Hu) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill.	?	Yes	China	[49]
Omphalotus nidiformis (Berk.) O.K.Mill.	?	Yes	AU	[50][51]
Omphalotus olearius (DC.: Fr.) Singer	Yes	Yes	EU, US	[14]
Omphalotus olivascens H.E.Bigelow, O.K.Mill. & Thiers	No	Yes	NA	[52]
Panellus luminescens (Corner) Corner	Yes	Yes	Malaysia	[1][53][54]
Panellus luxfilamentus A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin	Yes	?	Malaysia	[1]
Panellus pusillus (Pers. ex Lév.) Burdsall & O.K.Mill.[lower-alpha 8]	Yes	Yes	AF, AU, NA, SA, Malaysia, Japan	[22][24][43][54][56]
Panellus stipticus (Bull.: Fr.) P.Karst.	Yes	Yes	AU, AF, EU, NA, SA, Japan	[15][57]
Pleurotus decipiens Corner	?	Yes	Malaysia	[40]
Roridomyces irritans (E.Horak) Rexer	No	Yes	AU	[58]
Roridomyces pruinosoviscidus A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin	Yes	Yes	Malaysia	[1]
Roridomyces lamprosporus (Corner) Rexer[lower-alpha 9]	No	Yes (spores)	Malaysia, AU	[35][53][58]
Roridomyces roridus (Fr.) Rexer[lower-alpha 10]	Yes	No	EU, NA, SA, Japan	[62]
Tricholoma margarita (Murrill) Murrill[lower-alpha 11]	?	Yellowish green light in all parts of the basidiome, or nonluminescent in some populations.	Belize, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, US (Florida)	[9]
Tricholoma sciodes (Pers.) C. Martín	?	Glowing young mycelium	Lithuania	[19]
Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev.	?	Yes	EU	[64][65]

See also

• List of bioluminescent organisms

Notes

1. Apparently it is the same species as given in Index Fungorum with a current name as Dictyopanus foliicola Kobayasi.[20]
2. This species is given in Audrey et al. (2015) as Filoboletus manipularis and in Corner (1954) as Mycena manipularis var. microporus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Favolaschia manipularis is the current name.[23]
3. This species is given in Kobayasi (1951) as Poromycena hanedae (as ′hanedai′) but Index Fungorum indicates that Filoboletus hanedae (as ′hanedai′) is the current name.[25]
4. This species is presumably given in Corner (1994) as Mycena Noctilucens var. magnispora but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena Noctilucens is the current name.
5. This species is given in Corner (1954) and presumably in Corner (1994) as Mycena pruinoso-viscida and Mycena pruinoso-viscida var. rabaulensis but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena pruinosoviscida is the current name.[37]
6. This species is given in Corner (1981) as Pleurotus eugrammus var. radicicolus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Nothopanus eugrammus is the current name.[41]
7. This species is given in Zang (1979) as Lampteromyces luminescens, but Index Fungorum indicates that Omphalotus japonicus is the current name.[45]
8. This species is given in Corner (1954) as Dictyopanus pusillus var. sublamellatus and in Kobayasi (1963), Corner (1954), Corner (1986) as Panellus gloeocystidiatus but Index Fungorum indicates that Panellus pusillus is the current name.[55]
9. This species is given in Corner (1994), Corner (1950), Horak (1978) as Mycena lamprospora, but Index Fungorum indicates that Roridomyces lamprosporus is the current name.[59]
10. This species is given in Desjardin et al. (2008) as Mycena rorida, but both Index Fungorum and MycoBank indicate that Roridomyces roridus is the current name.[60][61]
11. This species is given in Desjardin et al. (2010) as Mycena margarita, but Index Fungorum indicates that Tricholoma margarita is the current name.[63]

References

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2. Seas-Carvajal C, Avalos G (2013). "Distribution of bioluminescent fungi across old-growth and secondary tropical rain forest in Costa Rica" (PDF). Revista de Biologia Tropica. 61 (2): 531–537.
3. Oliveira AG, Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Stevani CV (2012). "Evidence that a single bioluminescent system is shared by all known bioluminescent fungal lineages" (PDF). Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 11 (2): 848–852. doi:10.1039/c2pp25032b. PMID 22495263.
4. Vydryakova GA, Psurtseva NV, Belova NV, Pashenova NV, Gitelson JI (2009). "Luminous mushrooms and prospects of their use". Mikologiya I Fitopatologiya (in Russian). 43 (5): 369–376. ISSN 0026-3648.
5. O'Kane DJ, Lingle WL, Porter D, Wampler JE (1990). "Spectral analysis of bioluminescence of Panellus stypticus". Mycologia. 82 (5): 607–616. doi:10.2307/3760051. JSTOR 3760051.
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27. Desjardin DE, Capelari M, Stevani CV (2005). "A new bioluminescent agaric from São Paulo, Brazil" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 18 (9): 9–14.
28. Desjardin DE, Capelari M, Stevani C (2007). "Bioluminescent Mycena species from São Paulo, Brazil". Mycologia. 99 (2): 317–331. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.2.317. PMID 17682785.
29. Chew AL, Tan Y-S, Desjardin DE, Musa MY, Sabaratnam V (2014). "Four new bioluminescent taxa of Mycena sect. Calodontes from Peninsular Malaysia". Mycologia. 106 (5): 976–988. doi:10.3852/13-274. PMID 24891424.
30. Buller AHR (1934). "Omphalia flavida, a gemmiferous and luminous leaf-spot fungus". Researches on Fungi. 4. London; New York; Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company. pp. 397–454.
31. Bothe F. (1931). "Über das Leuchten verwesender Blätter und seine Erreger" [About the glow of decaying leaves and their agents]. Zeitschrift für Wissenschafteliche Biologie Abteilung A–Planta (in German). 14 (3/4): 752–765. doi:10.1007/bf01917160.
32. Treu R, Agerer R (1990). "Culture characteristics of some Mycena species". Mycotaxon. 38: 279–309.
33. Bermudes D, Petersen RH, Nealson KH (1992). "Low-level bioluminescence detected in Mycena haematopus basidiocarps". Mycologia. 84 (5): 799–802. doi:10.2307/3760392. hdl:10211.2/2130. JSTOR 3760392.
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64. "First Nature: Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev. - Candlesnuff Fungus". First Nature. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
65. Candlesnuff luminescence. Picture of bioluminescence of Xylaria hypoxylon, submitted to the www.naturespot.org.uk by AJ Cann. Retrieved 2019-05-26.

External links

• Glow-in-the-Dark Mushrooms National Geographic