Lincoln Park, Chicago

Lincoln Park is a designated community area on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois. Lying to the west of Lincoln Park, Chicago's largest park, it is one of the most affluent neighborhoods in Chicago.

This article is about the community area. For the adjacent park, see Lincoln Park. For other uses, see Lincoln Park (disambiguation).

Lincoln Park
Community area
Community Area 07 – Lincoln Park
Bissell Street District in the Lincoln Park neighborhood
Location within the city of Chicago
Coordinates: 41°55.2′N 87°39′W
CountryUnited States
StateIllinois
CountyCook
CityChicago
Neighborhoods
List
Area
 • Total3.19 sq mi (8.26 km2)
Population
 (2018)
 • Total68,697[1]
 • Density21,540.5/sq mi (8,316.82/km2)
Demographics 2018[1]
 • White79.07%
 • Black4.56%
 • Hispanic5.93%
 • Asian7.44%
 • Other3.00%
Educational Attainment 2018 [1]
 • High School Diploma or Higher97.88%
 • Bachelor's Degree or Higher84.30%
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
parts of 60614
Median household income$108,875[1]
Source: U.S. Census, Record Information Services

History
1880s photo of 653 W. Wrightwood (now 655 W. Wrightwood) in the Lincoln Park neighborhood, typical of the Victorian-era structures in the area. Note the wooden sidewalk, dirt road and lack of buildings surrounding the edifice.
Original Ferris wheel in Lincoln Park, as filmed by Alexandre Promio in 1896[2]
1934 FBI photograph of the Biograph, soon after the shooting of John Dillinger
Anti-Vietnam War protesters in Lincoln Park, Chicago in 1968, attending a Yippie organized event, approximately 5 miles north of the 1968 Democratic National Convention center. The band MC5 can be seen playing.
Building on Orchard and Dickens in 1964 defaced with 'Young Lords' Graffito.
The 2003 Chicago balcony collapse was a disaster that occurred on June 29, 2003 in Lincoln Park, resulting in the deadliest porch collapse in United States history.

In 1824, the United States Army built a small post near today's Clybourn Avenue and Armitage Avenue (formerly Centre Street). Indian settlements existed along Green Bay Trail, now called Clark Street (named after George Rogers Clark), at the current intersection of Halsted Street and Fullerton Avenue. Before Green Bay Trail became Clark Street, it stretched as far as Green Bay, Wisconsin, including Sheridan Road, and was part of what still is Green Bay Road in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.[3][4]

In 1836, land from North to Fullerton and from the lake to Halsted was relatively inexpensive, costing $150 per acre ($370 ha) (1836 prices, not adjusted for inflation). Because the area was considered remote, a smallpox hospital and the city cemetery were located in Lincoln Park until the 1860s.[5][6]

In 1837, Chicago was incorporated as a city, and North Avenue (to the south of today's Lincoln Park neighborhood) was established as the city's northern boundary. Settlements increased along Green Bay Trail when the government offered land claims and Green Bay Road was widened. The area north of Chicago, including today's Lincoln Park, was eventually incorporated as Lake View Township. The city, nonetheless, owned extensive tracts of land north of North Avenue, including what is now the park. The Township was annexed to Chicago in 1889.[7] The Lincoln Park Zoo opened in 1868.[8]

In the period following the Civil War, the area around Southport and Clybourn became home to a community of Kashubian immigrants. Arriving from what is now north-eastern Poland, Chicago's Kashubians brought their own distinct culture and language, influenced by their rustic traditions and by their close contact with their German neighbors. In 1882, St. Josaphat's Roman Catholic parish was established specifically for the Kashubian community. The resulting nicknames of "Jozafatowo" (Polish for "Josaphat's Town") as well as "Kaszubowo" (Polish for "Cassubian Town") made the neighborhood one of Chicago's Polish Patches. The current Romanesque Revival church building was completed in 1902. A Pomeranian Griffin Crest visible on the school south of the church is a nod to the parish that once anchored one of the communities in Chicago dubbed Little Cassubia."

