List of Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones

Category 4 the second-highest classification on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale which is used to classify tropical cyclones, that have 10-minute sustained winds of at least wind speeds of 86–107 knots (159–198 km/h; 99–123 mph). As of 2019 47 tropical cyclones have peaked Category 4 severe tropical cyclones in the South Pacific tropical cyclone basin, which is denoted as the part of the Pacific Ocean to the south of the equator and to the east of 160°E. The earliest tropical cyclone to be classified as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone was Gyan which was classified as a Category 4 during December 22, 1981, as it impacted New Caledonia. The latest was Pola as it passed between Fiji and Tonga. This list does include any tropical cyclones that peaked as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, while in the Southern Pacific tropical cyclone basin.

Background

The South Pacific tropical cyclone basin is located to the south of the Equator between 160°E and 120°W.[1] The basin is officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service and the New Zealand MetService, while other meteorological services such as the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Meteo France as well as the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitor the basin.[1] Within the basin a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of 86–107 knots (159–198 km/h; 99–123 mph) on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[1][2] A named storm could also be classified as a Category 4 tropical cyclone if it is estimated, to have 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of between 113–136 knots (209–252 km/h; 130–157 mph) on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.[1][3] This scale is only officially used in American Samoa, however, various agencies including NASA also use it to compare tropical cyclones.[1] A Category 4 tropical cyclone is expected to cause catastrophic devastation, if it significantly impacts land at or near its peak intensity.[2][3]

Systems
Name System dates Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Land areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
GyanDecember 18 – 29, 1981185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Vanuatu[4]
AbigailFebruary 2 – 3, 1982175 km/h (110 mph)947 hPa (27.96 inHg)[5]
IsaacFebruary 27 – March 5, 1982175 km/h (110 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Tonga10 million6[6][7][8]
BernieApril 5 – 9, 1982165 km/h (105 mph)960 hPa (28.35 inHg)[9]
Nisha
Orama		February 13 – 28, 1983185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)French Polynesia$1.7 million[10][11]
OscarFebruary 28, 1983185 km/h (115 mph)920 hPa (27.17 inHg)Fiji$130 million9[12][13][14]
RewaMarch 9 – 13, 1983185 km/h (115 mph)955 hPa (28.20 inHg)French Polynesia5[15]
SarahMarch 23 – April 4, 1983165 km/h (105 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)FijiNone[16][17]
TomasiMarch 27 – April 5, 1983185 km/h (115 mph)955 hPa (28.20 inHg)Cook Islands, NiueMinorNone[18][19]
VeenaApril 8 – 14, 1983185 km/h (115 mph)955 hPa (28.20 inHg)French Polynesia1[20]
OdetteJanuary 19, 1985165 km/h (105 mph)936 hPa (27.64 inHg)Vanuatu[21]
ImaFebruary 5 – 16, 1986165 km/h (105 mph)965 hPa (28.50 inHg)Cook Islands[22]
UmaFebruary 4 – 8, 1987165 km/h (105 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Vanuatu$150 million50[23][24][25]
AnneJanuary 5 – 14, 1988185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Vanuatu, New Caledonia$500 0002[26][27][28]
BolaFebruary 24 –
March 4, 1988		175 km/h (110 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand$87 million3[29][27][30]
HarryFebruary 8 – 19, 1989185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)New Caledonia[31][nb 1]
OfaJanuary 27 –
February 10, 1990		185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Polynesia$187 million8[32][33][34][35]
ValDecember 4 – 17, 1991165 km/h (105 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Tuvalu, Samoan Islands$330 million16c[36][37]
Wasa
Arthur		December 4 – 18, 1991165 km/h (105 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)French Polynesia$60 million2[36][38][39]
BetsyJanuary 4 – 15, 1992165 km/h (105 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Vanuatu$2 million2[40][27][41]
EsauFebruary 24 –
March 7, 1992		185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Vanuatu Minimal1[42][28][43]
JoniDecember 3 – 13, 1992165 km/h (105 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Tuvalu, Fiji$1.6 million1[44][45][46]
PremaMarch 26 – April 6, 1993165 km/h (105 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Vanuatu, New Caledonia$50 million1[27][47]
SarahJanuary 18 – February 4, 1994165 km/h (105 mph)945 hPa (27.91 inHg)[48]
TheodoreFebruary 26 – March 3, 1994185 km/h (115 mph)933 hPa (27.55 inHg)[49]
BetiMarch 21 – 28, 1996165 km/h (105 mph)935 hPa (27.61 inHg)New Caledonia, Vanuatu
Australia, New Zealand		$5.3 million2[50][27][51][52]
DrenaJanuary 3 – 10, 1997165 km/h (105 mph)935 hPa (27.61 inHg)Vanuatu, New Caledonia
New Zealand		[53][54]
GavinMarch 3 – 12, 1997185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Tuvalu, Fiji
Wallis and Futuna		$18.3 million18[45][54][55]
DaniJanuary 15 – 22, 1999185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Vanuatu, Fiji
New Caledonia		$2 million14[51][56][57]
KimFebruary 23 – 29, 2000165 km/h (105 mph)935 hPa (27.61 inHg)French PolynesiaMinimalNone[58][59]
PaulaFebruary 26 –
March 4, 2001		175 km/h (110 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga$1.39 million2[51][60]
WakaDecember 19, 2001 –
January 2, 2002		175 km/h (110 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Wallis and Futuna, Tonga$51.3 million1[7][51][61]
EsetaMarch 10 – 14, 2003185 km/h (115 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Fiji$876 thousandNone[62]
IvyFebruary 21 –
March 2, 2004		165 km/h (105 mph)935 hPa (27.61 inHg)Vanuatu$8 million2[63][27][51][64][65]
NancyFebruary 10 – 17, 2005175 km/h (110 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Cook IslandsSevereNone[66]
XavierOctober 20 – 26, 2006175 km/h (110 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)Solomon Islands, VanuatuExtensiveNone[67][68]
DamanDecember 2 – 10, 2008185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Fiji, Tonga$330 000None[69]
FunaJanuary 14 – 21, 2008175 km/h (110 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)VanuatuSevere None[70]
OliJanuary 29 –
February 7, 2010		185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Cook Islands, French Polynesia$70 million1[71][34][72]
TomasMarch 9 – 17, 2010185 km/h (115 mph)925 hPa (27.32 inHg)Wallis and Futuna, Fiji$45 million3[73][74]
ZeliaJanuary 16 – 17, 2011165 km/h (100 mph)957 hPa (28.26 inHg)New Caledonia, Norfolk Island
New Zealand		NoneNone[75]
WilmaJanuary 19 – 28, 2011185 km/h (115 mph)935 hPa (27.61 inHg)Samoan Islands, Tonga
New Zealand		$22 million3[76][77][78]
AtuFebruary 13 – 24, 2011165 km/h (105 mph)937 hPa (27.67 inHg)New Caledonia, Vanuatu[79]
JasmineFebruary 6 – 19, 2012195 km/h (120 mph)937 hPa (27.67 inHg)Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, Tonga		NoneNone[80]
EvanDecember 9 – 19, 2012185 km/h (115 mph)943 hPa (27.85 inHg)Samoan Islands, Fiji
Wallis and Futuna		$161 million4[81]
FredaDecember 26, 2012 –
January 4, 2013		185 km/h (115 mph)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Solomon Islands
New Caledonia		Unknown2[82][83]
SandraMarch 9 – 14, 2013185 km/h (115 mph)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)New Caledonia, New ZealandNoneNone[84]
UlaDecember 26, 2015 –
January 12, 2016		185 km/h (115 mph)945 hPa (27.91 inHg)Tuvalu, Samoan Islands, Tonga
Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia		Unknown1[85]
HolaMarch 3 – 11, 2018165 km/h (105 mph)952 hPa (28.11 inHg)Fiji, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, New Zealand		Unknown3[86][87][88][89]
PolaFebruary 23 – March 2, 2019165 km/h (105 mph)950 hPa (28.05 inHg)Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, TongaNone0[90][91]

