List of Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones

Category 4 the second-highest classification on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale which is used to classify tropical cyclones, that have 10-minute sustained winds of at least wind speeds of 86–107 knots (159–198 km/h; 99–123 mph). As of 2019 47 tropical cyclones have peaked Category 4 severe tropical cyclones in the South Pacific tropical cyclone basin, which is denoted as the part of the Pacific Ocean to the south of the equator and to the east of 160°E. The earliest tropical cyclone to be classified as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone was Gyan which was classified as a Category 4 during December 22, 1981, as it impacted New Caledonia. The latest was Pola as it passed between Fiji and Tonga. This list does include any tropical cyclones that peaked as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, while in the Southern Pacific tropical cyclone basin.

Background

The South Pacific tropical cyclone basin is located to the south of the Equator between 160°E and 120°W.[1] The basin is officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service and the New Zealand MetService, while other meteorological services such as the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Meteo France as well as the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitor the basin.[1] Within the basin a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of 86–107 knots (159–198 km/h; 99–123 mph) on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[1][2] A named storm could also be classified as a Category 4 tropical cyclone if it is estimated, to have 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of between 113–136 knots (209–252 km/h; 130–157 mph) on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.[1][3] This scale is only officially used in American Samoa, however, various agencies including NASA also use it to compare tropical cyclones.[1] A Category 4 tropical cyclone is expected to cause catastrophic devastation, if it significantly impacts land at or near its peak intensity.[2][3]

Systems

Name	System dates	Sustained wind speeds	Pressure	Land areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
Gyan	December 18 – 29, 1981	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	Vanuatu			[4]
Abigail	February 2 – 3, 1982	175 km/h (110 mph)	947 hPa (27.96 inHg)				[5]
Isaac	February 27 – March 5, 1982	175 km/h (110 mph)	930 hPa (27.46 inHg)	Tonga	10 million	6	[6][7][8]
Bernie	April 5 – 9, 1982	165 km/h (105 mph)	960 hPa (28.35 inHg)				[9]
Nisha Orama	February 13 – 28, 1983	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	French Polynesia	$1.7 million		[10][11]
Oscar	February 28, 1983	185 km/h (115 mph)	920 hPa (27.17 inHg)	Fiji	$130 million	9	[12][13][14]
Rewa	March 9 – 13, 1983	185 km/h (115 mph)	955 hPa (28.20 inHg)	French Polynesia		5	[15]
Sarah	March 23 – April 4, 1983	165 km/h (105 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	Fiji		None	[16][17]
Tomasi	March 27 – April 5, 1983	185 km/h (115 mph)	955 hPa (28.20 inHg)	Cook Islands, Niue	Minor	None	[18][19]
Veena	April 8 – 14, 1983	185 km/h (115 mph)	955 hPa (28.20 inHg)	French Polynesia		1	[20]
Odette	January 19, 1985	165 km/h (105 mph)	936 hPa (27.64 inHg)	Vanuatu			[21]
Ima	February 5 – 16, 1986	165 km/h (105 mph)	965 hPa (28.50 inHg)	Cook Islands			[22]
Uma	February 4 – 8, 1987	165 km/h (105 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	Vanuatu	$150 million	50	[23][24][25]
Anne	January 5 – 14, 1988	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	Vanuatu, New Caledonia	$500 000	2	[26][27][28]
Bola	February 24 – March 4, 1988	175 km/h (110 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand	$87 million	3	[29][27][30]
Harry	February 8 – 19, 1989	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	New Caledonia			[31][nb 1]
Ofa	January 27 – February 10, 1990	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	Polynesia	$187 million	8	[32][33][34][35]
Val	December 4 – 17, 1991	165 km/h (105 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	Tuvalu, Samoan Islands	$330 million	16	c[36][37]
Wasa Arthur	December 4 – 18, 1991	165 km/h (105 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	French Polynesia	$60 million	2	[36][38][39]
Betsy	January 4 – 15, 1992	165 km/h (105 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	Vanuatu	$2 million	2	[40][27][41]
Esau	February 24 – March 7, 1992	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	Vanuatu	Minimal	1	[42][28][43]
Joni	December 3 – 13, 1992	165 km/h (105 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	Tuvalu, Fiji	$1.6 million	1	[44][45][46]
Prema	March 26 – April 6, 1993	165 km/h (105 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	Vanuatu, New Caledonia	$50 million	1	[27][47]
Sarah	January 18 – February 4, 1994	165 km/h (105 mph)	945 hPa (27.91 inHg)			[48]
Theodore	February 26 – March 3, 1994	185 km/h (115 mph)	933 hPa (27.55 inHg)				[49]
Beti	March 21 – 28, 1996	165 km/h (105 mph)	935 hPa (27.61 inHg)	New Caledonia, Vanuatu Australia, New Zealand	$5.3 million	2	[50][27][51][52]
Drena	January 3 – 10, 1997	165 km/h (105 mph)	935 hPa (27.61 inHg)	Vanuatu, New Caledonia New Zealand			[53][54]
Gavin	March 3 – 12, 1997	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	Tuvalu, Fiji Wallis and Futuna	$18.3 million	18	[45][54][55]
Dani	January 15 – 22, 1999	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	Vanuatu, Fiji New Caledonia	$2 million	14	[51][56][57]
Kim	February 23 – 29, 2000	165 km/h (105 mph)	935 hPa (27.61 inHg)	French Polynesia	Minimal	None	[58][59]
Paula	February 26 – March 4, 2001	175 km/h (110 mph)	930 hPa (27.46 inHg)	Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga	$1.39 million	2	[51][60]
Waka	December 19, 2001 – January 2, 2002	175 km/h (110 mph)	930 hPa (27.46 inHg)	Wallis and Futuna, Tonga	$51.3 million	1	[7][51][61]
Eseta	March 10 – 14, 2003	185 km/h (115 mph)	930 hPa (27.46 inHg)	Fiji	$876 thousand	None	[62]
Ivy	February 21 – March 2, 2004	165 km/h (105 mph)	935 hPa (27.61 inHg)	Vanuatu	$8 million	2	[63][27][51][64][65]
Nancy	February 10 – 17, 2005	175 km/h (110 mph)	930 hPa (27.46 inHg)	Cook Islands	Severe	None	[66]
Xavier	October 20 – 26, 2006	175 km/h (110 mph)	930 hPa (27.46 inHg)	Solomon Islands, Vanuatu	Extensive	None	[67][68]
Daman	December 2 – 10, 2008	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	Fiji, Tonga	$330 000	None	[69]
Funa	January 14 – 21, 2008	175 km/h (110 mph)	930 hPa (27.46 inHg)	Vanuatu	Severe	None	[70]
Oli	January 29 – February 7, 2010	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	Cook Islands, French Polynesia	$70 million	1	[71][34][72]
Tomas	March 9 – 17, 2010	185 km/h (115 mph)	925 hPa (27.32 inHg)	Wallis and Futuna, Fiji	$45 million	3	[73][74]
Zelia	January 16 – 17, 2011	165 km/h (100 mph)	957 hPa (28.26 inHg)	New Caledonia, Norfolk Island New Zealand	None	None	[75]
Wilma	January 19 – 28, 2011	185 km/h (115 mph)	935 hPa (27.61 inHg)	Samoan Islands, Tonga New Zealand	$22 million	3	[76][77][78]
Atu	February 13 – 24, 2011	165 km/h (105 mph)	937 hPa (27.67 inHg)	New Caledonia, Vanuatu			[79]
Jasmine	February 6 – 19, 2012	195 km/h (120 mph)	937 hPa (27.67 inHg)	Solomon Islands, Vanuatu New Caledonia, Tonga	None	None	[80]
Evan	December 9 – 19, 2012	185 km/h (115 mph)	943 hPa (27.85 inHg)	Samoan Islands, Fiji Wallis and Futuna	$161 million	4	[81]
Freda	December 26, 2012 – January 4, 2013	185 km/h (115 mph)	940 hPa (27.76 inHg)	Solomon Islands New Caledonia	Unknown	2	[82][83]
Sandra	March 9 – 14, 2013	185 km/h (115 mph)	930 hPa (27.46 inHg)	New Caledonia, New Zealand	None	None	[84]
Ula	December 26, 2015 – January 12, 2016	185 km/h (115 mph)	945 hPa (27.91 inHg)	Tuvalu, Samoan Islands, Tonga Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia	Unknown	1	[85]
Hola	March 3 – 11, 2018	165 km/h (105 mph)	952 hPa (28.11 inHg)	Fiji, Vanuatu New Caledonia, New Zealand	Unknown	3	[86][87][88][89]
Pola	February 23 – March 2, 2019	165 km/h (105 mph)	950 hPa (28.05 inHg)	Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Tonga	None	0	[90][91]