From 1896 to 1903, the original Ferris Wheel was located at a small amusement park near Clark St. and Wrightwood Ave.[9] The site was from 2619 to 2665 N. Clark St., which is now the location of a McDonald's and a high-rise residential building.[10] On February 14, 1929, seven mob associates and a mechanic were shot to death in an automobile garage at 2122 N. Clark St.[11]

During the Great Depression, many buildings in Lincoln Park fell into disrepair.[12]In 1954 the Lincoln Park Conservation Association was founded to prevent deterioration of housing in the neighborhood and by 1956 Lincoln Park received urban renewal funds to renovate and restore old buildings and schools.[13]

In 1968, a violent confrontation between demonstrators and police in Lincoln Park occurred during the week of the 1968 Democratic National Convention.[14]

I pointed out that it was in the best interests of the City to have us in Lincoln Park ten miles away from the Convention hall. I said we had no intention of marching on the Convention hall, that I didn't particularly think that politics in America could be changed by marches and rallies, that what we were presenting was an alternative life style, and we hoped that people of Chicago would come up, and mingle in Lincoln Park and see what we were about.

— Abbie Hoffman from the Chicago 7 trial[15]

In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, Lincoln Park became home to the first Puerto Rican immigrants to Chicago. Jose Cha Cha Jimenez transformed the local Young Lords gang into human rights activists for Latinos and the poor.[16] They published newspapers,[17] mounted sit-ins and takeovers of institutions and churches at Grant Hospital, Armitage Ave. Methodist Church, and McCormick Theological Seminary.[18] In 1969, members of the Puerto Rican Young Lords and residents and activists mounted gigantic demonstrations and protested the displacement of Puerto Ricans and the poor including the demolition of buildings on the corner of Halsted and Armitage streets, by occupying the space and some administration buildings at McCormick Theological Seminary[19]. There were civil rights arrests and martyrs including the unsolved murders of United Methodist Rev. Bruce Johnson and his wife Eugenia Ransier Johnson who were strong supporters of the poor. Today their history is archived at DePaul University's Richardson Library and at Special Collections at Grand Valley State University.

On June 29, 2003, a porch collapse occurred during a party at 713 W. Wrightwood Ave. The disaster was the deadliest porch collapse in U.S. history; 13 people were killed and 57 seriously injured.

As of 2015, the neighborhood is primarily made up of young urban professionals, recent college graduates, and young families. The slang terms Trixie and Chad have their origins in Lincoln Park.

Community area
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
193097,873—
1940100,8263.0%
1950102,3961.6%
196088,836−13.2%
197067,718−23.8%
198057,146−15.6%
199061,0926.9%
200064,3235.3%
201064,116−0.3%
Est. 201868,6977.1%
[1][20]

Lincoln Park's boundaries are precisely defined in the city's list of official community areas. It is bordered on the north by Diversey Parkway, on the west by the Chicago River, on the south by North Avenue, and on the east by Lake Michigan.[21]

Lincoln Park street map.

It encompasses a number of neighborhoods, including Lincoln Central, Mid-North, Old Town Triangle, Park West, RANCH Triangle, Sheffield, and Wrightwood Neighbors. The area also includes most of the Clybourn Corridor retail district, which continues into the Near North Side. Lincoln Park neighborhood associations include: Lincoln Central Association, Mid-North Association, Old Town Triangle Association, Park West Community Association, RANCH Triangle Community Conservation Association, Sheffield Neighborhood Association, and Wrightwood Neighbors Association. All are affiliated with the Lincoln Park Conservation Association.