Other systems

In addition to the 47 tropical cyclones listed above Severe Tropical Cyclone's: Kerry, Katrina and Larry, were considered by the BoM to be Category 4 Severe tropical cyclones within the South Pacific Ocean, after they had moved into the Australian region.[92][93][94] The BoM also considered Severe Tropical Cyclone Watorea, to have been a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, within the Australian region before it moved into the basin during February 24.[95] Severe Tropical Cyclone Anne was estimated to have peaked by the JTWC, with one-minute sustained wind speeds of 260 km/h (160 mph) for six hours during January 11, 1988.[96] This made it equivalent to a Category 5 tropical cyclone on the SSHWS, however, the FMS estimated that the system had peaked with 10-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) based on the Dvorak technique, which made it a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.[96][97] During 2017, a study into Category 4 and 5 tropical cyclones over the South Pacific during the 1980s, was published within the Royal Meteorological Society's International Journal of Climatology.[98] This showed that the intensity of such tropical cyclones had been underestimated by the various warning centres during the decade.[98] In particular, they estimated that Severe Tropical Cyclone's Oscar and Nisha-Orama had 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph), which would make them Category 5 tropical cyclones on the SSHWS.[98]

Land interaction

Off the nineteen Category 5 severe tropical cyclones listed above, only Severe Tropical Cyclone's: Fran, Beni, Erica, Ului, Pam and Winston, are considered to have made landfall on a Pacific nation. Severe Tropical Cyclone's Pam and Winston are the only systems to have made landfall while at Category 5 intensity and were considered to have caused widespread devastation to Fiji and Vanuatu. Severe Tropical Cyclone's Fran, Beni and Ului all made landfall on Queensland, Australia, while Erica made landfall on New Caledonia about 220 km (135 mi) to the northwest of Noumea. In addition to these six systems making landfall, several systems have either threatened or passed very near to various smaller islands at their peak intensity. In particular, Fran passed in between the islands of Efate and Erromango during March 9, 1992 while Susan threatened Vanuatu during January 5, 1998, but recurved in time to spare the island nation a direct hit.[24][99] At around 18:00 UTC on January 6, 1998, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ron passed within 10 km (5 mi) of the Tongan island of Niuafo'ou.[99] Severe Tropical Cyclone Zoe passed near or over several of the Solomon Islands within Temotu Province.[100]

Notes
  1. Harry peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone while in the South Pacific basin during February 13, before it peaked as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone within the Australian region.
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gollark: Modpack?
gollark: My incident report system has detected no uninstallations or banned programs being run in ages. Which probably means nobody is using it.
gollark: Really? PotatOS is much better than a mere cyberweapon.

See also

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