Other systems

In addition to the 47 tropical cyclones listed above Severe Tropical Cyclone's: Kerry, Katrina and Larry, were considered by the BoM to be Category 4 Severe tropical cyclones within the South Pacific Ocean, after they had moved into the Australian region.[92][93][94] The BoM also considered Severe Tropical Cyclone Watorea, to have been a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, within the Australian region before it moved into the basin during February 24.[95] Severe Tropical Cyclone Anne was estimated to have peaked by the JTWC, with one-minute sustained wind speeds of 260 km/h (160 mph) for six hours during January 11, 1988.[96] This made it equivalent to a Category 5 tropical cyclone on the SSHWS, however, the FMS estimated that the system had peaked with 10-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) based on the Dvorak technique, which made it a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.[96][97] During 2017, a study into Category 4 and 5 tropical cyclones over the South Pacific during the 1980s, was published within the Royal Meteorological Society's International Journal of Climatology.[98] This showed that the intensity of such tropical cyclones had been underestimated by the various warning centres during the decade.[98] In particular, they estimated that Severe Tropical Cyclone's Oscar and Nisha-Orama had 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph), which would make them Category 5 tropical cyclones on the SSHWS.[98]

Land interaction

Off the nineteen Category 5 severe tropical cyclones listed above, only Severe Tropical Cyclone's: Fran, Beni, Erica, Ului, Pam and Winston, are considered to have made landfall on a Pacific nation. Severe Tropical Cyclone's Pam and Winston are the only systems to have made landfall while at Category 5 intensity and were considered to have caused widespread devastation to Fiji and Vanuatu. Severe Tropical Cyclone's Fran, Beni and Ului all made landfall on Queensland, Australia, while Erica made landfall on New Caledonia about 220 km (135 mi) to the northwest of Noumea. In addition to these six systems making landfall, several systems have either threatened or passed very near to various smaller islands at their peak intensity. In particular, Fran passed in between the islands of Efate and Erromango during March 9, 1992 while Susan threatened Vanuatu during January 5, 1998, but recurved in time to spare the island nation a direct hit.[24][99] At around 18:00 UTC on January 6, 1998, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ron passed within 10 km (5 mi) of the Tongan island of Niuafo'ou.[99] Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe passed near or over several of the Solomon Islands within Temotu Province.[100]

Notes

1. Harry peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone while in the South Pacific basin during February 13, before it peaked as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone within the Australian region.

See also

• List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
• List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes

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External links

• World Meteorological Organization
• Australian Bureau of Meteorology
• Fiji Meteorological Service
• New Zealand MetService
• Joint Typhoon Warning Center