Lincoln Park is home to Lincoln Park High School, Francis W. Parker School, and DePaul University. Many students who attend these schools now live in this neighborhood. Lincoln Park is also home to five architecturally significant churches: St. Vincent de Paul Parish, St. Clement Church, St. Josaphat's (one of the many so-called 'Polish Cathedrals' in Chicago), St. James Lutheran Church and St. Michael's Church in the Old Town Triangle area of Lincoln Park. Visible from throughout the neighborhood, these monumental edifices tower over the neighborhood, lending the area much of its charm. Five Lincoln Park churches are affiliated with the Catholic Church (St. Bonaventure Oratory, Saint Clement Church, St. Michael in Old Town, St. Teresa de Avila Catholic Parish, St. Vincent de Paul Parish). The neighborhood also houses Children's Memorial Hospital (recently moved to Streeterville and was renamed Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago) and the currently closed Lincoln Park Hospital (formerly known as Grant Hospital and before that German-American Hospital), which is slated for redevelopment to condominiums, apartments, medical offices, and retail to be renamed Webster Square.

The neighborhood contains a large number of upscale national retailers, boutiques, bookstores, restaurants and coffee shops. An Apple Store opened in October 2010, as well as a Lacoste store across the street. There are also many bars and clubs in the area.

A. Finkl & Sons Steel operated on the west side of Lincoln park along an approximately 22-acre lot by the Chicago River for 113 years. The site is now vacant and is the site of the proposed Lincoln Yards project.

Lincoln Park is one of the wealthiest and most expensive communities in which to live. While the average single-family house is priced around $1 million, many homes in the area sell for more than $10 million. In 2007, Forbes magazine named the area between Armitage Avenue, Willow Street, Burling Street, and Orchard Street as the most expensive block in Chicago.[22]

Namesake park
Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool in Lincoln Park is a National Historic Landmark listing.
Main article: Lincoln Park

Lincoln Park, for which the neighborhood was named, now stretches miles past the neighborhood of Lincoln Park. The park lies along the lakefront from Ohio Street Beach in the Streeterville neighborhood, northward to Ardmore Avenue in Edgewater. The section of the park adjacent to the Lincoln Park neighborhood contains the Lincoln Park Zoo, Lincoln Park Conservatory, an outdoor theatre, a rowing canal, the Chicago History Museum, the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum, the Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool, the North Pond Nature Sanctuary, North Avenue Beach, playing fields, a very prominent statue of General Ulysses S. Grant, as well as a famous statue of Abraham Lincoln (and many other statues).[23]

Many smaller parks, such as Bauler Park (named for 'Paddy' Bauler, former Alderman of the 43rd ward) and Jonquil Park are scattered throughout the Lincoln Park neighborhood.

Transportation
Fullerton station

The Lincoln Park neighborhood is accessible via mass transit operated by the CTA.[24] These include the Chicago "L"'s Red, Brown and Purple lines at the Fullerton station and the Purple and Brown lines at the Armitage and Diversey stations, as well as CTA bus service.

Via car, Lincoln Park can be reached by using Lake Shore Drive or the Kennedy Expressway.

Soo Line 1540 passes through west Lincoln Park

Politics

Local

Lincoln Park is currently part of the 2nd, 32nd, and 43rd wards of the Chicago City Council, where it is respectively represented by Democratic aldermen Brian K. Hopkins, Scott Waguespack, and Michele Smith.

State

In the Illinois House of Representatives most of the area is in District 11, represented by Democrat Ann Williams, while the entirety of the lakefront is in District 12, represented by Democrat Sara Feigenholtz, and the south-central and southwest parts are respectively part of Districts 9 and 10 and represented by Democrats Art Turner and Melissa Conyears-Ervin.[25]

In the Illinois Senate most of the area is part of District 6, represented by Democrat and Illinois Senate President John Cullerton, while the southwest quarter is part of District 5, represented by Democrat Patricia Van Pelt.[26]

Federal

In the United States House of Representatives the vast majority of the area is in Illinois's 5th congressional district, represented by Democrat Mike Quigley. A minuscule portion in the south is part of Illinois's 7th congressional district, represented by Democrat Danny K. Davis.

The Lincoln Park community area has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In the 2016 presidential election, Lincoln Park cast 24,197 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 5,072 votes for Donald Trump (77.31% to 16.20%).[27] In the 2012 presidential election, Lincoln Park cast 19,268 votes for Barack Obama and cast 9,592 votes for Mitt Romney (65.37% to 32.54%).[28]

Education

Public schools
Lincoln Park High School

Lincoln Park residents are served by Chicago Public Schools, which includes neighborhood and citywide options for students.

Lincoln Park High School serves as the sole neighborhood secondary education institution and is ranked one of Chicago's best public high schools. Nationally, Lincoln Park High School is ranked as the 90th best high school in the country by U.S. News & World Report.[29]

Additionally, two zoned elementary schools (grades K-8), Abraham Lincoln Elementary School[30] and Louisa May Alcott School.[31] are found in the neighborhood. LaSalle Language Academy, Oscar Mayer Elementary School,[32] and the Newberry Math and Science Academy, all magnet schools, serve the neighborhood.

Melanie Ann Apel, author of Lincoln Park, Chicago, described Lincoln School as "the school most often associated with Lincoln Park".[33]

The French-American School of Chicago, a program for advanced French speakers, holds its classes at Lincoln Elementary and Lincoln Park High.[34]

Private schools

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates the Saint Clement School,[35] a K-8 school, in the Lincoln Park area.

Saint James Lutheran School, a K-8 school, is located at 2101 N. Fremont St.

Francis W. Parker School, a K-12 school, is in the area.

Global Citizenship Experience High School,[36] a 9–12 school, is in the area.

Public libraries

Chicago Public Library operates the Lincoln Park Branch at 1150 W. Fullerton Ave.[37]

Cuisine
The Wieners Circle

Lincoln Park has numerous restaurants, including Chicago's only 3-Michelin star restaurant, Alinea. The Lettuce Entertain You restaurant company started at R.J. Grunts at 2056 N. Lincoln Park West, which is also home to the one of the first salad bars.[38] The Wieners Circle on Clark and Wrightwood is a fast food restaurant that is known for its Polish sausage and the mutual verbal abuse between staff and customers.[39] Demon Dogs was a popular hot dog restaurant that stood under the Fullerton El station from 1983 until 2006. The first Potbelly Sandwich Works opened in 1977 on Lincoln Avenue in Lincoln Park, where it is still in operation today. Chicago Pizza and Oven Grinder Company is a popular restaurant on Clark Street.

Music

Lincoln Park currently has a number of music venues including the Park West, Lincoln Hall, Neo nightclub, Kingston Mines and B.L.U.E.S.

Jelly Roll Morton recorded early jazz work in 1926 at the Webster Hotel ballroom (now Webster House) at 2150 N. Lincoln Park West.[40]

In 1972, Chicago folk singer Steve Goodman wrote the song "Lincoln Park Pirates" about Lincoln Towing Service.

Notable residents
Chicago Pride Parade in Lincoln Park in 1985 on Clark Street

Lincoln Park was home to a number of important historic figures including:

  • Roger Brown, an important Chicago Imagist painter, lived at 1926 N. Halsted St. The house is now site to the Art Institute of Chicago's Roger Brown study center.[41]
  • Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini, the first American saint, lived at 2520 N. Lakeview Ave.[42] This address was part of the Columbus Hospital site which is now a high-rise condominium development.[43] The National Shrine of Saint Francis Xavier Cabrini, the former chapel of Columbus Hospital, is adjacent to the newer development.[44]
  • Henry Darger, the outsider artist, lived at 851 W. Webster Ave.[45] and worked as a janitor at Children's Memorial Hospital.
  • Henry Gerber, the founder of the first homosexual rights organization in the US, lived at 1710 N. Crilly Court.[46]
  • Bruce Graham, the famous Skidmore, Owings and Merrill architect, lived in a house he himself designed in 1969.[47]
  • Richard Hunt, the famous sculptor, has his studio at 1017 W. Lill St.[48]
  • Bruce Heyman, 30th United States Ambassador to Canada. Heyman is a resident of Lincoln Park.[49]
  • Jose "Cha Cha" Jimenez, founder of the Young Lords who fought the forced displacement of Puerto Ricans and the poor from Lincoln Park.
  • László Moholy-Nagy, the Bauhaus and IIT designer, lived at 2622 N. Lakeview Ave.[42]
  • John Mulaney, comedian, was raised in Lincoln Park and attended St. Clement school.[50][51][52][53]
  • Walter Netsch, an architect, and his wife Dawn Clark Netsch, the 4th Illinois Comptroller, lived at 1700 N. Hudson Ave. The house was designed by Walter in 1974.[54]
  • Albert Parsons and Lucy Parsons, the prominent union organizers and socialist leaders, lived at 1908 N. Mohawk St.[42]
  • Ayanna Pressley, Democratic politician[55]
  • Gene Siskel[56] and Roger Ebert, film critics,[57] both lived in Lincoln Park.
  • Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy. They moved to Lincoln Park from the Near North Side shortly after Shriver was appointed President of the Chicago Board of Education.[58]
  • Charlie Trotter, chef.[59]
  • Luis Vicente Gutiérrez, politician, grew up in Lincoln Park until the age of 13.
  • George Kirke Spoor, film pioneer, lived in Old Town.[60]
  • Jonathan Toews, NHL hockey player

A large number of significant business and civic leaders currently live in Lincoln Park, including Penny Pritzker, Fred Eychaner, and Joe Mansueto.

  • Lincoln Park, looking NNW along North Lake Shore Drive. Passerelle is roughly halfway up, opposite North Avenue Bathing Beach at middle-right of frame
  • Francis W. Parker School
  • A statue of William Shakespeare in the Lincoln Park Conservatory's Grandmother's Garden, Chicago
  • Downtown from Lincoln Park at dusk
  • Abraham Lincoln: The Man after restoration in 1989 by the Lincoln Park Conservancy.
  • A 'Rock Against Racism' flyer distributed in Lincoln Park in 1979 by Yippies
gollark: Oh 🐝, palaiologoswebsite™ is blocked by safe browsing for some ridiculous reason.
gollark: I am now investigating switching from netdata to grafana/prometheus for reasons.
gollark: Lyricly is bee bee bee apioform and CANNOT be believed.
gollark: DO NOT update your client.
gollark: Sorry, I am ALSO busy now.

References
  1. "Community Data Snapshot - Lincoln Park" (PDF). cmap.illinois.gov. MetroPulse. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  2. "The First Movie Ever Shot in Chicago".
  3. "Green Bay Road".
  4. "Green Bay Road 2". Archived from the original on August 22, 2010.
  5. Goodspeed, Weston Arthur (1909). History of Cook County, Illinois--: Being a General Survey of Cook County History, Including a Condensed History of Chicago and Special Account of Districts Outside the City Limits; from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Volume 2. Chicago: Goodspeed Historical Association. pp. 381–382 – via https://books.google.com/books?id=VtwSAAAAYAAJ&dq=chicago+lincoln+park+smallpox+hospital&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
  6. "Hidden Truths: Chicago City Cemetery". hiddentruths.northwestern.edu. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  7. Clark, Stephen Bedell (1971). The Lake View Saga. Chicago. p. 3 – via http://www.ravenswoodhistorical.com/the-lake-view-saga/.
  8. . Lincoln Park Zoo https://web.archive.org/web/20151220234145/http://www.lpzoo.org/interactives/int_timeline.html. Archived from the original on December 20, 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. "Paradises Lost" by Stan Barker in Chicago History March 1993, p.32)
  10. "Hyde Park Historical Society Ferris Wheel Follow-up". hydeparkhistory.org. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  11. Tribune, Chicago. "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
  12. Seligman, Amanda. "Lincoln Park". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  13. "It's hard to tell today, but Lincoln Park once was an ..." tribunedigital-chicagotribune.
  14. "Yippier in Lincoln Park, 1968". blog.chicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
  15. "Abbie Hoffman's testimony at the Chicago 7 trial". law.umkc.edu. Archived from the original on January 14, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  16. "Reader, vol. 4, no. 18 :: Young Lords Newspaper Collection". digicol.lib.depaul.edu. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  17. "Young Lords Newspaper Collection". digicol.lib.depaul.edu. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  18. "It's hard to tell today, but Lincoln Park once was an ..." Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  19. http://fourteeneastmag.com/index.php/2018/09/28/50-years-later-lessons-in-activism-from-the-young-lords-of-lincoln-park/
  20. Paral, Rob. "Chicago Community Areas Historical Data". Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  21. "Community Area 7 – Lincoln Park" (PDF). City of Chicago – Department of Planning and Development. 2003. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
  22. "The Most Expensive Blocks In The U.S. – Forbes.com". August 31, 2007.
  23. "The Statues of Chicago's Lincoln Park". lib.niu.edu. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  24. "ZipUSA: 60614 @ National Geographic Magazine".
  25. "Illinois House". Illinois Policy. April 20, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  26. "Illinois Senate". Illinois Policy. April 20, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  27. Ali, Tanveer (November 9, 2016). "How Every Chicago Neighborhood Voted In The 2016 Presidential Election". DNAInfo. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  28. Ali, Tanveer (November 9, 2012). "How Every Chicago Neighborhood Voted In The 2012 Presidential Election". DNAInfo. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  29. "Lincoln Park High School: Best High Schools – USNews.com". Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  30. "Abraham Lincoln Elementary School". lincoln.cps.k12.il.us. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  31. Alcott School. alcottschool.net. Retrieved on 2013-05-28.
  32. "Oscar Mayer Magnet – Home". mayer.cps.k12.il.us. May 28, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  33. Apel, Melanie Ann. Lincoln Park, Chicago (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0738520160, 9780738520162. p. 29 (Start of Chapter 3: Off to School).
  34. "Home". French-American School of Chicago. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
  35. "Saint Clement School]". public.stclementschool.org. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  36. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  37. "Manning".
  38. Schmidt, Kate. (October 13, 2011) Sixteen venerable Chicago restaurants still ticking, Chicago Reader. Chicagoreader.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.
  39. "A Night at the Wiener Circle - This American Life". This American Life. August 23, 1996.
  40. Jelly Roll Morton Recordings and Discography. Doctorjazz.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.
  41. Roger Brown Study Collection – Roger Brown Resources at SAIC Archived August 5, 2012, at Archive.today. Saic.edu. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.
  42. "Name".
  43. http://www.lincolnpark2520.com Archived May 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Lincoln Park2520
  44. "The National Shrine of Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini".
  45. "Henry Darger Room". INTUIT. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011.
  46. "COC - Landmarks web - Landmark Details".
  47. AIA Guide to Chicago, page 187 (1993 edition)
  48. Richard Hunt Sculpture Map. Mapduh.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.
  49. Kapos, Shia (January 17, 2017). "Ambassador to Canada, Bruce Heyman, returning to Chicago". Shia Kapos Online. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  50. "An interview with John Mulaney". Chicago Reader. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  51. "John Mulaney's new double life". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  52. "Comedian John Mulaney is the throwback kid". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  53. "John Mulaney on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  54. AIA Guide to Chicago, page 177 (1993 edition)
  55. Katharine Q. Seelye, Astead W. Herndon: Ayanna Pressley Seeks Her Political Moment in a Changing Boston. In: The New York Times, 1 September 2018.
  56. "Biography - The Official Web Site of Gene Siskel".
  57. http://www.celebrityhousepictures.com/roger-ebert.php
  58. "Robert S. Shriver, 39, Heads School Board: Mart Executive Plans Visit to Mayor Daley". Chicago Tribune. October 27, 1955. p. 3 – via ProQuest.
  59. "Subscription Center". March 26, 2011.
  60. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/12/04/page/21/article/old-town-gold-rush-in-a-cabbage-patch
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.